| 词条 | Dune (novel) |
| 释义 |
| name = Dune | image = Dune-Frank Herbert (1965) First edition.jpg | caption = First edition cover | author = Frank Herbert | audio_read_by = {{Plainlist|
}} | cover_artist = John Schoenherr | country = United States | language = English | series = Dune series | genre = Science fiction[1][2] | published = August 1, 1965 | publisher = Chilton Books | media_type = Print (hardcover & paperback) | pages = 412 | isbn = | followed_by = Dune Messiah }}Dune is a 1965 science fiction novel by American author Frank Herbert, originally published as two separate serials in Analog magazine. It tied with Roger Zelazny's This Immortal for the Hugo Award in 1966,[1] and it won the inaugural Nebula Award for Best Novel.[2] It is the first installment of the Dune saga, and in 2003 was cited as the world's best-selling science fiction novel.[3][4] Set in the distant future amidst a feudal interstellar society in which various noble houses control planetary fiefs, Dune tells the story of young Paul Atreides, whose family accepts the stewardship of the planet Arrakis. While the planet is an inhospitable and sparsely populated desert wasteland, it is the only source of melange, or "the spice", a drug that extends life and enhances mental abilities.[5] As melange can only be produced on Arrakis, control of the planet is a coveted and dangerous undertaking. The story explores the multi-layered interactions of politics, religion, ecology, technology, and human emotion, as the factions of the empire confront each other in a struggle for the control of Arrakis and its spice.[6] The scion and heir of the Atreides family, Paul is believed to be a candidate for the Kwisatz Haderach, a messianic figure whose coming is fortold by the Bene Gesserit sisterhood. On Arrakis, Paul and his family are betrayed by the Emperor and the former overlords of the planet, House Harkonnen, and Paul seeks refuge with the Fremen, the nomadic natives of Arrakis. Paul becomes a messianic leader of the Fremen and is dubbed Muad'Dib. He is trained in the Fremen ways, including the riding of gigantic sandworms, whose life cycle is important in the production of melange. Paul trains the Fremen into a fighting force, and leads an assault on the Emperor and the Harkonnen for control of Arrakis. The book ends with Paul's defeat of the Emperor, and upon assuming the Imperial throne himself, he expresses doubt that even he can control the Fremen or stop the coming revolution that he has unleashed on the universe. Herbert wrote five sequels: Dune Messiah, Children of Dune, God Emperor of Dune, Heretics of Dune, and Dune. The first novel also inspired a 1984 film adaptation by David Lynch, the 2000 Sci-Fi Channel miniseries Frank Herbert's Dune and its 2003 sequel Frank Herbert's Children of Dune (which combines the events of Dune Messiah and Children of Dune), a series of computer games, several board games, songs, and a series of followups, including prequels and sequels, that were co-written by Kevin J. Anderson and the author's son, Brian Herbert, starting in 1999.[7] A new film adaptation directed by Denis Villeneuve is scheduled to be released on November 20, 2020. Since 2009, the names of planets from the Dune novels have been adopted for the real-life nomenclature of plains and other features on Saturn's moon Titan.[8][9][10] OriginsAfter his novel The Dragon in the Sea was published in 1957, Herbert traveled to Florence, Oregon, at the north end of the Oregon Dunes. Here, the United States Department of Agriculture was attempting to use poverty grasses to stabilize the sand dunes. Herbert claimed in a letter to his literary agent, Lurton Blassingame, that the moving dunes could "swallow whole cities, lakes, rivers, highways."[11] Herbert's article on the dunes, "They Stopped the Moving Sands", was never completed (and only published decades later in The Road to Dune) but its research sparked Herbert's interest in ecology. Herbert spent the next five years researching, writing, and revising. He published a three-part serial Dune World in the monthly Analog, from December 1963 to February 1964. The serial was accompanied by several illustrations that were not published again. After an interval of a year, he published the much slower-paced five-part The Prophet of Dune in the January – May 1965 issues.[12][13] (The first serial became part one of the volume, and the second was divided into parts two and three.) The serialized version was expanded, reworked, and submitted to more than twenty publishers, each of whom rejected it. The novel, Dune, was finally accepted and published in August 1965 by Chilton Books, a printing house better known for publishing auto repair manuals. Herbert dedicated his work "to the people whose labors go beyond ideas into the realm of 'real materials'—to the dry-land ecologists, wherever they may be, in whatever time they work, this effort at prediction is dedicated in humility and admiration." PlotIn the far future, humanity has eschewed advanced computers due to a religious prohibition, in favor of adapting their minds to be capable of extremely complex tasks. Much of this is enabled by the spice melange, which is found only on Arrakis, a desert planet with giant sandworms as its most notable native lifeform. Melange improves general health, extends life and can bestow limited prescience, and its rarity makes it a form of currency in the interstellar empire. Melange allows the Spacing Guild's Navigators to safely route faster-than-light travel between planets, and helps the Reverend Mothers of the matriarchal Bene Gesserit to access their Other Memory, the ego and experiences of their female ancestors. As the novel opens, each planet is ruled by a Great House that owes allegiance to the Padishah Emperor Shaddam IV. The Emperor suspects that Duke Leto Atreides of House Atreides has become a potential challenger to his throne as Leto gains favor with other Great Houses in the Landsraad. The Emperor seeks the downfall of House Atreides by assigning them control of Arrakis, currently ruled by Baron Vladimir Harkonnen of House Harkonnen. The Atreides and Harkonnen houses have had a generations-long feud, and the Emperor secretly plots with the Baron to attack House Atreides after its move to Arrakis. While masking his involvement in the Baron's attack, the Emperor plans to ensure its success by deploying some of his elite Sardaukar troopers in Harkonnen disguise. Leto Atreides, on hearing of this new assignment, realizes that it must be a trap, but the opportunity is impossible to decline. He and his trusted advisors, including Swordmaster Duncan Idaho, Mentat Thufir Hawat, Suk doctor Wellington Yueh, and troubadour-soldier Gurney Halleck, prepare for any eventuality. Meanwhile, Reverend Mother Mohiam accuses Leto's concubine, the Bene Gesserit Lady Jessica, of defying their secret centuries-long breeding program, aimed to produce a male Bene Gesserit they call the Kwisatz Haderach, who would have oracular powers to see throughout time and space. Jessica had been ordered to produce a daughter to continue the program, but out of love for Leto she had given him a son, Paul Atreides. Jessica has since trained Paul in the Bene Gesserit way, and Mohiam is reluctantly impressed when Paul passes the test of the gom jabbar, a poisoned needle and a pain-inducing box designed to test if one is actually human. House Atreides takes control of Arrakis, finding traps left by the Harkonnens in the palace. Leto quickly makes political ties with the native Fremen, nomadic tribes that have adapted to