“Dormouse”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A dormouse is a rodent of the family Gliridae (this family is also variously called Myoxidae or Muscardinidae by different taxonomists). Dormice are mostly found in Europe, although some species live in Africa or Asia. A nocturnal animal, dormice are particularly known for their long periods of hibernation.^[2]

As only one species of dormouse is native to the British Isles, the hazel dormouse, in everyday English usage "dormouse" can refer either to that one species or to the family as a whole.

The English name of the species derived from the French dormeuse, and the latter in turn possibly from the Languedocien. radourmeire.^[3]

Etymology

Concerning the dormouse's name, etymonline says "long-tailed Old World rodent noted for its state of semi-hibernation in winter, early 15c., possibly from Anglo-French *dormouse "tending to be dormant" (from stem of dormir "to sleep," see dormant), with the second element mistaken for mouse; or perhaps it is from a Middle English dialectal compound of mouse (n.) and Middle French dormir. French dormeuse, fem. of dormeur "sleeper" is attested only from 17c.^[4]

Characteristics

Dormice are small rodents, with body lengths between {{convert|6|and|19|cm|abbr=on}}, and weights between {{convert|15|and|180|g|abbr=on}}.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} They are generally mouse-like in appearance, but with furred, rather than scaly, tails. They are largely arboreal, agile, and well adapted to climbing. Most species are nocturnal. Dormice have an excellent sense of hearing and signal each other with a variety of vocalisations.^[5]

Dormice are omnivorous, typically feeding on fruits, berries, flowers, nuts, and insects. They are unique among rodents in that they lack a cecum, a part of the gut used in other species to ferment vegetable matter. Their dental formula is similar to that of squirrels, although they often lack premolars:{{dentition2|1.0.0–1.3|1.0.0–1.3}}

Dormice breed once or occasionally twice each year, producing litters with an average of four young after a gestation period of 22–24 days. They can live for as long as five years. The young are born hairless and helpless, and their eyes do not open until about 18 days after birth. They typically become sexually mature after the end of their first hibernation. Dormice live in small family groups, with home ranges that vary widely between species and depend on the availability of food.^[5]

Hibernation

One of the most notable characteristics of those dormice that live in temperate zones is hibernation. They can hibernate six months out of the year, or even longer if the weather does not become warm enough, sometimes waking for brief periods to eat food they had previously stored nearby. During the summer, they accumulate fat in their bodies to nourish them through the hibernation period.^[5]

The sleepy behaviour of the dormouse character in Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland reflects this familiar trait of dormice.

Relationship with humans

The edible dormouse (Glis glis) was considered a delicacy in ancient Rome, either as a savoury appetizer or as a dessert (dipped in honey and poppy seeds). The Romans used a special kind of enclosure, a glirarium, to raise dormice for the table.^[5] It is still considered a delicacy in Slovenia and in several places in Croatia, namely Lika, and the islands of Hvar and Brač.^[6]^[7] Dormouse fat was believed by the Elizabethans to induce sleep since the animal put on fat before hibernating.^[8]

In more recent years^[9] dormice have begun to enter the pet trade, though they are uncommon as pets and are considered an exotic pet. The woodland dormouse (Graphiurus murinus) is the most commonly seen species in the pet trade.^[10] Asian garden dormice (Eliomys melanurus) are also occasionally kept as pets.^[11]

Evolution

The Gliridae are one of the oldest extant rodent families, with a fossil record dating back to the early Eocene. As currently understood, they descended in Europe from early Paleogene ischyromyids such as Microparamys (Sparnacomys) chandoni. The early and middle Eocene genus Eogliravus represents the earliest and most primitive glirid taxon; the oldest species, Eogliravus wildi, is known from isolated teeth from the early Eocene of France and a complete specimen of the early middle Eocene of the Messel pit in Germany.^[12] They appear in Africa in the upper Miocene and only relatively recently in Asia. Many types of extinct dormouse species have been identified. During the Pleistocene, giant dormice the size of large rats, such as Leithia melitensis, lived on the islands of Malta and Sicily.^[13]

Classification

The family consists of 29 living species, in three subfamilies and (arguably) nine genera:

Fossil species

References

1. ^Davis Brewster, ed. Edinburgh Encyclopædia, 1819.
2. ^{{cite web | title=Species – Dormouse – The Mammal Society | website=The Mammal Society | url=http://www.mammal.org.uk/discover-mammals/species-dormouse/ | access-date=March 8, 2018}}
3. ^{{cite journal|last=Wedgwood|first=Hensleigh|authorlink=Hensleigh Wedgwood|title=On False Etymologies|journal=Transactions of the Philological Society|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3924121;view=1up;seq=76|year=1855|issue=6|pages=66}}
4. ^{{cite web| url= https://www.etymonline.com/word/dormouse |title= dormouse (n.)| website= etymonline.com| access-date= March 24, 2019}}
5. ^¹²³{{cite book |editor=Macdonald, D.|author= Baudoin, Claude|year=1984 |title= The Encyclopedia of Mammals|publisher= Facts on File|location=New York|pages= 678–680|isbn= 978-0-87196-871-5}}
6. ^{{cite web| last= Freedman| first= Paul| url= http://www.gourmet.com/food/2008/03/dormouse |title= Meals that Time Forgot| website= Gourmet.com | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080311011527/http://www.gourmet.com/food/2008/03/dormouse |date= March 6, 2008 |archivedate=March 11, 2008| deadurl= yes |access-date= February 13, 2017}}
7. ^{{cite web| url= http://www.otok-hvar.com/en/news/fifth-puhijada-dol-hvar-695 |title= Fifth Puhijada| first= Igor| last= Kolumbić| website= otok-hvar.com| publisher= Offero Prima d.o.o. |location= Hvar| date= | access-date= February 13, 2017}}
8. ^{{cite news| url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7967968.stm |title= 10 ways to get a really good sleep| publisher= BBC | date= 27 March 2009| access-date= February 13, 2017}}
9. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.oocities.org/efexotics/africandormouse.html|title=www.oocities.org/efexotics/africandormouse.html|last=|first=|date=2009|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=|quote=As far as I know, my own pet shop in Cambridgeshire was the first pet shop in Britain to regularly stock the species (this was as recently as the 1990s).}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.crittery.co.uk/index.php/species-index/dormice|title=Dormice|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.crittery.co.uk/index.php/species-index/dormice/asian-garden-dormice|title=Asian Garden Dormice|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
12. ^{{cite journal |author1=Storch, G. |author2=Seiffert, C. | year = 2007 | title = Extraordinarily preserved specimen of the oldest known glirid from the middle Eocene of Messel (Rodentia) | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 27 | issue = 1 | pages = 189–194 | doi = 10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[189:EPSOTO]2.0.CO;2}}
13. ^{{cite book |last1= Savage|first1= RJG| last2=Long |first2=MR|year=1986 |title= Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide|publisher= Facts on File|location=New York|page= 119|isbn= 978-0-8160-1194-0}}
14. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1206/582-9.1 |title=Chapter 9. Systematic Revision of Sub-Saharan African Dormice (Rodentia: Gliridae: Graphiurus) Part II: Description of a New Species of Graphiurus from the Central Congo Basin, Including Morphological and Ecological Niche Comparisons with G. crassicaudatus and G. lorraineus|journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History|volume= 331|pages=314–355|year= 2009|author1=Holden, Mary Ellen |author2=Levine, Rebecca S }}