| 词条 | Ekofisk oil field | |||
| 释义 |
| name = Ekofisk | location_map = North Sea | location_map_width = | location_map_text = | coordinates_ref = | country = Norway | region = | location = Central North Sea | blocks = 2/4, 2/7, 7/11 | offonshore = offshore | coordinates = {{coord|56|32|57.11|N|3|12|35.95|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | operator = ConocoPhillips Skandinavia AS | operators = | partners = Petoro Statoil Eni ConocoPhillips Total S.A. | image = North Sea Fields Zoom.jpg | caption = North Sea Oil Fields | discovery = 1969 | start_development = | start_production = 1971 | peak_year = | abandonment = | oil_production_bbl/d = 127000| oil_production_tpy = | production_year_oil = 2013 | production_gas_mmcuft/d = | production_gas_mmscm/d = | production_gas_bcm/y = | production_year_gas = | est_oil_bbl = | est_oil_t = | est_gas_bft = | est_gas_bcm = | formations = Ekofisk and Tor chalk formations (Early Paleocene and Late Cretaceous ages)}}Ekofisk is an oil field in block 2/4 of the Norwegian sector of the North Sea about {{convert|320|km|abbr=on}} southwest of Stavanger. Discovered in 1969 by Phillips Petroleum Company,[1] it remains one of the most important oil fields in the North Sea. This was the first discovery of oil after the drilling of over 200 exploration wells in the North Sea "triggered" by the Groningen gas field discovery.[2] In 1971, Phillips started producing directly to tankers from four subsea wells.[3] Oil production is planned to continue until at least 2050.[4] Ekofisk reservoir consists of Cod, Ekofisk, West Ekofisk, Tor, Albuskjell, Eldfisk, Edda and Embla oil fields. The Ekofisk Center is a vast complex of platforms and structures creating a transportation hub also for surrounding fields such as Valhall, Hod, Gyda, Ula, Statfjord, Heimdal, Tommeliten and Gullfaks. The whole complex consists of 29 platforms.[3] Produced oil is transported by the Norpipe oil pipeline to the Teesside Refinery in England.[5] Natural gas is transported by the Norpipe gas pipeline to Emden in Germany.[6] GeologyThe Ekofisk field is a central graben, north-south trending anticline {{convert|49|km2|abbr=on}} in area, with {{convert|244|m|abbr=on}} of vertical closure and a hydrocarbon column {{convert|305|m|abbr=on}} long, formed by Permian Zechstein salt movement in the form of salt pillows.[7] The production zones at a depth of about 3 km, include the Paleocene Ekofisk Formation and the Upper Cretaceous Tor Formation, both Chalk Group rocks containing porosities of 30-40%.[8] "The reservoir rock...is a true chalk-a fine-grained limestone composed of the skeletal remains of pelagic unicellular golden-brown algae or coccolithophores".[9] The source rocks are the Upper Jurassic Kimmeridgian shales.[10] The structure was discovered using reflection seismology in the 1960s, although the initial interpretations were distorted due to high-pressure zones in the overlying tertiary rocks causing low seismic velocities.[7] However, the high porosity of the reservoir rock does cause an increase in seismic amplitude which can be used with an isopach map to determine net pay.[7] SubsidenceIn the mid-1980s the Ekofisk field as a whole and the platforms in particular were found to be suffering from an unexpected degree of subsidence. Detailed geological investigation showed that it was the result of delayed compactional diagenesis of the Chalk Formation reservoir rocks. As hydrocarbons were produced the pore pressure declined and the effective stresses increased leading to subsidence.[11] Water injection was initiated to repressurize the reservoir, but due to the lower compaction strength of water-saturated chalk compared with oil-saturated chalk the seafloor continued subsiding and displacements of several metres were recorded. It was calculated that the total subsidence would almost be {{convert|6|m|abbr=on}} at the end of the concession of Phillips Petroleum, too much to keep the platforms secure. The Norwegian government pressed Phillips to take action and the French company Technip was ordered to find a solution. As 5 of 7 platforms were interconnected, they had to be jacked-up by about {{convert|6|m|abbr=on}} at the same time. The solution was that the steel tubular legs of the platforms would be extended. Subsequently large flanges were welded to these legs and when all flanges were welded and the legs cut, five platforms would be lifted simultaneously in one operation then extension pipes would be mounted in between the flanges. After bolting all flanges the platforms would be safe again. The four days lifting was completed on 17 August 1987, at 11:30 p.m. thanks to 108 hydraulic cylinders synchronised with a network of 14 NUM 760FCNCs.