| 词条 | Elie Hobeika |
| 释义 |
|name = Elie Hobeika |native_name = إيلي حبيقة |native_name_lang = ar |image = |image_size = |caption = Elie Hobeika | order = Leader of LF | predecessor = Fouad Abou Nader | successor = Samir Geagea | term_start = 1985 | term_end = 1986 |birth_name = |birth_date = 22 September 1956 |birth_place = Kleiat, Lebanon |death_date = {{death date and age|2002|01|24|1956|09|22|df=yes}} |death_place = Beirut, Lebanon |nationality = Lebanese |alma_mater = |occupation = |years_active = |net_worth = |boards = |religion = Maronite Church |spouse = Gina Raymond Nachaty |children = |parents = |signature = |website = }}{{Politics of Lebanon}} Elie Hobeika (22 September 1956 – 24 January 2002; {{lang-ar| إيلي حبيقة}}) was a Lebanese Phalangist and Lebanese Forces commander during the Lebanese Civil War, and former MP. Hobeika gained notoriety when he was named by the Israelis as one of the commanders of militiamen responsible for the massacre in the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps on the outskirts of Beirut in 1982. Early lifeHobeika was born in Kleiat in Keserwan District, Lebanon, to a Maronite family on 22 September 1956.[1][2] According to The Guardian, he was deeply influenced by the massacre of much of his family and his fiancée by Palestinian militiamen in the Damour massacre of 1976.[3] Lebanese Civil WarHobeika distinguished himself as a ruthless fighter, gaining the nickname "HK," after the Heckler and Koch machinegun he carried.[4] In July 1977, Hobeika, then only known under the pseudonym "Chef Edward", led a massacre against civilians and Palestinian militants in the south Lebanese village of Yarin where about 80 people of which probably 20 to 30 were civilians were lined up in front of the school and shot.[5] He steadily became prominent in the Phalange, which had defeated rival Christian militias by July 1980 and incorporated them into the Lebanese Forces (LF).[4] In 1978, Hobeika became head of the LF's security agency (jihaz al-amn). He also became a personal bodyguard of Bashir Gemayel.[2] In the years that followed, he developed close ties with both the Israeli military and the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).[4] During Israel's 1982 invasion of Lebanon, Hobeika was the liaison officer to Mossad. On 15 September, following the assassination of President-elect Bashir Gemayel the previous day, the Israeli army took over west Beirut. Minister Of Defence, Ariel Sharon and Chief of Staff, General Raful Eitan had decided that the IDF would not enter the Palestinain refugee camps but this task should be undertaken by Lebanese Christian militias. On the night of 16 September 1982, Hobeika, was on the top floor of the Israeli forward command post, when the first 150 militiamen entered the Sabra and Shatila camps, which had been evacuated by the PLO at the beginning of September. Two hours after the first Phalangist force entered Shatilla camp one of the militiamen radioed Hobeika asking what to do with 50 women and children they had taken prisoner. Hobeika's response was overheard by an Israeli officer, who testified that Hobeika replied: "This is the last time you're going to ask me a question like that; you know exactly what to do." Other Phalangists on the roof started laughing. Brigadier General Yaron asked Lieutenant Elul, Chef de Bureau of the Divisional Commander, what the laughter was about and Elul translated what Hobeika had said. Yaron then had a five-minute conversation, in English, with Hobeika. What was said is unknown.[6] Over the next three days, LF forces killed between 762 and 3,500 residents of the camp.[4] Until 1985, Hobeika sided with Israel.[7] However, then he began to support Syria's presence in Lebanon.[7] Hobeika was involved in another incident in March 1985. The CIA reportedly paid Hobeika (through Lebanese army intelligence officers) to assassinate Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah, the spiritual leader of the militant Shi'ite group Hezbollah, because Fadlallah was considered by US officials to have taken part in planning the October 1983 bombing of the US marine barracks in Beirut, which killed 241 servicemen. However, the assassination attempt was unsuccessful in that the car bombing near Fadlallah's residence killed dozens of bystanders, but left Fadlallah unscathed. The massacre led the CIA to terminate its relationship with Hobeika and gave Hezbollah a lasting grudge against him.[4] Hobeika was removed from the Lebanese Forces by their leader Samir Geagea due to his betrayal.[2] After this event, Hobeika fled to Zahle and then to West Beirut.[1] He established a political movement there, the Waad Party.[1] In 1990, his forces fought with the Syrian forces against General Michael Aoun.[2] After the civil war ended following the Taif Accord, Hobeika benefited from an amnesty for crimes committed during the Lebanon civil war in 1991.[2] In June 2001, Chibli Mallat, a left-wing Maronite lawyer, filed a case against Ariel Sharon in Belgium under a law that allowed foreigners to be sued for crimes against humanity. Just before his death, Hobeika publicly declared his intention to testify against Sharon about his involvement in the Sabra and Shatila massacre in the Belgian court. Josy Dubié, a Belgian senator, was quoted as saying that Hobeika had told him several days before his death that he had "revelations" to disclose about the massacres and felt "threatened". When Dubié had asked him why he did not reveal all the facts he knew immediately, Hobeika is reported to have said: "I am saving them for the trial". At a news conference, he said, "I am very interested that the [Belgium] trial starts because my innocence is a core issue."[3] Political careerAs head of the Waad Party, Hobeika was elected to Parliament in 1992 and in 1996.[1] During his term in the Parliament, he served in several ministerial positions: minister of state for emigrants' affairs (May 1992-October 1992); minister of state for social affairs and the handicapped (October 1992-September 1994) and minister of water resources and electricity (June 1993-December 1998).