“EMD SD70 series”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The EMD SD70 is a series of diesel-electric locomotives produced by Electro-Motive Diesel in response to the GE Dash 9-44CW. Production commenced in late 1992^[1]{{page needed|date=March 2017}} and since then over 5,700 units have been produced; most of these are the SD70M and SD70MAC models. All locomotives of this series are road switchers with C-C trucks, while the SD70ACe-P4 has a B1-1B wheel configuration.

Prior to the SD70ACe and SD70M-2 models, all SD70 models were delivered with the self-steering HTCR radial truck.{{refn|group=note|Most other EMD six-axle locomotives were mounted on EMD's HT-C truck.{{fact|date=March 2017}}}} The radial truck allows the axles to steer in curves which reduces wear on the wheels and railhead. With the introduction of the SD70ACe and SD70M-2 models, EMD introduced a new bolsterless non-radial HTSC truck as the standard truck for these models in an effort to reduce costs. The HTCR-4 radial truck is still an option.

All SD70ACe and SD70M-2 locomotives are, from the factory, equipped with one Nathan Airchime K5LLA-R1L airhorn mounted on a high-profile base. Due to height clearance restrictions, production models of the SD70ACe-T4 will be equipped with one K5LLA airhorn, mounted on a low-profile base, facing forward, and one "dual tone" K-13B airhorn, mounted over the rear headlight, facing rearward.

Models

SD70

The SD70 uses the smaller standard cab or spartan cab, common on older 60 Series locomotives, instead of the larger, more modern comfort cab. This makes it hard to distinguish from the nearly-identical SD60, the only difference being the use of the HTCR radial truck instead of the HT-C truck mounted under the SD60. The main spotting feature is the difference in length between the two models - the SD60's 71 feet, 2 inches vs. the SD70's 72 feet, 4 inches. The SD70 also rides higher as its frame is approximately {{convert|1/2|in|mm}} higher than the SD60's. This model is equipped with direct current (DC) traction motors, which simplifies the locomotive's electrical system by obviating the need for computer-controlled inverters (as are required for alternating current (AC) power). It is equipped with the {{convert|4,000|hp|kW}}, 16-cylinder EMD 710 prime mover. One hundred and twenty-two examples of this model locomotive were produced for Norfolk Southern Railway (NS), Conrail (CR), Illinois Central Railroad (IC) and Southern Peru Copper Corporation (SPCC). Conrail's assets were split between Norfolk Southern (PRR) and CSX Transportation in 1999, and all 24 of Conrail's SD70 units went to NS. Other than the CR paint scheme these units were built to NS specifications and numbered (2557 - 2580) in series with their SD70's.

Production of the standard cab at EMD's London, Ontario plant ended in 1994. The 24 Conrail SD70s were assembled from kits at Conrail's (later NS's) Juniata Shops in Altoona, Pennsylvania, and the IC and SPCC SD70s were assembled from kits at Super Steel Schenectady. All SD70s are still in service with Norfolk Southern and Canadian National (CN), which merged Illinois Central in 1999. In February 2017, NS began a program to convert their SD70s from DC to AC, which will also have a new wide cab, and several other upgrades. They will be designated as SD70ACC.

SD70M

The SD70M has a wide nose and a large comfort cab (officially known as the "North American Safety Cab"), allowing crew members to ride more comfortably inside of the locomotive than the older standard cab designs. There are two versions of this cab on SD70Ms: the Phase 1 cab, which was first introduced on the SD60M, and is standard on the SD80MAC and SD90MACs, and the Phase 2 cab, which is a boxier design similar to the original three-piece windscreen on the SD60M, which is shared with the Phase 2 SD90MAC, SD89MAC, and SD80ACe. The Phase 2 cab has a two-piece windscreen like the Phase 1 windscreen but the design of the nose is more boxy, with a taller square midsection for more headroom.