[12] The position tolerance of the cylinders with each other (+/- {{convert|3|mm|abbr=on}} for a {{convert|6|m|abbr=on}} extension per platform and +/- {{convert|100|mm|abbr=on}} between platforms) was to be kept for 38 hours. During the welding of the flanges to the legs, these hydraulic cylinders took over the entire load. A couple of days before this great jack-up, the hotel platform was lifted, as it was not interconnected with the others. The total lifting capacity of all these cylinders was approximately {{convert|40000|t}} and was published in the Guinness World Records as being the largest jack-up. Bravo blowoutIn April 1977, an oil well blowout occurred at the Ekofisk Bravo platform, due to an incorrectly installed downhole safety valve.[13] At an estimated {{convert|80000|-|126000|oilbbl}} total, it was the largest blowout in the North Sea. Red Adair and his crew assisted with capping the blowout.[14] ImagesSee also{{Portal|Norway|Energy}}
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.npd.no/en/publications/facts/facts-2012/chapter-10/ekofisk/ |title=The NPD's Fact-pages – EKOFISK]|publisher=NPD|accessdate=2012-09-14}} 2. ^Van den Bark, E., and Thomas, O.D., 1980, Ekofisk: First of the Giant Oil Fields in Western Europe, in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade: 1968-1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Tulsa, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, pp. 195-197 3. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://subseaiq.com/data/Project.aspx?project_id=556&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 |title= Ekofisk Center |publisher=Bishop Interactive |work=SubseaIQ |accessdate=2010-05-15}} 4. ^http://www.conocophillips.no/EN/Norwegian%20shelf/Ekofisk/EkoEko/Pages/index.aspx 5. ^{{cite news | publisher=Rigzone | url= http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=64518 | title = ConocoPhillips Gets Go Ahead to Use Norpipe Oil Pipeline Until 2028 | date = 2008-07-22 | accessdate=2009-11-10}} 6. ^{{cite journal |publisher = Nordic Energy Perspectives |url = http://www.nordicenergyperspectives.org/Natural%20gas%20corr20090302.pdf |title = Natural gas in the Nordic countries |date = March 2009 |page = 31 |accessdate = 2009-11-10 |format = PDF |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110727125950/http://www.nordicenergyperspectives.org/Natural%20gas%20corr20090302.pdf |archivedate = 27 July 2011 |df = dmy-all}} 7. ^1 2 Van den Bark, E., and Thomas, O.D., 1980, Ekofisk: First of the Giant Oil Fields in Western Europe, in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade: 1968-1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Tulsa, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, p. 211 8. ^Van den Bark, E., and Thomas, O.D., 1980, Ekofisk: First of the Giant Oil Fields in Western Europe, in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade: 1968-1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Tulsa, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, pp. 195, 208 and 200 9. ^Van den Bark, E., and Thomas, O.D., 1980, Ekofisk: First of the Giant Oil Fields in Western Europe, in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade: 1968-1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Tulsa, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, p. 200 10. ^Van den Bark, E., and Thomas, O.D., 1980, Ekofisk: First of the Giant Oil Fields in Western Europe, in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade: 1968-1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Tulsa, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, pp. 211-213 11. ^Sulak, R. M. & Danielsen, J. (1989), Reservoir aspects of Ekofisk subsidence Journal of Petroleum Technology, Society of Petroleum Engineers, 41, 709-716 12. ^{{cite journal |publisher = NUM |url = http://docs.niaag.net/pdfs/ekofisk_fr.pdf |title = Special Ekofisk |date = October 1987 |pages = 1–2 |accessdate = 2011-01-26 |format = PDF |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110723221156/http://docs.niaag.net/pdfs/ekofisk_fr.pdf |archivedate = 23 July 2011 |df = dmy-all}} 13. ^Oil Rig Disasters – Ekofisk Bravo Platform {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203234723/http://home.versatel.nl/the_sims/rig/ekofiskb.htm |date=3 December 2010 }} 14. ^Red Adair, Oilwell Firefighter, American Hero – His Story... External links
6 : Oil fields in Norway|North Sea energy|Equinor oil and gas fields|ConocoPhillips oil and gas fields|Total S.A.|Eni |
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