[1] When he was minister of water resources and electricity, massive power projects were realized in Baddawi and Zahrani, Zouk and Baalbeck, and massive electrical grid installation and distribution throughout Lebanon, including the outlying areas still in turmoil with Israeli Forces in the south, hence the progress was too slow compared to the massive increase in the Megawatts needed, since few electricity projects were accomplished over 18 years of civil unrest, mainly because of the Israeli Operation Grapes of Wrath. In 2000, Hobeika lost his parliament seat, due to active Syrian interference against him in the election.[8][9] The Tripartite AgreementThe Tripartite Agreement was intended to end the Lebanese conflict. In December 1985, the various Christian militias, the Shiite Amal Movement and the Druze Progressive Socialist Party met in Damascus reaching agreement on political reforms as well as special relations with Syria. However, on 15 January 1986, President Amine Gemayel and Samir Geagea organised a coup against Hobeika thus rendering the agreement null and void.[10] Personal lifeHobeika married Gina Raymond Nachaty in 1981.[2] They had a daughter, who died in infancy, and a son, Joseph.[2][3] AssassinationHobeika was killed on 24 January 2002 at the age of 45 when a car bomb detonated near his house in the Beirut suburb of Hazmiyeh.[3][11] The explosion killed three other people, including his two bodyguards, and wounded six more people.[12] PerpetratorsA group, Lebanese for a Free and Independent Lebanon, issued a statement after the assassination, claiming responsibility for the killing of Hobeika.[13] The group announced that it killed Hobeika, since he was a "Syrian agent" and an "effective tool" in the hands of Ghazi Kenaan, the then head of Syrian military intelligence.[13] Lebanese and Arab commentators blamed Israel for the murder of Hobeika, with alleged Israeli motive that Hobeika would be "apparently poised to testify before the Belgian court about Sharon's role in the massacre".[14] Prior to his assassination, Elie Hobeika had stated: "I am very interested that the [Belgian] trial starts because my innocence is a core issue."[3] Others have speculated that Syrian intelligence assassinated Hobeika, who had "specifically stated that he did not plan to identify Sharon as being responsible for Sabra and Shatila", to prevent him from testifying on Syria's involvement in the massacre.[15][16] See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news|last=Hassan|first=Maher|title=Politics and war of Elie Hobeika|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/politics-and-war-elie-hobeika|accessdate=29 December 2012|newspaper=Egypt Independent|date=24 January 2010}} {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Hobeika, Elie}}2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite news|title=Elie Hobeika|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1382591/Elie-Hobeika.html|accessdate=29 December 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=25 January 2002}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jan/25/israelandthepalestinians.lebanon Mostyn, Trevor, The Guardian, 25 January 2002] 4. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal|last=Gambill|first=Gary C.|author2=Bassam Endrawos|title=The Assassination of Elie Hobeika|journal=Middle East Intelligence Bulletin|date=January 2002|volume=4|issue=1|url=http://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0201_l1.htm|accessdate=15 June 2012}} 5. ^{{Cite book|author=Tveit, Odd Karsten|authorlink=Odd Karsten Tveit|title=Nederlag. Israels krig i Libanon|year=1985|publisher=Cappelen|language= Norwegian|ISBN= 82-02-09346-5|pages=47–50}} 6. ^Kahan. pp.21,22 7. ^1 {{cite news|title=Who Killed Elie Hobeika? |url=http://www.theestimate.com/public/020802.html |accessdate=29 December 2012 |newspaper=The Estimate |date=8 February 2002 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821102020/http://www.theestimate.com/public/020802.html |archivedate=21 August 2008 |df= }} 8. ^{{cite news|title=Profile: Elie Hobeika|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1779321.stm|accessdate=29 December 2012|newspaper=BBC|date=24 January 2002}} 9. ^{{cite journal|last=Yehia|first=Ranwa|title=A lighter Syrian shadow|journal=Al Ahram|date=31 August – 6 September 2000|volume=497|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/497/re4.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021223092442/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/497/re4.htm|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2002-12-23|accessdate=15 April 2013}} 10. ^Hassan Krayem, The Lebanese Civil War and the Taif Agreement American University of Beirut 11. ^{{cite web |title=Elie Hobeika Assassinated |url=http://www.lebaneseforces.com/hobeika.asp |publisher=Lebanese Forces |accessdate=15 June 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626032323/http://www.lebaneseforces.com/hobeika.asp |archivedate=26 June 2012 |df= }} 12. ^{{cite news|last=MacFarquhar|first=Neil|title=Car Bomb Kills Figure in 1982 Lebanese Massacre|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/25/world/car-bomb-kills-figure-in-1982-lebanese-massacre.html|accessdate=7 July 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=25 January 2002}} 13. ^1 {{cite news|last=Philps|first=Alan|title=Warlord killed in Beirut car bombing|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/lebanon/1382678/Warlord-killed-in-Beirut-car-bombing.html|accessdate=26 January 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=25 January 2002}} 14. ^Joel Campagna, The Usual Suspects, World Press Review, April 2002. Accessed 24 February 2006. 15. ^{{cite book|last1=Alexander|first1=Edward|last2=Bogdanor|first2=Paul|title=The Jewish Divide Over Israel|publisher=Transaction|year=2006|page=90}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jcpa.org/art/brief1-17.htm|title=Elie Hobeika's Assassination: Covering up the Secrets of Sabra and Shatilla|publisher=Jerusalem Issues Brief|date=2002-01-30}} 12 : 1956 births|2002 deaths|People from Keserwan District|Lebanese Maronites|Kataeb Party politicians|Members of the Parliament of Lebanon|Lebanese expatriates in Syria|Assassinated Lebanese politicians|Deaths by car bomb in Lebanon|People murdered in Lebanon|Terrorism deaths in Lebanon|Lebanese mass murderers |
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