| 词条 | Drang nach Osten |
| 释义 |
{{Hatnote|"Drang nach Osten" is also a game in the "Europa" wargame series.}}{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{lang|de|Drang nach Osten|nocat=y}}}}{{lang|de|Drang nach Osten}} ({{IPA-de|ˈdʁaŋ nax ˈʔɔstn̩|lang}}, "Drive to the East",[1] "push eastward",[2] "drive toward the East"[3] or "desire to push East"[4]) was a term coined in the 19th century to designate German expansion into Slavic lands.[3] The term became a motto of the German nationalist movement in the late 19th century.[5] In some historical discourse, {{lang|de|Drang nach Osten}} combines historical German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe, medieval (12th-13th-century)[6] military expeditions like those of the Teutonic Knights (see Northern Crusades), and Germanisation policies and warfare of modern German states such as those reflecting the Nazi Lebensraum concept.[2][7] In Poland the term {{lang|de|Drang nach Osten}} was used in describing programs of Germanizing Poland,[1] while in Germany the slogan was part of a wider nationalist approbation of medieval German settlement in the east and of the idea of the "superiority of German culture".[1] The slogan {{lang|de|Drang nach Westen}} ("Drive to the West"), derived from {{lang|de|Drang nach Osten}}, was used to depict an alleged Polish drive westward.[1][8] The concept of Drang nach Osten was a core element of German nationalism and a major element of Nazi ideology. As Adolf Hitler said on 7 February 1945, "It is eastwards, only and always eastwards, that the veins of our race must expand. It is the direction which Nature herself has decreed for the expansion of the German peoples."[9] Origin of the termThe first known use of {{lang|de|Drang nach Osten}} was by the Polish journalist Julian Klaczko in 1849, yet it is debatable whether he invented the term as he used it in form of a citation.[10] Because the term is used almost exclusively in its German form in English, Polish, Russian, Czech and other languages, it has been concluded that the term is of German origin.[10] Background{{main|History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe|Ostsiedlung|Prussia}}{{lang|de|Drang nach Osten}} is connected with the medieval German {{lang|de|Ostsiedlung}}. This "east colonization" referred to the expansion of German culture, language, states, and settlement into eastern and Northern European regions inhabited by Slavs and Balts.Population growth during the High Middle Ages stimulated movement of peoples from the Rhenish, Flemish, and Saxon territories of the Holy Roman Empire eastwards into the less-populated Baltic region and Poland. These movements were supported by the German nobility, the Slavic kings and dukes, and the medieval Church. The majority of this settlement took place at the expense of Polabian Slavs and pagan Balts (see Northern Crusades). The future state of Prussia, named for the conquered Old Prussians, had its roots largely in these movements. As the Middle Ages came to a close, the Teutonic Knights, who had been invited to northern Poland by Konrad of Masovia, had assimilated and forcibly converted much of the southern Baltic coastlands. After the Partitions of Poland by the Kingdom of Prussia, Austria, and the Russian Empire in the late 18th century, Prussia gained much of western Poland. The Prussians, and later the Germans, engaged in a policy of Germanization in Polish territories. Russia and Sweden eventually conquered the lands taken by the Teutonic Knights in Estonia and Livonia. {{lang|de|Drang nach Osten}} in German discourseThe term became a centerpiece of the program of the German nationalist movement in 1891, with the founding of the {{lang|de|Alldeutschen Verbandes}}, in the words: {{lang|de|„Der alte Drang nach dem Osten soll wiederbelebt werden“}} ("The old {{lang|de|Drang nach Osten}} must be revived").[11] Nazi Germany employed the slogan in calling the Czechs a "Slav bulwark against the {{lang|de|Drang nach Osten}}" in the 1938 {{lang|de|Sudeten crisis}}.