| 词条 | Paris metropolitan area |
| 释义 |
The Paris metropolitan area ({{lang-fr|aire urbaine de Paris}}, {{IPA-fr|ɛʁ yʁbɛn də paʁi|pron}}) is a statistical area that describes the reach of commuter movement to and from Paris, France and its surrounding suburbs. OverviewCreated and used from 1996 by France's national INSEE statistical bureau to match international demographic standards,[1] the aire urbaine (literally: 'urban area') is a statistical unit that describes the suburban development around centres of urban growth:[2] it is composed of a couronne périurbaine (literally: 'peri-urban crown'; INSEE translation: 'rim') [3]) surrounding a more densely built and densely populated pôle urbain (or "urban cluster"[4]), which is a single or group of densely-built unité urbaine (literal and INSEE translation: "urban unit"[5]) communes. From 2011, the INSEE classified its largest aires urbaines into aires métropolitaines (literally: metropolitan areas) and grandes aires urbaines ('large urban areas').[6] From then, Paris became France's largest metropolitan area.[7] In France, the 'Paris metropolitan area' term's use is limited to demographic and statistical studies, and, to date, it is unused in economical statistics (the traditional commune, département and région administrative areas are still referenced for this), but in recent years the media has begun using it to describe the electoral tendencies of France's largest cities{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}. In 2010 the government passed a law that invited France's largest city 'metropoles' to work together as an intercommunitary entities (more or less described by the INSEE concept),[8] but the lack of response by the following year moved the government to make the cooperation for many of France's largest cities obligatory, and Paris became a case study all on its own.[9] This latter initiative created the "Métropole du Grand Paris" (official translation: 'Grand Paris metropolitan authority'), a Paris-centred intercommunal cooperation effort enacted from January 1, 2016.[10] The territory it covers is much smaller than the INSEE 'Paris metropolitan area' statistical area: it includes Paris, its neighbouring three départements (or 'petite couronne'), and a few bordering communes in the departments beyond.[11] ExtentAs of 2010, the INSEE statistical Paris metropolitan area, with its 17,174 km² (6,631 sq mi), extends significantly beyond Paris' administrative Île-de-France region, a region also commonly referred to as the région parisienne ("Paris Region"). PopulationThe area had a population of 12,405,426 as of the January 2013 census, making it the largest urban region in the European Union. Nearly 19% of France's population resides in the region. The Paris metropolitan area expands at each population census due to the rapid population growth in the Paris area. New communes (municipalities) surrounding Paris are included when they meet the 40% commuter threshold required. At the 1968 census, the earliest date for which population figures were retrospectively computed for French aire urbaines, the Paris metropolitan area had 8,368,459 inhabitants in an area that only encompassed central Île-de-France.[12] By the 1999 census the Paris metropolitan area was slightly larger than Île-de-France and had 11,174,743 inhabitants in 14,518 km². By the 2012 census it had reached 12,341,418 inhabitants in 17,174 km², an area significantly larger than Île-de-France.[13] DemographicsThe table below shows the population growth of the Paris metropolitan area (aire urbaine), i.e. the urban area (pôle urbain) and the commuter belt (couronne périurbaine) surrounding it. (Note: the area shown in red and pink in the map above): {{One source|section|date=September 2013}}{{col-begin|width=auto}}{{col-break}}
See also
References1. ^{{cite book|last1=Joubert|first1=Guillaume|last2=Lebrun|first2=Vanessa|title=Histoire-Géographie Éducation civique 3e - Prépabrevet Cours & entraînement|date=Jul 2, 2014|publisher=Hatier|isbn=2218962438|page=117|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=n_LFCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117&dq=%22aire+urbaine%22+INSEE+histoire&source=bl&ots=S8H0DH_lg9&sig=Tj205TO_AWEfsJeoyQalnRuPtbk&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22aire%20urbaine%22%20INSEE%20histoire&f=false|accessdate=5 April 2017|language=French}} 2. ^{{cite web|title=INSEE - Definitions - Urban area|url=https://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c2070|website=INSEE|publisher=INSEE|accessdate=5 April 2017}} 3. ^Definitions and methods: Rim 4. ^Definitions and methods: Urban Cluster 5. ^{{cite web|title=Insee - definitions - Urban Unit|url=https://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c1501|website=INSEE|accessdate=5 April 2017}} 6. ^{{cite web|title=An administrative segmentation of French territory: 12 metropolitan areas, 29 large urban areas|url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/1280953|website=INSEE|publisher=INSEE|accessdate=5 April 2017}} 7. ^{{cite journal|title=INSEE PREMIERE|date=January 2011|issue=N° 1333|page=2|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/version-html/1280952/ip1333.pdf|accessdate=5 April 2017|language=French}} 8. ^{{cite web|title=LOI n° 2010-1563 du 16 décembre 2010 de réforme des collectivités territoriales|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/eli/loi/2010/12/16/IOCX0922788L/jo#JORFSCTA000023239635|website=legifrance.gouv.fr|accessdate=5 April 2017}} 9. ^{{cite web|title=Affirmation des Metropoles et Grand Paris|url=http://www.cheuvreux-notaires.fr/veille_juridique/nouveautesjuridiques/nju-2014-05-01_article_affirmation-metropole-et-grand-paris-dpi.pdf|accessdate=5 April 2017|page=1.1|date=May 2014|language=French}} 10. ^{{cite web|title=Métropole du Grand Paris - English version|url=http://www.metropolegrandparis.fr/fr/content/english-version|website=Métropole du Grand Paris|accessdate=5 April 2017}} 11. ^{{cite web|title=Carte des territoires|url=http://www.metropolegrandparis.fr/fr/content/carte-des-territoires|website=Métropole du Grand Paris|accessdate=5 April 2017}} 12. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/es336a.pdf|title=Mesurer un univers urbain en expansion|page=11|author=Philippe Julien|publisher=INSEE|language=French|accessdate=2013-09-22}} 13. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=TER&millesime=2012&typgeo=AU2010&search=001 | title=Séries historiques des résultats du recensement - Aire urbaine de Paris (001)| author=INSEE| accessdate=2015-11-21|language=fr}} 14. ^https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3303318?sommaire=3353488 External links
3 : Geography of France|Geography of Paris|Metropolitan areas of France |
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