The SD70M is equipped with D90TR DC traction motors and the 710G3B prime mover.^[2]{{page needed|date=March 2017}} They are capable of generating {{convert|109,000|lbf|kN|abbr=on}} of continuous tractive effort.^[3]{{page needed|date=March 2017}} From mid-2000, the SD70M was produced with SD45-style flared radiators allowing for the larger radiator cores needed for split-cooling. Split-cooling is a feature that separates the coolant circuit for the prime mover and the circuit for the air pumps and turbocharger. There are two versions of this radiator: the older version has two large radiator panels on each side, and the newer version has four square panels on each side. This modification was made in response to the enactment of the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Tier 1 environmental regulations. Also the truck was replaced with HTCR-4, instead of HTCR-I on former model.

Production of the SD70M ceased in late 2004 as production of the SD70M-2 model began (the EPA's Tier 2 regulations went into effect on 1 January 2005). 1,609 examples of the SD70M model were produced. Purchasers included CSXT, New York Susquehanna & Western (NYSW; part of EMDX order no. 946531^[4]), Norfolk Southern and Southern Pacific (SP; now part of the Union Pacific Railroad), but the vast majority were purchased by Union Pacific.

An order of SD70Ms made history when Union Pacific ordered 1000 units of the model (UP 4000 through UP 4999, inclusive). This order was later extended by nearly 500 additional units (UP 3999, and below) and (UP 5000, and above).

This locomotive model is also built for export, and is still catalogued by EMD (at {{convert|4300|hp|kW|abbr=on|disp=or}}). CVG Ferrominera Orinoco has 6 SD70Ms that were built as an add-on order to UPs FIRE cab equipped SD70Ms. Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (CVRD) in Brazil has ordered 55 of this model for service in Carajas pulling trainloads of iron ore. Since CVRD track is gauged at {{track gauge|1600mm}}, a wider bogie, the HTSC2, was designed for these units by EMD.^[5]

SD70I

The SD70I is a version of the SD70M which has been fitted with a cab that is isolated from the frame of the locomotive with rubber gaskets (officially known as a "WhisperCab"). The isolation reduces noise and vibration from the prime mover. A seam is visible across the nose and on the long hood where the cab connects with the body. 26 examples of this model locomotive were produced, all for Canadian National Railway. The WhisperCab feature was incorporated into some SD70MAC and later models.

SD70MAC

The SD70MAC (colloquially known as a "Mac" or a "70 Mac") is very similar to the SD70M and SD70I; the main difference being that the SD70MAC uses AC traction motors. Production of the model commenced in 1993, competing against GE's AC4400CW.^[6]{{page needed|date=March 2017}} AC motors, while simpler and more reliable than DC motors, require expensive inverters to generate a variable-frequency AC signal, raising the locomotive's purchase cost substantially. The majority of SD70MAC models were produced with the {{convert|4000|hp|kW}} EMD 710 prime mover^[7] while later units are rated at {{convert|4300|hp|kW}} and feature EMD SD45-style flared radiators. The Alaska Railroad ordered their locomotives with head-end power to make them suitable for both freight and passenger service. No other railroad ordered this variant.^[8] The trucks were replaced with HTCR-4, instead of HTCR-I on former model.

The SD70MAC is no longer produced due to EPA regulations, and was replaced by the SD70ACe in 2004. In total, 1,109 SD70MACs were produced, purchased by Burlington Northern Railroad (and its successor, BNSF Railway), Conrail, CSX Transportation, Transportación Ferroviaria Mexicana (TFM; units now owned by Kansas City Southern Railway (KCS)), and the Alaska Railroad.