[3]Despite {{lang|de|Drang nach Osten}} policies, population movement took place in the opposite direction also, as people from rural low-developed areas in the East were attracted by the prospering industrial areas of Western Germany. This phenomenon became known by the German term {{lang|de|Ostflucht}}, literally the flight from the East. {{lang|de|Drang nach Westen}}A new {{lang|de|Drang nach Osten}} was called for by German nationalists to oppose a Polish {{lang|de|Drang nach Westen}} ("thrust toward the West").[1][8] World War I had ended with the Treaty of Versailles, by which most or parts of the Imperial German provinces of Posen, West Prussia, and Upper Silesia were given to reconstituted Poland; the West Prussian city of Danzig became the Free City of Danzig. The Polish paper {{lang|pl|Wprost}} used both {{lang|de|Drang nach Osten}} and {{lang|de|Drang nach Westen}} in August 2002 to title stories about German RWE company taking over Polish STOEN and Polish migration into eastern Germany, respectively.[12] {{lang|de|Drang nach Westen}} is also the ironic title of a chapter in Eric Joseph Goldberg's book Struggle for Empire, used to point out the "missing" eastward ambitions of Louis the German who instead expanded his kingdom to the West.[13]With the development of romantic nationalism in the 19th century, Polish and Russian intellectuals began referring to the German {{lang|de|Ostsiedlung}} as {{lang|de|Drang nach Osten}}. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary attempted to expand their power eastward; Germany by gaining influence in the declining Ottoman Empire (the Eastern Question) and Austria-Hungary through the acquisition of territory in the Balkans (such as Bosnia and Herzegovina). Lebensraum concept of Nazi Germany{{main|Lebensraum|Generalplan Ost|Germanization|Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany}}Adolf Hitler, dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933–1945, called for a {{lang|de|Drang nach Osten}} to acquire territory for German colonists at the expense of central and eastern European nations ({{lang|de|Lebensraum}}). The term by then had gained enough currency to appear in foreign newspapers without explanation.[14] His eastern campaigns during World War II were initially successful with the conquests of Poland, the Baltic countries, Belarus, Ukraine and much of European Russia by the {{lang|de|Wehrmacht}}; {{lang|de|Generalplan Ost}} was designed to eliminate the native Slavic peoples from these lands and replace them with Germans.[15] The {{lang|de|Wehrbauer}}, or soldier-peasants, would settle in a fortified line to prevent civilization arising beyond and threatening Germany.[16]This was greatly hindered by the lack of German people who actually desired to settle in the east, let alone act as Teutonic Knights there.[17] Settlements actually established during the war did not receive colonists from the {{lang|de|Altreich}}, but in the main part East European Germans resettled from Soviet "spheres of interest" according to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact,[18] and such Poles as deemed Germanizable by Nazis.[19] However, the Soviet Union began to reverse the German conquests by 1943, and Nazi Germany was defeated by the Allies in 1945. Expulsion of Germans from the East after World War II{{main|Former eastern territories of Germany|Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)}}Most of the demographic and cultural outcome of the {{lang|de|Ostsiedlung}} was terminated after World War II. The expulsion of Germans after World War II east of the {{lang|de|Oder-Neisse|nocat=y}} line in 1945–48 on the basis of decisions of the Potsdam Conference were later justified by their beneficiaries as a rollback of the {{lang|de|Drang nach Osten}}. "Historical Eastern Germany", which historically was the land of the Baltic people called Old Prussians who had