the harsh desert conditions, and Leto assigns Duncan to stay and learn more from them. Soon, House Harkonnen launches its attack on the Atreides, devastating many of Atreides' troops and killing Duncan. Yueh reveals himself as a Harkonnen traitor, forced to help the Baron capture Leto under duress; however, Yueh also arranges for Jessica and Paul to escape the capital while making it appear they died. Yueh replaces one of Leto's teeth with a poison capsule, hoping Leto can kill the Baron during their encounter, but the Harkonnen avoids the gas, which instead kills Leto and the Baron's Mentat, Piter De Vries. The Baron forces Hawat to take over De Vries' position; while he follows the Baron's orders, Hawat works out how to undermine the Harkonnens. After fleeing into the desert, Paul realizes he has significant powers as an accidental result of the Bene Gesserit breeding scheme, inadvertently caused by Jessica bearing a son. He foresees futures in which he lives among the Fremen, and has a vision where he is informed of the addictive qualities of the spice. Paul and Jessica are accepted into the Fremen community of Sietch Tabr, and teach the Fremen the Bene Gesserit fighting technique known as the "weirding way". Paul proves his manhood and chooses his Fremen name of Muad'Dib. Jessica opts to undergo the ritual to become a Reverend Mother by drinking the poisonous Water of Life. Pregnant with Leto's daughter, she inadvertently causes the unborn child, Alia, to become infused with the same powers in the womb. Paul takes a Fremen lover, Chani, and has a son with her, Leto II. As two years pass, Paul's powerful prescience abilities have manifested, which lead the Fremen to consider him their Mahdi (messiah). Paul recognizes that the Fremen can be a powerful fighting force to take back Arrakis, but also sees that if he does not control them, their jihad could extend to the entire universe. Word about this new Fremen leader Muad'Dib reaches both the Baron and the Emperor as spice production falls due to increasingly destructive Fremen raids. The Baron decides to replace his more brutish nephew Glossu Rabban with his shrewd nephew Feyd-Rautha, hoping to gain favor with the Fremen. The Emperor suspects the Baron of trying to create troops more powerful than the Sardaukar to seize power, and sends spies to monitor activity on Arrakis. Hawat uses the opportunity to sow seeds of doubt in the Baron about the Emperor's true plans, putting further strain on their alliance. Meanwhile, Gurney has reunited with Paul and Jessica. Believing Jessica to be the Atreides traitor, Gurney tries to kill her, but is stopped by Paul. However, Paul had not foreseen Gurney's attack, and believes he must drink the Water of Life to increase his prescience, until now usable only by the Bene Gesserit sisterhood and fatal to men. Paul falls into unconsciousness for several weeks after drinking the Water, but when he wakes, he has clairvoyance across time and space—-he has become the Kwisatz Haderach. He senses that the Emperor and Baron are amassing fleets around Arrakis to quell the Fremen rebellion, and prepares the Fremen for a major offensive against the Harkonnen troops. The Emperor arrives with the Baron on Arrakis, and their combined troops seize a Fremen outpost, killing many including Leto II, while Alia is captured and taken to the Baron. She remains defiant, putting her trust in her brother and revealing that Muad'Dib is Paul. At that moment, Paul and the Fremen, riding sandworms, assault the capital, and Alia assassinates the Baron and escapes. Paul and the Fremen quickly defeat the Harkonnen and Sardaukar troops. Paul faces the Emperor and threatens to destroy spice production forever unless the Emperor abdicates the throne. Feyd-Rautha attempts to stop Paul by challenging him to a knife battle, but Paul gains the upper hand and kills him. The Emperor reluctantly cedes the throne to Paul and promises his daughter Princess Irulan's hand in marriage. As Paul takes control of the Empire, he realizes that while he achieved his goal, he is no longer able to stop the Fremen jihad, as their belief in him is too powerful to restrain. Characters
AnalysisThe Dune series is a landmark of soft science fiction. Herbert deliberately suppressed technology in his Dune universe so he could address the politics of humanity, rather than the future of humanity's technology. Dune considers the way humans and their institutions might change over time.[14][15] Director John Harrison, who adapted Dune for Syfy's 2000 miniseries, called the novel a universal and timeless reflection of "the human condition and its moral dilemmas", and said: {{Quote|A lot of people refer to Dune as science fiction. I never do. I consider it an epic adventure in the classic storytelling tradition, a story of myth and legend not unlike the Morte d'Arthur or any messiah story. It just happens to be set in the future ... The story is actually more relevant today than when Herbert wrote it. In the 1960s, there were just these two colossal superpowers duking it out. Today we're living in a more feudal, corporatized world more akin to Herbert's universe of separate families, power centers and business interests, all interrelated and kept together by the one commodity necessary to all.[16]}}Each chapter of Dune begins with an epigraph excerpted from the fictional writings of the character Princess Irulan. In forms such as diary entries, historical commentary, biography, quotations and philosophy, these writings set tone and provide exposition, context and other details intended to enhance understanding of Herbert's complex fictional universe and themes.[17][18][19] Environmentalism and ecologyDune has been called the "first planetary ecology novel on a grand scale".[20] After the publication of Silent Spring by Rachel Carson in 1962, science fiction writers began treating the subject of ecological change and its consequences. Dune responded in 1965 with its complex descriptions of Arrakis life, from giant sandworms (for whom water is deadly) to smaller, mouse-like life forms adapted to live with limited water. Dune was followed in its creation of complex and unique ecologies by other science fiction books such as A Door into Ocean (1986) and Red Mars (1992).[20] Environmentalists have pointed out that Dunes popularity as a novel depicting a planet as a complex—almost living—thing, in combination with the first images of Earth from space being published in the same time period, strongly influenced environmental movements such as the establishment of the international Earth Day.[21]Declining empiresLorenzo DiTommaso compared Dune's portrayal of the downfall of a galactic empire to Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire which argues that Christianity led to the fall of Ancient Rome. In "History and Historical Effect in Frank Herbert's Dune" (1992), Lorenzo DiTommaso outlines similarities between the two works by highlighting the excesses of the Emperor on his home planet of Kaitain and of the Baron Harkonnen in his palace. The Emperor loses his effectiveness as a ruler from excess of ceremony and pomp. The hairdressers and attendants he brings with him to Arrakis are even referred to as "parasites". The Baron Harkonnen is similarly corrupt, materially indulgent, and sexually decadent. Gibbon's Decline and Fall blames the fall of Rome on the rise of Christianity. Gibbon claimed that this exotic import from a conquered province weakened the soldiers of Rome and left it open to attack. Similarly, the Emperor's Sardaukar fighters are little match for the Fremen of Dune because of the Sardaukar's overconfidence and the Fremen's capacity for self-sacrifice. The Fremen put the community before themselves in every instance, while the world outside wallows in luxury at the expense of others.