SD70ACe

The SD70ACe is the successor to the SD70MAC. Introduced in 2004, the SD70ACe was originally designed to comply with EPA Tier 2 locomotive emissions regulations. Beginning in 2012, newly built SD70ACe's were EPA Tier 3-compliant.^[10]{{page needed|date=March 2017}} SD70ACes are equipped with EMD's 16-710-G3C-T2 prime mover, rated at {{convert|4300|hp}}; later Tier 3 models are rated at {{convert|4500|hp|kW}}.^[11] They are rated at {{convert|157,000|lbf|kN|abbr=on}} continuous tractive effort ({{convert|191,000|lbf|kN|abbr=on}} starting). Braking effort is rated at {{convert|106,000|lbf|kN|abbr=on}}.^[11]

Although mechanically similar to earlier SD70 units, the SD70ACe rides on a new underframe and uses mostly new sheet metal above the frame. Electrical cables and air lines have been routed beneath the walkways on opposite sides, allowing easier access for maintenance. Continuing the designs of the SD80 and SD90 series, the radiator on the locomotive is nearly as wide as the cab, the center hood section is a step down below the roofline, and the dynamic brakes have been moved to the rear of the hood. The SD70ACe uses the cab design of late-model SD90MAC-H units, which uses rectangular window glass and is externally different from the two cab variations used on earlier SD70M and SD70MAC units. In 2008, EMD standardized the isolated cab on subsequent SD70ACe's after non-isolated cab units were restricted from leading on the BNSF Railway due to excessive cab vibration.

Purchasers included ArcelorMittal, BNSF Railway, Canadian National Railway, CSX Transportation, Ferromex, Kansas City Southern Railway, Montana Rail Link, Norfolk Southern Railway, CVG Ferrominera Orinoco, Union Pacific Railroad, Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway, BHP Billiton, and shortline Arkansas and Missouri Railroad.

In 2012, EMD also built four models known as the SD70ACe-P6. These units, unlike previous SD70ACe's, have one inverter per axle on the trucks, rather than EMD's traditional one inverter per truck design. Four of EMD's SD70ACe-P6 demonstrators were sold to Canadian National Railway, numbered 8100-8103, and all have been repainted into company paint.^[12]

In 2014, BNSF Railway took delivery of 20 SD70ACe-P4 units, numbered 8500-8519. This model was designed with a B1-1B wheel arrangement to compete with GE's ES44C4 model, which has an A1A-A1A wheel arrangement. Two of EMD's demonstrator SD70ACe-P4's went to Tacoma Rail in late 2014 for a 5-year lease.

On January 1, 2015, the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Tier 4 locomotive emission regulations went into effect. EMD could not successfully modify the SD70ACe's 2-stroke 710 series prime mover to be Tier 4-compliant; thus, the Tier 3 SD70ACe was succeeded by the SD70ACe-T4 in late 2015. However, US production of the Tier 3-compliant SD70ACe continues with Tier 4 'credit units' (new Tier 3-compliant units EMD is entitled to build based on previously-earned emissions credits). Union Pacific and Norfolk Southern are currently the only US roads to own Tier 4 credit unit SD70ACe's. Additionally, EMD has continued building Tier 3 SD70ACe's for Ferromex (4100-4118), Ferrosur (4119-4133), and Kansas City Southern de Mexico (4200-4224) at Bombardier's Ciudad Sahagun, Mexico plant. These locomotives are restricted to Mexico-only operation and cannot cross the US border (just as Canadian National's newest Tier 3 GE ES44AC's are restricted to Canadian use only).

In March 2016, EMD replaced the standard cast HTCR-4 trucks on NS SD70ACe 1000 with the new fabricated HTCR-6 trucks for testing. UP and BNSF plan to test the new HTCR-6 trucks on some of their SD70ACe units also.

Union Pacific Railroad received 273 additional SD70ACe units in 2014 and 2016. These are referred to as SD70AH, H for Heavy, because they are ballasted to 428,000 lbs instead of the standard "ACe's" 420,000 lbs.

