“El Bolsón, Río Negro”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

El Bolsón is a town in the southwest of Río Negro Province, Argentina, at the foot of the Piltriquitron Mountain. Due to a series of valleys through the mountains of Chile to the Pacific Ocean, El Bolsón has an unusually mild climate for its southern location.

El Bolsón area's first non-indigenous inhabitants were Chilean farmers Lucas Cárdenas and Elcira Estrada, a couple who came in 1885 from San Pablo, near Osorno, and established themselves in the then known as "Valle Nuevo" (New Valley); in 2018 El Bolsón inaugurated the new Public Clock Square after the couple's names. In the 1970s hippies from Buenos Aires migrated to El Bolsón; some of them practised horticulture and made handcrafts.

El Bolsón has a tourism economy based on an outdoor artisan market, fly fishing, trekking, rafting, climbing, and other outdoor activities in the surrounding lakes and mountains. The nature tourism offers are complemented with the production of cheeses, smoked trout, special brew beer, regional chocolates and ice cream, as well as organic and wild-crafted jams and preserves, particularly elderberries.

Communication

El Bolsón is located approximately 120 km south of the major city of San Carlos de Bariloche and is served by El Bolsón Airport.

Climate

El Bolsón has a cool Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csb) owing to its rain shadow location. Winters are the coldest time of year with a July mean of {{convert|3.5|C|F|1}} with nighttime temperatures regularly falling below {{convert|0|C|F|1}}.^[1] During cold waves, temperatures can occasionally fall below {{convert|-10|C|F|1}}.^[2] During the winter months, precipitation is abundant (mostly rainfall and occasionally snowfalls), resulting in most days being overcast, averaging 15–17 overcast days per month from May to August.^[3] Spring and fall are transition seasons featuring warmer temperatures than in winter.^[1] Summers are warmer and sunnier with temperatures during the day averaging {{convert|24.1|C|F|1}} in January and comparatively high diurnal ranges, with lows averaging {{convert|7.4|C|F|1}}.^[1]^[2]^[3] Frosts can even occur during the summer months.^[1]^[2]^[3] Owing to its location in a valley, wind speeds are lower ranging from a low of {{convert|4|km/h}} in May and June to a high of {{convert|9|km/h}} in January.^[1]

{{Weather box
|location = El Bolsón, Río Negro (1941–1978)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 35.6
|Feb record high C = 37.3
|Mar record high C = 33.5
|Apr record high C = 26.0
|May record high C = 24.2
|Jun record high C = 20.8
|Jul record high C = 18.5
|Aug record high C = 20.2
|Sep record high C = 23.9
|Oct record high C = 32.1
|Nov record high C = 31.4
|Dec record high C = 35.1
|year record high C = 37.3
|Jan high C = 24.1
|Feb high C = 24.0
|Mar high C = 21.7
|Apr high C = 16.9
|May high C = 12.3
|Jun high C = 8.7
|Jul high C = 8.4
|Aug high C = 10.4
|Sep high C = 13.4
|Oct high C = 17.3
|Nov high C = 20.6
|Dec high C = 22.7
|year high C = 16.7
|Jan mean C = 16.0
|Feb mean C = 15.2
|Mar mean C = 12.6
|Apr mean C = 9.1
|May mean C = 6.6
|Jun mean C = 3.8
|Jul mean C = 3.5
|Aug mean C = 4.7
|Sep mean C = 6.9
|Oct mean C = 10.0
|Nov mean C = 13.1
|Dec mean C = 15.1
|year mean C = 9.7
|Jan low C = 7.4
|Feb low C = 6.7
|Mar low C = 5.1
|Apr low C = 2.7
|May low C = 1.8
|Jun low C = 0.2
|Jul low C = −0.5
|Aug low C = -0.2
|Sep low C = 1.5
|Oct low C = 2.7
|Nov low C = 4.8
|Dec low C = 6.3
|year low C = 3.2
|Jan record low C = -1.8
|Feb record low C = -1.8
|Mar record low C = -4.3
|Apr record low C = -7.1
|May record low C = -10.5
|Jun record low C = -11.7
|Jul record low C = -10.3
|Aug record low C = -8.4
|Sep record low C = -8.3
|Oct record low C = -5.3
|Nov record low C = -3.5
|Dec record low C = -2.4
|year record low C = -11.7
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 30.1
|Feb precipitation mm = 28.3
|Mar precipitation mm = 39.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 68.3
|May precipitation mm = 138.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 151.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 171.5
|Aug precipitation mm = 118.2
|Sep precipitation mm = 63.1
|Oct precipitation mm = 38.0
|Nov precipitation mm = 31.8
|Dec precipitation mm = 45.3
|year precipitation mm = 922.9
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 30.1
|Feb rain mm = 28.3
|Mar rain mm = 38.2
|Apr rain mm = 68.3
|May rain mm = 136.4
|Jun rain mm = 143.3
|Jul rain mm = 161.3
|Aug rain mm = 115.4
|Sep rain mm = 62.4
|Oct rain mm = 37.8
|Nov rain mm = 31.8
|Dec rain mm = 45.3
|year rain mm = 898.6
|snow colour = green
|Jan snow cm = 0.0
|Feb snow cm = 0.0
|Mar snow cm = 1.1
|Apr snow cm = 0.0
|May snow cm = 1.6
|Jun snow cm = 7.7
|Jul snow cm = 10.2
|Aug snow cm = 2.8
|Sep snow cm = 0.7
|Oct snow cm = 0.2
|Nov snow cm = 0.0
|Dec snow cm = 0.0
|year snow cm = 24.3
|Jan rain days = 6.0
|Feb rain days = 4.5
|Mar rain days = 6.5
|Apr rain days = 10.5
|May rain days = 13.5
|Jun rain days = 14.5
|Jul rain days = 15.5
|Aug rain days = 14.5
|Sep rain days = 11.0
|Oct rain days = 8.5
|Nov rain days = 6.5
|Dec rain days = 7.5
|year rain days = 119.0
|Jan humidity = 61.5
|Feb humidity = 65.8
|Mar humidity = 72.3
|Apr humidity = 78.5
|May humidity = 85.0
|Jun humidity = 86.8
|Jul humidity = 86.0
|Aug humidity = 81.0
|Sep humidity = 75.0
|Oct humidity = 68.5
|Nov humidity = 63.8
|Dec humidity = 61.3
|year humidity = 73.8
|source 1 = Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria^[2]
|source 2 = Secretaria de Mineria (humidity 1941–1980)^[3]
|date=June 2014
}}