[22] The decline and long peace of the Empire sets the stage for revolution and renewal by genetic mixing of successful and unsuccessful groups through war, a process culminating in the Jihad led by Paul Atreides, described by Frank Herbert as depicting "war as a collective orgasm" (drawing on Norma Walter's 1950 [https://www.gwern.net/docs/sociology/1950-walter-thesexualcycleofhumanwarfare.djvu The Sexual Cycle of Human Warfare]),[23] themes that would reappear in God-Emperor of Dunes "Scattering" and Leto II's all-female "Fish Speaker" army. Middle Eastern referencesMany words, titles and names (e.g. the Padishah Emperor Shaddam IV, Hawat, Bashar, Harq-al-Ada) in the Dune universe as well as a large number of words in the language of the Fremen people are derived or taken directly from Persian and Arabic (e.g. erg, {{lang-ar|عرق|'arq}}, the Arabic word for a broad flat landform, is used frequently throughout the novel). Paul's messianic name (Muad'Dib) means in Arabic "the teacher or maker of politeness or literature", and the prophesied appearance of one known as the "Kwisatz Haderach", meaning "one who shortens the way" borrows the Hebrew term Kefitzat Haderech (קְפִיצַת הַדֶּרֶךְ), a Kabbalistic Jewish term meaning one who can "clench the way", i.e. the distance between two places - and teleport. The Fremen language is also embedded with Islamic terms such as, jihad, Mahdi, Shaitan, and the personal bodyguard of Paul Muad'Dib Fedaykin is a transliteration of the Arabic Feda'yin.[24] As a foreigner who adopts the ways of a desert-dwelling people and then leads them in a military capacity, Paul Atreides' character bears many similarities to the historical T. E. Lawrence.[25] Lesley Blanch's The Sabres of Paradise has also been identified as a major influence upon Dune, with its depiction of Imam Shamil and the Islamic culture of the Caucasus inspiring some of the characters, events and terminology of Dune.[26] Gender dynamicsPaul's approach to power consistently requires his upbringing under the female-oriented Bene Gesserit, who operate as a long-dominating shadow government behind all of the great houses and their marriages or divisions. A central theme of the book is the connection, in Jessica's son, of this female aspect with his male aspect. In a Bene Gesserit test early in the book, it is implied that people are generally "inhuman" in that they irrationally place desire over self-interest and reason. This applies Herbert's philosophy that humans are not created equal, while equal justice and equal opportunity are higher ideals than mental, physical, or moral equality.[27] Margery Hourihan even calls the main character's mother, Jessica, "by far the most interesting character in the novel"[28] and pointing out that while her son approaches a power which makes him almost alien to the reader, she remains human. Throughout the novel, she struggles to maintain power in a male-dominated society, and manages to help her son at key moments in his realization of power.[28] Heroism{{quote|I am showing you the superhero syndrome and your own participation in it.|Frank Herbert[29]}}Throughout Paul's rise to superhuman status, he follows a plotline common to many stories describing the birth of a hero. He has unfortunate circumstances forced onto him. After a long period of hardship and exile, he confronts and defeats the source of evil in his tale.[30][31] As such, Dune is representative of a general trend beginning in 1960s American science fiction in that it features a character who attains godlike status through scientific means.[32] Eventually, Paul Atreides gains a level of omniscience which allows him to take over the planet and the galaxy, and causing the Fremen of Arrakis to worship him like a god. Author Frank Herbert said in 1979, "The bottom line of the Dune trilogy is: beware of heroes. Much better [to] rely on your own judgment, and your own mistakes."[33] He wrote in 1985, "Dune was aimed at this whole idea of the infallible leader because my view of history says that mistakes made by a leader (or made in a leader's name) are amplified by the numbers who follow without question."[34] Juan A. Prieto-Pablos says Herbert achieves a new typology with Paul's superpowers, differentiating the heroes of Dune from earlier heroes such as Superman, van Vogt's Gilbert Gosseyn and Henry Kuttner's telepaths. Unlike previous superheroes who acquire their powers suddenly and accidentally, Paul's are the result of "painful and slow personal progress." And unlike other superheroes of the 1960s—who are the exception among ordinary people in their respective worlds—Herbert's characters grow their powers through "the application of mystical philosophies and techniques." For Herbert, the ordinary person can develop incredible fighting skills (Fremen, Ginaz swordsmen and Sardaukar) or mental abilities (Bene Gesserit, Mentats, Spacing Guild Navigators).[35] ZenEarly in his newspaper career, Herbert was introduced to Zen by two Jungian psychologists, Ralph and Irene Slattery, who "gave a crucial boost to his thinking".[36] Zen teachings ultimately had "a profound and continuing influence on [Herbert's] work".[36] Throughout the Dune series and particularly in Dune, Herbert employs concepts and forms borrowed from Zen Buddhism.[36][37] The Fremen are Zensunni adherents, and many of Herbert's epigraphs are Zen-spirited.[38] In "Dune Genesis" he wrote: {{quote|What especially pleases me is to see the interwoven themes, the fuguelike relationships of images that exactly replay the way Dune took shape. As in an Escher lithograph, I involved myself with recurrent themes that turn into paradox. The central paradox concerns the human vision of time. What about Paul's gift of prescience-the Presbyterian fixation? For the Delphic Oracle to perform, it must tangle itself in a web of predestination. Yet predestination negates surprises and, in fact, sets up a mathematically enclosed universe whose limits are always inconsistent, always encountering the unprovable. It's like a koan, a Zen mind breaker. It's like the Cretan Epimenides saying, "All Cretans are liars."[27]}}ReceptionDune tied with Roger Zelazny's This Immortal for the Hugo Award in 1966,[1] and won the inaugural Nebula Award for Best Novel.[2] Reviews of the novel have been largely positive, and Dune is considered by some critics to be the best science fiction book ever written.[39] As of 2000 it had sold over 12 million copies worldwide,[16] and it has been regularly cited as one of the world's best-selling science fiction novels.[3][4]Science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke has described it as "unique" and claimed "I know nothing comparable to it except Lord of the Rings."[40] Robert A. Heinlein described Dune as "Powerful, convincing, and most ingenious."[40] It was called "One of the monuments of modern science fiction" by the Chicago Tribune, while the Washington Post described it as "A portrayal of an alien society more complete and deeply detailed than any other author in the field has managed ... a story absorbing equally for its action and philosophical vistas ... An astonishing science fiction phenomenon."