SD70M-2

The SD70M-2 is a DC traction version of the SD70ACe, and is nearly identical to the SD70ACe. Production began in 2005.^[14]{{page needed|date=March 2017}} SD70M-2 models are equipped with the 16-710G3C-T2 prime mover which is rated at {{convert|4300|hp}}.^[15]

The SD70M-2 was not a big seller, as most major carriers were purchasing AC traction locomotives exclusively by the time of its introduction. Only 331 SD70M-2's were built. Canadian National Railway owns 190 units, and 130 units are owned by Norfolk Southern Railway. 8 units owned by Electro-Motive Diesel and 3 units owned by CIT Financial were leased by Florida East Coast Railway until early 2015. Canadian National 8964 was the last SD70M-2, built in February 2011.

SD70ACe-T4

The SD70ACe-T4 is the Tier 4 emissions standards-compliant version of the SD70ACe. The first locomotive, EMDX 1501, was built in summer 2015, and made its debut at the Railway Interchange Expo in Minneapolis, Minnesota during the weekend of October 3–4, 2015. It features a new 4-stroke engine called the EMD 12-1010 "J" series - a V12 with 1010 cu.in displacement for each cylinder. This new prime mover has a two-stage turbocharger system consisting of three turbos; one turbo (the primary/high pressure turbo) for low-mid RPM and two turbos (the secondary/low pressure turbos) for mid-high RPM. The results of this setup are higher power throughout a broader RPM range, better fuel efficiency, and lower emissions. An EGR system is applied as well, allowing the engine to achieve Tier 4 without the use of urea aftertreatment. Another new feature of this engine is the Double-Walled Fuel Injection System that increases safety and provides simplified maintenance works.

The EMD 12-1010 is capable of producing 4,600 hp, but only 4,400 tractive horsepower.^[16] With a new computer software for the on-board computer and one inverter per axle (or "P6"; EMD named it "Individual Axle Control") - unlike most of previous EMD locomotives that use one inverter per truck, the SD70ACe-T4 is capable of generating 200,000 lbf. (889.64 kN.) of starting tractive effort, and 175,000 lbf. (778.75 kN.) of continuous tractive effort. Meanwhile, its dynamic braking effort is as much as 105,000 lbf. (467.25 kN.) The amount of starting tractive effort is equal to that of the 6,000 hp SD90MAC-H while, on the other hand, its continuous tractive effort is higher than that of the SD90MAC-H (175,000 lbf. vs. 165,000 lbf.). The units are also equipped with "radial bogies" which offer increased adhesion and better ride quality.^[16]

While it retains the basic SD70 designation, the locomotive has several major new features that set it apart from its successful ancestor such as a vibration-isolated powertrain, and alternator start capability. In addition, it features a newly redesigned cab reminiscent of the earlier SD70M, featuring the classic "teardrop" windshields first introduced on the FP45 in December 1967; new fabricated trucks; a longer frame (76 ft. 8 in / 23.37 m); longer radiators with three radiator fans instead of two; an additional step on the front and rear; and a smoother long hood roofline.^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]

Fifteen SD70ACe-T4 demonstrators were built at Muncie, IN by November 2016. Union Pacific Railroad is the first customer to order SD70ACe-T4's. UP 3012-3014, the first production SD70ACe-T4's, were assigned to active service in early November 2016.

Union Pacific will acquire 100 SD70ACe-T4's: 12 former demonstrators will be rostered as UP 3000-3011, and 88 production units (3012-3099). 3012-3056 were built at Bombardier's Sahagun, Mexico plant. 3057-3099 will be built at Muncie, IN, following completion of the Tier 4 credit SD70ACe's UP 8997-9096. All UP SD70ACe-T4's will be classified as SD70AHs.

SD70ACeP4-T4's EMDX 1603 and 1604 were built and painted as demonstrators for the BNSF Railway. These units have a B1-1B wheel arrangement akin to the SD70ACe-P4.

As of August 2018, Norfolk Southern and CSX Transportation have each ordered 10 SD70ACe-T4's.