History

There have been many different inhabitants in the Bolsón region. However, the first settlers of the region were the tsonek. By custom they were hunters/gatherers and seasonally nomadic. It was normal for them to stay in the more sheltered regions of the forests and lakes during the winter and to hunt Guanaco more intensely during the summer and warm autumns. Very little is known about them before the sixteenth century, but through the process of Araucanization they were strongly influenced by the Mapuches. They were the most solid and cohesive culture around^[4] and were gaining ground toward eastern Patagonia, through both peaceful means and expansionist wars.

This town was not founded by any conqueror, Adelantado , explorer, or discoverer. This region simply served as a place of passage for the migrations of tsonek communities, transhumant looking for game, and gatherers for a long time. Afterwards, it was purely Mapuche territory. Later, with the first inroads of the Europeans in the region, it also provided temporary shelter to those who were carrying cattle and herdsmen crossing the cordillera in an east-west direction, and vice versa, from one sea coast to another. This, as well as Argentina's expansion into the region, resulted in frequent conflicts and disagreements with The Mapuche people.^[5]

The founding date of El Bolson is considered to be January 28, 1926. That day locals gathered at the home of Candido Azcona, resolving to create the first politically administrative organization in the region, and signing the charter, Commission for the Promotion of El Bolson . The elected members were: President Pedro Pascual Ponce: an Argentine born in the Province of San Luis. He was a teacher, informant ad honorem of the Ministry of Agriculture, rattle raiser, and took part in the Statistics and Census of the Nation of Argentina; Vice President Candido Azcona: a Spaniard from Basque Country, a farmer, and a merchant; Secretary Antonio Merino Rubio: a Spaniard from Malaga, a merchant, and a farmer; Treasurer José Ulieldin: a Lebanese merchant; pro-treasurer Miguel Anden: also a Lebanese merchant.

References

1. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web | url = http://www.smn.gov.ar/?mod=clima&id=30&provincia=Rio%20Negro&ciudad=El%20Bolson | language = Spanish | title = Datos Estadísticos (Período 1971–1980) | publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional | accessdate = June 27, 2014}}
2. ^¹²³{{cite web| first1 = José| last1 = Bustos| first2 = Victor| last2 = Rocchi| url = http://anterior.inta.gov.ar/bariloche/info/indices/natural/Agrometeorología/CT%2026%20Clima.pdf| title = Caracterizacíon Termopluviométrica de Algunas Estaciones Meteorológicas de Rio Negro Y Neuquén | publisher = Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria| language = Spanish| page = 12| accessdate = June 27, 2014}}
3. ^¹²³{{cite web| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150704110102/http://www.mineria.gob.ar/estudios/irn/rionegro/estacionesmeteorol%C3%B3gicas.asp| archivedate = July 4, 2015| url = http://www.mineria.gob.ar/estudios/irn/rionegro/estacionesmeteorológicas.asp| language = Spanish| title = Provincia de Rio Negro − Clima Y Meteorologia: Datos Meteorologicos Y Pluviometicos| publisher = Secretaria de Mineria de la Nacion (Argentina)| accessdate = June 27, 2014}}
4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Clément|first=Vincent|year=2015|title=Conquest, Natives, and Forest: How Did the Mapuches Succeed in Halting the Spanish Invasion of Their Land (1540–1553, Chile)?|url=search.lib.byu.edu|journal=War in History|via=EBSCOhost}}
5. ^{{Cite book|title=Patagonia|last=Moss|first=Chris|publisher=Oxford: Signal Books|year=2008|isbn=9781904955382|pages=145}}

Communication

Climate

History

References

External links