[40] Algis Budrys praised Dune for the vividness of its imagined setting, saying "The time lives. It breathes, it speaks, and Herbert has smelt it in his nostrils". He found that the novel, however, "turns flat and tails off at the end. ... [T]ruly effective villains simply simper and melt; fierce men and cunning statesmen and seeresses all bend before this new Messiah". Budrys faulted in particular Herbert's decision to kill Paul's infant son offstage, with no apparent emotional impact, saying "you cannot be so busy saving a world that you cannot hear an infant shriek".[41] After criticizing unrealistic science fiction, Carl Sagan in 1978 listed Dune as among stories "that are so tautly constructed, so rich in the accommodating details of an unfamiliar society that they sweep me along before I have even a chance to be critical".[42]Tamara I. Hladik wrote that the story "crafts a universe where lesser novels promulgate excuses for sequels. All its rich elements are in balance and plausible—not the patchwork confederacy of made-up languages, contrived customs, and meaningless histories that are the hallmark of so many other, lesser novels."[43] Writing for The New Yorker, Jon Michaud praises Herbert's "clever authorial decision" to exclude robots and computers ("two staples of the genre") from his fictional universe, but suggests that this may be one explanation why Dune lacks "true fandom among science-fiction fans" to the extent that it "has not penetrated popular culture in the way that The Lord of the Rings and Star Wars have".[44] First edition prints and manuscriptsThe first edition of Dune is one of the most valuable in science fiction book collecting, and copies have gone for more than $10,000 at auction.[45] The Chilton first edition of the novel is 9.25 inches tall, with bluish green boards and a price of $5.95 on the dust jacket, and notes Toronto as the Canadian publisher on the copyright page. Up to this point, Chilton had been publishing only automobile repair manuals.[46] Other editions similar to this one, such as book club editions, exist.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} California State University, Fullerton's Pollack Library has several of Herbert's draft manuscripts of Dune and other works, with the author's notes, in their Frank Herbert Archives.[47]AdaptationsEarly stalled attemptsIn 1971, the production company Apjac International (APJ) (headed by Arthur P. Jacobs) optioned the rights to film Dune. As Jacobs was busy with other projects, such as the sequel to Planet of the Apes, Dune was delayed for another year. Jacobs' first choice for director was David Lean, but he turned down the offer. Charles Jarrott was also considered to direct. Work was also under way on a script while the hunt for a director continued. Initially, the first treatment had been handled by Robert Greenhut, the producer who had lobbied Jacobs to make the movie in the first place, but subsequently Rospo Pallenberg was approached to write the script, with shooting scheduled to begin in 1974. However, Jacobs died in 1973.[48] In December 1974, a French consortium led by Jean-Paul Gibon purchased the film rights from APJ, with Alejandro Jodorowsky set to direct.[49] In 1975, Jodorowsky planned to film the story as a 10-hour feature, in collaboration with Salvador Dalí, Orson Welles, Gloria Swanson, David Carradine, Geraldine Chaplin, Alain Delon, Hervé Villechaize, and Mick Jagger. It was at first proposed to score the film with original music by Karlheinz Stockhausen, Henry Cow, and Magma; later on, the soundtrack was to be provided by Pink Floyd.[50] Jodorowsky set up a pre-production unit in Paris consisting of Chris Foss, a British artist who designed covers for science fiction periodicals, Jean Giraud (Moebius), a French illustrator who created and also wrote and drew for Metal Hurlant magazine, and H. R. Giger.[49] Moebius began designing creatures and characters for the film, while Foss was brought in to design the film's space ships and hardware.[49] Giger began designing the Harkonnen Castle based on Moebius' storyboards. Jodorowsky's son Brontis was to play Paul Atreides.[49] Dan O'Bannon was to head the special effects department.[49] Dalí was cast as the Emperor.[49] Dalí later demanded to be paid $100,000 per hour; Jodorowsky agreed, but tailored Dalí's part to be filmed in one hour, drafting plans for other scenes of the emperor to use a mechanical mannequin as substitute for Dalí.[49] According to Giger, Dalí was "later invited to leave the film because of his pro-Franco statements".[51] Just as the storyboards, designs, and script were finished, the financial backing dried up. Frank Herbert traveled to Europe in 1976 to find that $2 million of the $9.5 million budget had already been spent in pre-production, and that Jodorowsky's script would result in a 14-hour movie ("It was the size of a phone book", Herbert later recalled). Jodorowsky took creative liberties with the source material, but Herbert said that he and Jodorowsky had an amicable relationship. Jodorowsky said in 1985 that he found the Dune story mythical and had intended to recreate it rather than adapt the novel; though he had an "enthusiastic admiration" for Herbert, Jodorowsky said he had done everything possible to distance the author and his input from the project.[49] Although Jodorowsky was embittered by the experience, he stated that the Dune project changed his life. O'Bannon entered a psychiatric hospital after the production failed, and worked on 13 scripts; the last of which became Alien.[49] A 2013 documentary, Jodorowsky's Dune, was made about Jodorowsky's failed attempt at an adaptation. In 1976 Dino De Laurentiis acquired the rights from Gibon's consortium. De Laurentiis commissioned Herbert to write a new screenplay in 1978; the script Herbert turned in was 175 pages long, the equivalent of nearly three hours of screen time. De Laurentiis then hired director Ridley Scott in 1979, with Rudy Wurlitzer writing the screenplay and H. R. Giger retained from the Jodorowsky production. Scott intended to split the book into two movies. He worked on three drafts of the script, using The Battle of Algiers as a point of reference, before moving on to direct another science fiction film, Blade Runner (1982). As he recalls, the pre-production process was slow, and finishing the project would have been even more time-intensive: But after seven months I dropped out of Dune, by then Rudy Wurlitzer had come up with a first-draft script which I felt was a decent distillation of Frank Herbert's. But I also realised Dune was going to take a lot more work—at least two and a half years' worth. And I didn't have the heart to attack that because my older brother Frank unexpectedly died of cancer while I was prepping the De Laurentiis picture. Frankly, that freaked me out. So I went to Dino and told him the Dune script was his.—From Ridley Scott: The Making of his Movies by Paul M. Sammon 1984 film by David Lynch{{main|Dune (1984 film)}}In 1981, the nine-year film rights were set to expire. De Laurentiis re-negotiated the rights from the author, adding to them the rights to the Dune sequels (written and unwritten). After seeing The Elephant Man, De Laurentiis' daughter Raffaella decided that David Lynch should direct the movie. Around that time Lynch received several other directing offers, including Return of the Jedi. He agreed to direct Dune and write the screenplay even though he had not read the book, known the story, or even been interested in science fiction.