been colonised and assimilated by German {{lang|de|Drang Nach Osten}}, was split between Poland, Russia, and Lithuania (a Baltic country) and repopulated with settlers of the respective ethnicities. The {{lang|de|Oder-Neisse}} line has been accepted to be the eastern German boundary by all post-war German states (East and West Germany, as well as reunited Germany)[20]{{Better source|reason=per WP:CIRCULAR|date=March 2019}}, reneging on all plans to (re-)expand into or (re-)settle territories beyond this line. The Old Prussians were conquered by the Teutonic Knights in the 13th century, and gradually assimilated over the following centuries; the Old Prussian language was extinct by the 17th or early 18th century. Henry Cord Meyer, in his book "{{lang|de|Drang nach Osten}}: Fortunes of a Slogan-Concept in German–Slavic Relations, 1849–1990" claims that the slogan {{lang|de|Drang nach Osten}}[21] originated in the Slavic world, and it also was more widely used than in Germany.[21] See also
ReferencesInline1. ^1 2 3 4 Ulrich Best, Transgression as a Rule: German–Polish cross-border cooperation, border discourse and EU-enlargement, 2008, p. 58, {{ISBN|3-8258-0654-5}}, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-0654-5}} 2. ^1 Jerzy Jan Lerski, Piotr Wróbel, Richard J. Kozicki, Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945, 1996, p. 118, {{ISBN|0-313-26007-9}}, {{ISBN|978-0-313-26007-0}} 3. ^1 2 Edmund Jan Osmańczyk, Anthony Mango, Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements, 2003, p. 579, {{ISBN|0-415-93921-6}}, {{ISBN|978-0-415-93921-8}} 4. ^Marcin Zaborowski, Germany, Poland and Europe, p. 32 5. ^{{lang|de|W. Wippermann, Der "deutsche Drang nach Osten": Ideologie und Wirklichkeit eines politischen Schlagwortes, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft}}, 1981, p. 87 6. ^Drang nach Osten on Encyclopædia Britannica 7. ^Ingo Haar, Historiker im Nationalsozialismus, p. 17 8. ^1 Bascom Barry Hayes, Bismarck and Mitteleuropa, 1994, p.17, {{ISBN|0838635121}}, 9780838635124 9. ^Hitler, a chronology of his life and time. Milan Hauner, Macmillan, 1983, p. 197 10. ^1 Andreas Lawaty, Hubert Orłowski, {{lang|de|Deutsche und Polen: Geschichte, Kultur, Politik}}, 2003, p. 34, {{ISBN|3-406-49436-6}}, {{ISBN|978-3-406-49436-9}} 11. ^Wippermann, 1981, p. 87 12. ^Paul Reuber, Anke Strüver, Günter Wolkersdorfer, {{lang|de|Politische Geographien Europas - Annäherungen an ein umstrittenes Konstrukt: Annäherungen an ein umstrittenes Konstrukt}}, 2005, {{ISBN|3-8258-6523-1}}, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-6523-8}} 13. ^Eric Joseph Goldberg, Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict Under Louis the German, 817–876, pp. 233ff, 2006, {{ISBN|0-8014-3890-X}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8014-3890-5}} 14. ^Carlson, p. 233. 15. ^"[https://archive.is/20120527021449/http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's plans for Eastern Europe]" 16. ^Robert Cecil, The Myth of the Master Race: Alfred Rosenberg and Nazi Ideology p. 190 {{ISBN|0-396-06577-5}} 17. ^Robert Cecil, The Myth of the Master Race: Alfred Rosenberg and Nazi Ideology p. 191 {{ISBN|0-396-06577-5}} 18. ^Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web pp. 206–9, {{ISBN|0-679-77663-X}} 19. ^Richard Overy, The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia, p. 543 {{ISBN|0-393-02030-4}} 20. ^Oder%E2%80%93Neisse line#Schengen Agreement 21. ^1 Hnet Review of Henry Cord Meyer. {{lang|de|Drang nach Osten}}: Fortunes of a Slogan-Concept in German–Slavic Relations, 1849–1990. Bern: Peter Lang, 1996. 142 pp. Notes and index. $29.95 (paper), {{ISBN|978-3-906755-93-9}}. Reviewed by Douglas Selvage , Yale University. General
8 : Anti-Slavic sentiment|Anti-Russian sentiment|German words and phrases|19th century in Germany|Germany–Poland relations|Nazi terminology|Former eastern territories of Germany|Axis powers |
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