| 词条 | Oxygen window in diving decompression | |
| 释义 |
In diving, the oxygen window is the difference between the partial pressure of oxygen (ppO2) in arterial blood and the ppO2 in body tissues. It is caused by metabolic consumption of oxygen. The term "oxygen window" was first used by Albert R. Behnke in 1967.[2] Behnke refers to early work by Momsen on "partial pressure vacancy" (PPV) where he used partial pressures of oxygen and helium as high as 2–3 ATA to create a maximal PPV.[3][4] Behnke then goes on to describe "isobaric inert gas transport" or "inherent unsaturation" as termed by LeMessurier and Hills and separately by Hills.[5][6][7][8] who made their independent observations at the same time. Van Liew et al. also made a similar observation that they did not name at the time.[9] The clinical significance of their work was later shown by Sass.[10] The oxygen window effect in decompression is described in diving medical texts and the limits reviewed by Van Liew et al. in 1993.[12]
Van Liew et al. describe the measurements important to evaluating the oxygen window as well as simplify the "assumptions available for the existing complex anatomical and physiological situation to provide calculations, over a wide range of exposures, of the oxygen window".[12] BackgroundOxygen is used to decrease the time needed for safe decompression in diving, but the practical consequences and benefits need further research. Decompression is still far from being an exact science, and divers when diving deep must make many decisions based on personal experience rather than scientific knowledge. In technical diving, applying the oxygen window effect by using decompression gases with high ppO2 increases decompression efficiency and allows shorter decompression stops. Reducing decompression time can be important to reduce time spent at shallow depths in open water (avoiding dangers such as water currents and boat traffic), and to reduce the physical stress imposed on the diver. MechanismThe oxygen window does not increase the rate of offgassing for a given concentration gradient of inert gas, but it reduces the risk of bubble formation and growth which depends on the total dissolved gas tension. Increased rate of offgassing is achieved by providing a larger gradient. The lower risk of bubble formation at a given gradient allows the increase of gradient without excessive risk of bubble formation. In other words, the larger oxygen window due to a higher oxygen partial pressure can allow the diver to decompress faster at a shallower stop at the same risk, or at the same rate at the same depth at a lower risk, or at an intermediate rate at an intermediate depth at an intermediate risk.[1] ApplicationUse of 100% oxygen is limited by oxygen toxicity at deeper depths. Convulsions are more likely when the pO2 exceeds {{convert|1.6|bar|lk=in|abbr=on}}. Technical divers use gas mixes with high ppO2 in some sectors of the decompression schedule. As an example, a popular decompression gas is 50% nitrox on decompression stops starting at {{convert|21|m|ft}}. Where to add the high ppO2 gas in the schedule depends on what limits of ppO2 are accepted as safe, and on the diver's opinion on the level of added efficiency. Many technical divers have chosen to lengthen the decompression stops where ppO2 is high and to {{Diving term|push gradient}} at the shallower decompression stops.{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}} Nevertheless, much is still unknown about how long this extension should be and the level of decompression efficiency gained. At least four variables of decompression are relevant in discussing how long high ppO2 decompression stops should be:
See also{{portal|Decompression (diving)|Diving medicine}}
References1. ^{{cite book |last=Powell |first=Mark |title=Deco for Divers |publisher=Aquapress |location=Southend-on-Sea |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-905492-07-7}} [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]2. ^1 2 {{cite conference |last=Behnke |first=Albert R |title=The isobaric (oxygen window) principle of decompression |conference=The New Thrust Seaward |booktitle=Trans. Third Marine Technology Society Conference, San Diego |publisher=Marine Technology Society |place=Washington DC |year=1967 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4029 |accessdate=19 June 2010}} 3. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Momsen |first=Charles |title=Report on Use of Helium Oxygen Mixtures for Diving |journal=United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report |issue=42–02 |year=1942 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3312 |accessdate=19 June 2010}} 4. ^1 {{cite book |last=Behnke |first=Albert R |contribution=Early Decompression Studies |editor1-last=Bennett |editor1-first=Peter B |editor2-last=Elliott |editor2-first=David H |title=The Physiology and Medicine of Diving |year=1969 |isbn=978-0-7020-0274-8 |publisher=The Williams & Wilkins Company |location=Baltimore, USA |page=234}} 5. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=LeMessurier |first1=DH |last2=Hills |first2=Brian A |title=Decompression Sickness. A thermodynamic approach arising from a study on Torres Strait diving techniques |journal=Hvalradets Skrifter |volume=48 |year=1965 |pages=54–84 }} 6. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Hills |first=Brian A |title=A thermodynamic and kinetic approach to decompression sickness |journal=PhD Thesis |year=1966 |publisher=Libraries Board of South Australia |location=Adelaide, Australia }} 7. ^1 2 {{cite book |last=Hills |first=Brian A |title=Decompression Sickness: The biophysical basis of prevention and treatment |year=1977 |volume=1 |isbn=978-0-471-99457-2 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=New York, USA}} 8. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Hills |first=Brian A |title=A fundamental approach to the prevention of decompression sickness |journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal |volume=8 |issue=4 |year=1978 |issn=0813-1988 |oclc=16986801 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6176 |accessdate=19 June 2010}} 9. ^1 2 {{cite journal |last1=Van Liew |first=Hugh D |last2=Bishop |first2=B |last3=Walder |first3=P |last4=Rahn |first4=H |title=Effects of compression on composition and absorption of tissue gas pockets |journal=Journal of Applied Physiology |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=927–33 |year=1965 |issn=0021-8987 |oclc=11603017 |pmid=5837620 |url=http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/20/5/927 |accessdate=19 June 2010|doi=10.1152/jappl.1965.20.5.927 }} 10. ^1 2 {{cite journal |last=Sass |first=DJ |title=Minimum 11. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |last1=Van Liew |first=Hugh D |last2=Conkin |first2=J |last3=Burkard |first3=ME |title=The oxygen window and decompression bubbles: estimates and significance |journal=Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine |volume=64 |issue=9 |pages=859–65 |year=1993 |issn=0095-6562 |pmid=8216150 }} 12. ^1 {{cite book |last=Vann |first=Richard D |contribution=Decompression theory and applications |editor1-last=Bennett |editor1-first=Peter B |editor2-last=Elliott |editor2-first=David H |title=The Physiology and Medicine of Diving |edition=3rd |year=1982 |pages=52–82 |isbn=978-0-941332-02-6 |publisher=Bailliere Tindall |location=London }} 13. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Van Liew |first=Hugh D |title=Simulation of the dynamics of decompression sickness bubbles and the generation of new bubbles |journal=Undersea Biomedical Research |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=333–45 |year=1991 |issn=0093-5387 |oclc=2068005 |pmid=1887520 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2592 |accessdate=19 June 2010}} }} Further reading
External links
2 : Underwater diving safety|Diving medicine |
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