[52] Lynch worked on the script for six months with Eric Bergen and Christopher De Vore. The team yielded two drafts of the script before it split over creative differences. Lynch would subsequently work on five more drafts. This first film of Dune, directed by Lynch, was released in 1984, nearly 20 years after the book's publication. Though Herbert said the book's depth and symbolism seemed to intimidate many filmmakers, he was pleased with the film, saying that "They've got it. It begins as Dune does. And I hear my dialogue all the way through. There are some interpretations and liberties, but you're gonna come out knowing you've seen Dune."[53] Reviews of the film were not as favorable, saying that it was incomprehensible to those unfamiliar with the book, and that fans would be disappointed by the way it strayed from the book's plot.[54] 2000 miniseries by John Harrison{{main|Frank Herbert's Dune}}In 2000, John Harrison adapted the novel into Frank Herbert's Dune, a miniseries which premiered on the Sci-Fi Channel.[16] As of 2004, the miniseries was one of the three highest-rated programs broadcast on the Sci-Fi Channel.[55] Further film attemptsIn 2008, Paramount Pictures announced that they would produce a new film based on the book, with Peter Berg attached to direct.[56] Producer Kevin Misher, who spent a year securing the rights from the Herbert estate, was to be joined by Richard Rubinstein and John Harrison (of both Sci Fi Channel miniseries) as well as Sarah Aubrey and Mike Messina.[56] The producers stated that they were going for a "faithful adaptation" of the novel, and considered "its theme of finite ecological resources particularly timely."[56] Science fiction author Kevin J. Anderson and Frank Herbert's son Brian Herbert, who had together written multiple Dune sequels and prequels since 1999, were attached to the project as technical advisors.[57] In October 2009, Berg dropped out of the project, later saying that it "for a variety of reasons wasn't the right thing" for him.[58] Subsequently, with a script draft by Joshua Zetumer, Paramount reportedly sought a new director who could do the film for under $175 million.[59] In 2010, Pierre Morel was signed on to direct, with screenwriter Chase Palmer incorporating Morel's vision of the project into Zetumer's original draft.[60][61] By November 2010, Morel left the project.[62] Paramount finally dropped plans for a remake in March 2011.[63] 2020 film by Denis Villeneuve{{main|Dune (2020 film)}}In November 2016, Legendary Entertainment acquired the film and TV rights for Dune.[64][65] Variety reported in December 2016 that Denis Villeneuve was in negotiations to direct the project,[66] which was confirmed in February 2017.[67] In April 2017, Legendary announced that Eric Roth would write the screenplay.[68] Villeneuve explained in March 2018 that his adaptation will be split into two films, with the first installment scheduled to begin production in 2019.[69] Casting includes Timothée Chalamet as Paul Atreides,[70] Dave Bautista as Rabban, Stellan Skarsgård as Baron Harkonnen,[71] Rebecca Ferguson as Lady Jessica,[72] Charlotte Rampling as Reverend Mother Mohiam,[73] Oscar Isaac as Duke Leto Atreides,[74] Zendaya as Chani,[75] Javier Bardem as Stilgar,[76] Josh Brolin as Gurney Halleck,[77] Jason Momoa as Duncan Idaho,[78] David Dastmalchian as Piter De Vries,[79] Chang Chen as Dr. Yueh,[80] and Stephen Henderson in an undisclosed role.[81] Warner Bros. will distribute the film, which will be released on November 20, 2020.[82] AudiobookIn 1993, Recorded Books Inc. released a 20-disc audio book narrated by George Guidall. In 2007, Audio Renaissance released an audio book narrated by Simon Vance with some parts performed by Scott Brick, Orlagh Cassidy, Euan Morton, and other performers. Cultural influenceDune has been widely influential, inspiring other novels, music, films (including Star Wars), television, games, and comic books.[83] Real world extraterrestrial locations have been named after elements from the novel and its sequels. Dune was parodied in 1984's National Lampoon's Doon by Ellis Weiner, which William F. Touponce called "something of a tribute to Herbert's success on college campuses", noting that "the only other book to have been so honored is Tolkien's Lord of the Rings," which was parodied by The Harvard Lampoon in 1969.[84]Music
Video gamesThere have been a number of games based on the book, notably the 1992 strategy adventure Dune and its sequels. The online game Lost Souls includes Dune-derived elements, including sandworms and melange—addiction to which can produce psychic talents.[97] The 2016 game Enter the Gungeon features the spice melange as a random item which gives the player progressively stronger abilities and penalties with repeated uses, mirroring the long-term effects melange has on users.[98] Space explorationThe Apollo 15 astronauts named a small crater after the novel during the 1971 mission,[99] and the name was formally adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1973.[100] Since 2009, the names of planets from the Dune novels have been adopted for the real-world nomenclature of plains and other features on Saturn's moon Titan.[8][9][10] See also{{portal|Novels}}
References1. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1966-hugo-awards/|title=The Hugo Awards: 1966 |website=TheHugoAwards.org |publisher=World Science Fiction Society|accessdate=March 8, 2011}} 2. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.nebulaawards.com/index.php/awards/nebulas/P40/ |title=1965 Nebula Awards |publisher=NebulaAwards.com |accessdate=March 17, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051217043400/http://nebulaawards.com/awards/archive/pastwin.htm |archivedate=December 17, 2005 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 3. ^1 {{Cite book|last=Touponce |first=William F. |year=1988 |title=Frank Herbert |chapter=Herbert's Reputation |location=Boston, Massachusetts|publisher=Twayne Publishers imprint, G. K. Hall & Co|page=119 |isbn=0-8057-7514-5|quote=Locus ran a poll of readers on April 15, 1975 in which Dune 'was voted the all-time best science-fiction novel … It has sold over ten million copies in numerous editions.'}} 4. ^1 {{cite web| title=SCI FI Channel Auction to Benefit Reading Is Fundamental | url=http://pnnonline.org/article.php?sid=4302 |date=March 18, 2003 |publisher=PNNonline.org (Internet Archive)|quote=Since its debut in 1965, Frank Herbert's Dune has sold over 12 million copies worldwide, making it the best-selling science fiction novel of all time ... Frank Herbert's Dune saga is one of the greatest 20th Century contributions to literature.|accessdate=September 28, 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928005501/http://pnnonline.org/article.php?sid=4302 |archivedate = September 28, 2007}} 5. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/jul/03/dune-50-years-on-science-fiction-novel-world|title=Dune, 50 years on: how a science fiction novel changed the world|last=Kunzru|first=Hari|date=2015-07-03|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-02-11|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}} 6. ^{{cite web|quote=During my studies of deserts, of course, and previous studies of religions, we all know that many religions began in a desert atmosphere, so I decided to put the two together because I don't think that any one story should have any one thread. I build on a layer technique, and of course putting in religion and religious ideas you can play one against the other.|first=Frank |last=Herbert |authorlink=Frank Herbert |url=http://www.sinanvural.com/seksek/inien/tvd/tvd2.htm |title=Interview with Dr. Willis E. McNelly |date=February 3, 1969 |publisher=Sinanvural.com |accessdate=January 26, 2010}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dunenovels.com/novels|title= Official Dune website: Novels |publisher=DuneNovels.com |accessdate=January 26, 2010}} 8. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/HotTopics/index.php?/archives/369-New-Name,-Descriptor-Term,-and-Theme-Approved-for-Use-on-Titan.html|title=USGS Astrogeology Hot Topics: New Name, Descriptor Term, and Theme Approved for Use on Titan |first=Jennifer |last=Blue |publisher=Astrogeology.usgs.gov |date=August 4, 2009 |accessdate=September 8, 2010}} 9. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/SearchResults?target=TITAN&featureType=Planitia,%20planitiae |title=Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature: Titan Planitiae |publisher=Planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov |accessdate=January 3, 2015}} 10. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/SearchResults?target=TITAN&featureType=Labyrinthus,%20labyrinthi |title=Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature: Titan Labyrinthi |publisher=Planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov |accessdate=January 3, 2015}} 11. ^The Road to Dune (2005), p. 264, letter by Frank Herbert to his agent Lurton Blassingame outlining "They Stopped the Moving Sands." 12. ^The Road to Dune, p. 272."...Frank Herbert toyed with the story about a desert world full of hazards and riches. He plotted a short adventure novel, Spice Planet, but he set that outline aside when his concept grew into something much more ambitious." 13. ^The Road to Dune, pp. 263-264. 14. ^1 {{cite book|title=Building Sci-fi Moviescapes: The Science Behind the Fiction|first=Matt|last=Hanson|publisher=Gulf Professional Publishing|year=2005|isbn=9780240807720}} 15. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://bestsciencefictionbooks.com/authors/frank-herbert.html|accessdate=August 25, 2015|title=Frank Herbert Biography|publisher=bestsciencefictionbooks.com}} 16. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/03/tv/cover-story-future-myths-adrift-in-the-sands-of-time.html?src=pm |title=COVER STORY: Future Myths, Adrift in the Sands of Time |first=Marilyn |last=Stasio |work=The New York Times |date=December 3, 2000 |accessdate=August 21, 2015}} 17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cinescape.com/0/editorial.asp?aff_id=0&this_cat=Television&action=page&type_id=&cat_id=&obj_id=26343 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316172142/http://www.mania.com/dune-remaking-classic-novel_article_26343.html |archivedate=March 16, 2008 |title=DUNE: Remaking the Classic Novel |accessdate=November 9, 2008 |last=Fritz |first=Steve |date=December 4, 2000 |website=Cinescape.com}} 18. ^{{cite web |url=http://torforgeblog.com/2014/02/03/quotes-from-the-end-of-the-world/ |title=Quotes from the End of the World |last=Edison |first=David |website=Tor.com |date=February 3, 2014 |accessdate=June 29, 2014}} 19. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.dunemessiah.com/irulan.shtml |title=Collected Sayings of Princess Irulan |website=DuneMessiah.com |accessdate=November 9, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618071057/http://www.dunemessiah.com/irulan.shtml |archivedate=June 18, 2008}} 20. ^1 {{cite book |last=James |first=Edward |author2=Farah Mendlesohn |title=The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |pages=183–184 |isbn=0-521-01657-6}} 21. ^{{cite book |editor=Robert L. France |title=Facilitating Watershed Management: Fostering Awareness and Stewardship |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |location=Lanham |year=2005 |page=105 |isbn=0-7425-3364-6}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/58/ditom58art.htm|title=History and Historical Effect in Frank Herbert's Dune|last=Lorenzo|first=DiTommaso|date=November 1992|work=Science Fiction Studies|publisher=#58, Volume 19, Part 3. DePauw.edu|pages=311–325|accessdate=July 21, 2009}} 23. ^Frank Herbert, "Listening to the Left Hand", Harper's (December 1973) 24. ^{{Cite book|last=Herbert |first=Frank |title=Dune, 40th Anniversary Edition (Dune Chronicles: Book 1) |chapter=Afterword: by Brian Herbert (2005)|year=1965|publisher= Ace Books, NY|isbn=0-441-01359-7 |pages=523–525 |quote=}} 25. ^"To name one recent example, the political imbroglio involving T. E. Lawrence had profound messianic overtones. If Lawrence had been killed at a crucial point in the struggle, Herbert notes, he might well have become a new "avatar" for the Arabs. The Lawrence analogy suggested to Herbert the possibility for manipulation of the messianic impulses within a culture by outsiders with ulterior purposes. He also realized that ecology could become the focus of just such a messianic episode, here and now, in our own culture. 'It might become the new banner for a deadly crusade--an excuse for a witch hunt or worse.' Herbert pulled all these strands together in an early version of Dune. It was a story about a hero very like Lawrence of Arabia, an outsider who went native and used religious fervor to fuel his own ambitions--in this case, to transform the ecology of the planet." pg 41, O'Reilly 1981 ibid. 26. ^{{cite news |publisher=Los Angeles Review of Books |url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/the-secret-history-of-dune/#! |first=Will |last=Collins |title=The Secret History of Dune |date=September 16, 2017 |access-date=October 20, 2017}} 27. ^1 {{cite web|last=Herbert|first=Frank|url=http://www.frankherbert.org/news/genesis.html |title=Dune Genesis|accessdate=February 14, 2014 |publisher=FrankHerbert.org|work=Omni|date=July 1980 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107220342/http://www.frankherbert.org/news/genesis.html |archivedate=January 7, 2012}} 28. ^1 Hourihan, Margery. Deconstructing the Hero: Literary Theory and Children's Literature. New York: Routledge, 1997. pp. 174-175 {{ISBN|0-415-14419-1}} 29. ^Herbert liner notes quoted in Touponce pg 24 30. ^Tilley, E. Allen. "The Modes of Fiction: A Plot Morphology." College English. (Feb 1978) 39.6 pp. 692-706. 31. ^Hume, Kathryn. "Romance: A Perdurable Pattern." College English. (Oct 1974) 36.2 pp. 129-146. 32. ^Attebery, Brian. Decoding Gender in Science Fiction. New York: Routledge, 2002. p. 66 {{ISBN|0-415-93949-6}} 33. ^{{Cite book|last=Clareson |first=Thomas |title=Understanding Contemporary American Science Fiction: the Formative Period |location=Columbia |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |year=1992 |pages=169–172 |isbn=0-87249-870-0}} 34. ^{{cite book |last=Herbert |first=Frank |title=Eye |chapter=Introduction |year=1985 |isbn=0-425-08398-5}} 35. ^{{Cite journal| last = Prieto-Pablos | first = Juan A. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = The Ambivalent Hero of Contemporary Fantasy and Science Fiction | journal = Extrapolation | volume = 32 | issue = 1 | pages = 64–80 | publisher = The University of Texas at Brownsville | date = Spring 1991 | url = | doi = | id = }} 36. ^1 2 {{cite book|url=http://tim.oreilly.com/herbert/ch02.html|title=Frank Herbert|first=Tim|last=O'Reilly|chapter=Chapter 2: Under Pressure|accessdate=March 26, 2019}} 37. ^{{cite web |title=Unpublished interview with Frank Herbert and Professor Willis E. McNelly |date=February 3, 1969 |url=http://www.sinanvural.com/seksek/inien/tvd/tvd2.htm |via=sinanvural.com |accessdate=March 21, 2019}} 38. ^{{cite book|last=Touponce|year=1988|title=Frank Herbert|chapter=Life and Intellectual Background|page=10|isbn=0-8057-7514-5}} 39. ^{{Cite book|author=Frans Johansson |title=The Medici effect: breakthrough insights at the intersection of ideas, concepts, and cultures |publisher=Harvard Business School Press |location=Boston, Mass |year=2004 |page=78 |isbn=1-59139-186-5 |oclc= |doi=}} 40. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/product-description/0441013597/ref=dp_proddesc_0?ie=UTF8&n=283155&s=books|title=Dune 40th Anniversary Edition: Editorial Reviews|publisher=Amazon.com|accessdate=January 26, 2010}} 41. ^{{Cite magazine |last=Budrys |first=Algis |author= |last2= |first2= |date=April 1966 |title=Galaxy Bookshelf |department= |url=https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v24n04_1966-04#page/n33/mode/1up |magazine=Galaxy Science Fiction |pages=67–75 |type=}} 42. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/05/28/archives/growing-up-with.html |title=Growing up with Science Fiction |last=Sagan |first=Carl |date=1978-05-28 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2018-12-12 |page=SM7 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} 43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.scifi.com/sfw/issue42/classic.html |title=Classic Sci-Fi Reviews: Dune|first=Tamara I.|last=Hladik|publisher=SciFi.com|accessdate=April 20, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080420150907/http://www.scifi.com/sfw/issue42/classic.html |archivedate = April 20, 2008}} 44. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/dune-endures |title=Dune Endures |first=Jon |last=Michaud |work=The New Yorker |date=July 12, 2013 |accessdate=August 18, 2015}} 45. ^{{Cite web|url=https://historical.ha.com/itm/books/first-editions/frank-herbert-dune-first-edition-philadelphia-chilton-books-1965-first-edition-first-printing-412/a/658-26228.s|title=Frank Herbert: Dune First Edition. (Philadelphia: ChiltonBooks, | Lot #26228|website=Heritage Auctions}} 46. ^Currey, L.W. Science Fiction and Fantasy Authors: A Bibliography of First Printings of Their Fiction. G. K. 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HR GIGER Arh+. Taschen, 2001, p.52 52. ^Cinefantastique, September 1984 (Vol 14, No 4 & 5 - Double issue). 53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20088153,00.html |last=Rozen |first=Leah |title=With Another Best-Seller and An Upcoming Film, Dune Is Busting Out All Over For Frank Herbert|website=People.com|date=June 25, 1984 |publisher=People Vol. 21, No. 25 |pages=129–130|accessdate=March 21, 2010}} 54. ^Feeney, Mark. "Screen of dreams." The Boston Globe. (16 December 2007) p. N12. 55. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20070703213605/http://www.digitalwebbing.com/interviews/042104_anderson.html Kevin J. Anderson Interview ~ DigitalWebbing.com] (2004) Internet Archive, July 3, 2007. 56. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2008/film/features/berg-to-direct-dune-for-paramount-1117982560/|title=Berg to direct Dune for Paramount|first=Tatiana|last=Siegel|website=Variety|date=March 18, 2008|accessdate=February 15, 2019}} 57. ^{{cite web|last=Neuman |first=Clayton |date=August 17, 2009 |url=http://blogs.amctv.com/scifi-scanner/2009/08/brian-herbert-interview.php |title=Winds of Dune Author Brian Herbert on Flipping the Myth of Jihad |publisher=AMCtv.com |accessdate=August 19, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090921011119/http://blogs.amctv.com/scifi-scanner/2009/08/brian-herbert-interview.php |archivedate=September 21, 2009 |df= }} 58. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.latinoreview.com/news/special-preview-el-guapo-spends-a-day-on-a-navy-destroyer-for-peter-berg-s-battleship-8681|title=Special Preview: El Guapo Spends A Day On A Navy Destroyer For Peter Berg's Battleship!|first=George|last=Roush|publisher=LatinoReview.com|date=December 1, 2009|accessdate=January 5, 2010}} 59. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pajiba.com/trade_news/dune-remake-update.php|title=Pajiba Exclusive: An Update on the Dune Remake|first=Dustin|last=Rowles|publisher=Pajiba.com|date=October 27, 2009|accessdate=January 5, 2010}} 60. ^{{cite web|url=http://hollywoodinsider.ew.com/2010/01/04/dune-remake/ |title=Dune remake back on track with director Pierre Morel |last=Sperling |first=Nicole |date=January 4, 2010 |work=Entertainment Weekly |accessdate=January 5, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114042042/http://hollywoodinsider.ew.com/2010/01/04/dune-remake/ |archivedate=January 14, 2010 |df= }} 61. ^Dune Remake Lands New Screenwriter {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810053208/http://screencrave.com/2010-02-11/dune-remake-lands-new-screenwriter/ |date=2011-08-10 }}, Screen Crave, February 11, 2010 62. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.deadline.com/2010/11/sands-of-time-running-short-for-paramounts-dune-adaptation/ |title=Sands of Time Running Out For New Dune |website=Deadline Hollywood |first=Mike |last=Fleming |date=November 8, 2010 |accessdate=December 27, 2010}} 63. ^{{cite news | first=Simon | last=Reynolds | date=March 23, 2011 | title=Dune remake dropped by Paramount | work=Digital Spy | url=http://www.digitalspy.com/movies/news/a310618/dune-remake-dropped-by-paramount.html | accessdate=March 24, 2011}} 64. ^{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2016/11/dune-frank-herbert-sci-fi-novel-legendary-rights-acquisition-1201858221/ |title=Legendary Acquires Frank Herbert's Classic Sci-Fi Novel Dune For Film And TV |first=Anita |last=Busch |website=Deadline Hollywood |date=November 21, 2016 |accessdate=November 27, 2016}} 65. ^{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/legendary-dune-frank-herbert-1201923648/ |title=Legendary Lands Rights to Classic Sci-Fi Novel Dune |work=Variety |first=Justin |last=Kroll |date=November 21, 2016 |accessdate=November 27, 2016}} 66. ^{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/denis-villeneuve-dune-reboot-legendary-pictures-1201929280/|title=Blade Runner 2049 Helmer Denis Villeneuve Eyed to Direct Dune Reboot |work=Variety |first=Justin |last=Kroll |date=December 21, 2016|accessdate=December 21, 2016}} 67. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.bleedingcool.com/2017/02/01/official-dune-reboot-legendary-pictures-director/ |title=It's Official: The Dune Reboot Has Found Its Director |publisher=Bleeding Cool |first=Bill |last=Watters |date=February 1, 2017 |accessdate=February 1, 2017}} 68. ^{{cite news|last1=Kroll|first1=Justin|title=Forrest Gump Writer Eric Roth to Pen Denis Villeneuve’s Dune Reboot |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/dune-reboot-writer-eric-roth-denis-villeneuve-1201998001/|accessdate=July 21, 2017|work=Variety|date=April 5, 2017}} 69. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.avclub.com/denis-villeneuve-says-hes-now-making-two-dune-movies-1823660070|title=Denis Villeneuve says he's now making two Dune movies, actually|first=William|last=Hughes|website=The A.V. Club|date=March 9, 2018|accessdate=September 28, 2018}} 70. ^{{cite web|url=https://news.avclub.com/dune-star-timothee-chalamet-also-loves-the-david-lynch-1829369935/|title=Dune star Timothée Chalamet also loves the David Lynch version|first=Randall|last=Colburn|website=The A.V. Club|date=September 27, 2018|accessdate=September 28, 2018}} 71. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/stellan-skarsg-play-villain-legendarys-dune-1174870 | title= Stellan Skarsgard to Play Villain in Legendary's Dune | first= Borys | last = Kit | date = January 9, 2019 | accessdate = January 9, 2019 | work = The Hollywood Reporter }} 72. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/rebecca-ferguson-talks-star-denis-villeneuves-dune-1140223 | title= Rebecca Ferguson in Talks to Star in Denis Villeneuve's 'Dune' | first= Borys | last = Kit | date = September 5, 2018 | accessdate = January 16, 2019 | work = The Hollywood Reporter }} 73. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/charlotte-rampling-joins-timothee-chalamet-dune-1176429 | title= Charlotte Rampling Joins Timothee Chalamet in Dune | first= Borys | last = Kit | date = January 15, 2019 | accessdate = January 16, 2019 | work = The Hollywood Reporter }} 74. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dune-movie-casts-oscar-isaac-1180655 | title= Oscar Isaac Joining Denis Villeneuve's Dune | first1= Borys | last1 = Kit | first2= Aaron | last2 = Couch |date = January 29, 2019 | accessdate = January 30, 2019 | work = The Hollywood Reporter }} 75. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dune-movie-zendaya-early-talks-star-1181245 | title= Zendaya Circling Denis Villeneuve's Dune | first= Mia | last = Galuppo |date = January 30, 2019 | accessdate = January 30, 2019 | work = The Hollywood Reporter }} 76. ^{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/javier-bardem-dune-reboot-1203126074/|title=Javier Bardem Joins Timothee Chalamet in Dune Reboot|first=Justin|last=Kroll|work=Variety|date=February 1, 2019|accessdate=February 1, 2019}} 77. ^{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/josh-brolin-dune-reboot-1203138493/|title=Josh Brolin Joins Timothee Chalamet in Star-Studded Dune Reboot|first=Justin|last=Kroll|website=Variety|date=February 13, 2019|accessdate=February 13, 2019}} 78. ^{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/jason-momoa-dune-reboot-legendary-1203140272/|title=Jason Momoa Joins Timothee Chalamet, Javier Bardem in Dune Reboot|first=Justin|last=Kroll|website=Variety|date=February 14, 2019|accessdate=February 14, 2019}} 79. ^{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/02/legendary-dune-david-dastmalchian-1202560175/|title=Legendary's Dune Film Adds Ant-Man and the Wasp Actor David Dastmalchian|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Amanda|last=N'Duka|date=February 19, 2019|accessdate=February 19, 2019}} 80. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/chang-chen-cast-legendarys-dune-movie-1195239|title=Chang Chen Joining Denis Villeneuve's Dune|website=The Hollywood Reporter|first=Aaron|last=Couch|date=March 17, 2019|accessdate=March 17, 2019}} 81. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190318005491/en/Cameras-Roll-Warner-Bros.-Pictures-Legendary-Entertainment%E2%80%99s|title=Cameras Roll on Warner Bros. Pictures and Legendary Entertainment's Epic Adaptation of Dune|date=March 18, 2019|accessdate=March 18, 2019|website=Business Wire}} 82. ^{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/02/warner-bros-dates-dune-for-november-2020-more-1202558747/|title=Warner Bros. Dates Dune For November 2020 & More|website=Deadline Hollywood|first1=Anthony|last1=D'Alessandro|date=February 16, 2019|accessdate=February 16, 2019}} 83. ^{{cite book |last=Roberts |first=Adam |title=Science Fiction |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |date=2000 |pages=85–90 |isbn=0-415-19204-8}} 84. ^{{cite book|last=Touponce|year=1988|title=Frank Herbert|chapter=Herbert's Reputation|page=119|isbn=0-8057-7514-5}} 85. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/Richard-Pinhas-Chronolyse/release/1070353|title=Richard Pinhas – Chronolyse|publisher=Discogs}} 86. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/Klaus-Schulze-Dune/release/868540|title=Klaus Schulze - Dune|publisher=}} 87. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/Zed-Visions-Of-Dune/release/2771879|title=Zed (5) – Visions Of Dune|publisher=}} 88. ^{{cite book | author=Wall, Mick | title=Iron Maiden: Run to the Hills, the Authorised Biography (3rd ed.)| publisher=Sanctuary Publishing | year=2004 | isbn=1-86074-542-3 |page=244}} 89. ^[https://archive.is/20120709111236/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_bio/ai_2419200536 St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture by Craig T. Cobane] Retrieved 12 July 2008. 90. ^Has Dune inspired other music? - Stason.org Retrieved 12 July 2008. 91. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.justsomelyrics.com/503492/Matthew-Good-Near-Fantastica-Lyrics |title=Matthew Good Near Fantastica Lyrics |work=Justsomelyrics.com |date= |accessdate=2012-08-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104013852/http://www.justsomelyrics.com/503492/Matthew-Good-Near-Fantastica-Lyrics |archivedate=2015-11-04 |df= }} 92. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.golem-metal.de/Downloads/Docs/download.php?file=Golem-1999-The2ndMoon.doc | title=Golem lyrics and info: The 2nd Moon (1999) |publisher=Golem-metal.de |accessdate=July 10, 2009}} 93. ^{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022232229/http://www.marsdust.com/30stm.htm|archivedate=2006-10-22 |title=Space, symbols, and synth-rock imbue the metaphoric musical world of 30 Seconds To Mars|work=Mars Dust|publisher=Mysterian Media|last=Lowachee|first=Karin|authorlink=Karin Lowachee|year=2003|url=http://www.marsdust.com/30stm.htm}} 94. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.youngbloodbrassband.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000929173838/http://www.youngbloodbrassband.com/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2000-09-29|title=Re-Direct|publisher=Youngblood Brass Band|date=|accessdate=2012-08-29}} 95. ^{{cite web |first=Kevin EG |last=Perry |url=http://www.nme.com/features/our-album-of-the-year-winner-grimes-the-full-nme-cover-feature |title=Our Album Of The Year Winner Grimes – The Full NME Cover Feature |work=NME |publisher=IPC Media |date=December 4, 2015 |accessdate=September 6, 2016}} 96. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/oct/31/claire-boucher-grimes-art-angels|title=Grimes: 'In my life, I'm a lot more weird than this'|last=Aroesti|first=Rachel|date=2015-10-31|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-06-22|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}} 97. ^{{Cite book | last1 = Shah | first1 = Rawn | last2 = Romine | first2 = James | year = 1995 | title = Playing MUDs on the Internet | publisher = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | isbn = 0-471-11633-5 | page = 213}} 98. ^{{Cite web|url=https://enterthegungeon.gamepedia.com/Spice|title=Spice|website=Enter the Gungeon Wiki|language=en|access-date=2019-01-29}} 99. ^{{cite book |title=Dreamer of Dune: The Biography of Frank Herbert |first=Brian |last=Herbert |date=2004 |page=244}} 100. ^{{cite web|url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/1662 |title=Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature: Dune on Moon |publisher=Planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov |accessdate=October 16, 2016}} Further reading
External links{{Wikiquote|Dune}}
|state=expanded |list1={{Dune franchise}}{{Frank Herbert}}{{Hugo Award Best Novel 1961–1970}}{{Nebula Award Best Novel 1965-1980}} }}{{Authority control}} 17 : 1965 American novels|1965 science fiction novels|American novels adapted into films|Canopus in fiction|Dune novels|Environmental fiction books|Hugo Award for Best Novel-winning works|Nebula Award for Best Novel-winning works|Novels about religion|Novels adapted into television programs|Novels by Frank Herbert|Novels first published in serial form|Novels set in the future|Novels set on fictional planets|Psychological thriller novels|Works about women in war|Works originally published in Analog Science Fiction and Fact |
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