SD70ACe/LCi

The SD70ACe/LCi is a low clearance, export version of the SD70ACe. The LCi in the model designation stands for Low Clearance international as these locomotives are designed to negotiate the tight clearances under the mine equipment. External differences between the SD70ACe and SD70ACe/LCi models include the addition of marker lights, number boards located lower on the nose rather than on top of the cab, windscreen protector panels (to deflect abrasive iron ore when in mid train position), fire suppression canisters, louvre style vents, different horn and subtle differences with handrails.^[21]{{page needed|date=March 2017}}

In 2004, BHP Billiton ordered a first batch of 14 SD70ACe/LCi locomotives for use on iron ore trains in the Pilbara region of Western Australia.^[22]{{page needed|date=March 2017}} It operated in 2015 a fleet of 23 SD70ACe/LCi locomotives beside of 142 standard SD70ACe, from which the newest locomotives are built in 2014.^[23]

The first member of the class (4300) was purchased for parts and dismantled upon arrival in Australia. This was because it was cheaper to purchase a complete locomotive than buy the components individually.^[24]^[25] The first batch of SD70ACe/LCi's (4301-4313) was ordered in 2004 and named after sidings on the BHP system.^[26]{{page needed|date=March 2017}}^[27] Since it did not have the newer, isolated cab of the second and subsequent batches it was traded in to the supplier for locomotives with newer cab assemblies.^[23]

The second batch of locomotives (4314-4323) arrived between August and November 2006.

An order for a third batch of 13 SD70ACe/LCi's (4334-4346) was placed in August 2007, but such was the demand for locomotive power in the Pilbara region, a deal was done with BNSF Railway for BHP Billiton to purchase ten standard North American SD70ACes (4324-4333) that were in build as their 9166, 9167, 9184-9191. Construction was sufficiently advanced when the deal was concluded for them to have been painted, hence they were delivered in BNSF orange livery. Some modifications have been made to bring them in line with the rest of the fleet. A fifth batch of SD70ACe's (Numbers 4347-4355) was delivered in July 2009.^[28]{{page needed|date=March 2017}}^[24]

An additional 18 units (numbers 4356-4373) were delivered in the second half of 2010, bringing the total of SD70ACe type locomotives in service to 72.^[25] In March 2012, BHP Billiton ordered a further 80.^[29]

In July 2012 fellow Pilbara operator, Fortescue Metals Group, took the delivery of the first of a fleet of 19, later extended to 21 (701-721).^[25]^[30]^[31]

SD70ACS

The SD70ACS is a {{convert|4500|hp}} AC variant for heavy haul freight, used in desert environments. The first 25 units were ordered for Saudi Railway Company in April 2009 and assembled in the London, Ontario plant for delivery in the second half of 2010. Special features include a pulse filtration system, movable sand plows, EM2000 control system and FIRE display system.^[32]

Mauritania's Société Nationale Industrielle et Minière placed a contract for six SD70ACS locomotives in October 2010.^[33]

In July 2011 Etihad Rail ordered seven SD70ACS locomotives for delivery in 2012.^[34]

SD70ACe-BB

In October 2015, EMD started producing SD70ACe-BB locomotives for Brazilian narrow gauge railroads.

SD70ACe/45

The SD70ACe/45 is a diesel-electric locomotive built by EMD plant in Sete Lagoas, MG Brazil. Different from the SD70ACe in North America, the SD70ACe/45 has a longer frame (76 ft. 6 in.) and three radiator fans on the radiator section since it uses the same car body of the SD80ACe produced by EMD plant in London, Canada to Vale mining in Brazil. It uses {{track gauge|1600mm}} gauge. 80 SD70ACe/45s had been built.

Rebuilds

SD70ACU

The SD70ACU was first built by EMD and later rebuilt by Norfolk Southern. It is originally an SD90MAC (or well known as SD9043MAC) that has been rebuilt to renew its electrical components and replace the cab with the new EMD Phase-II cab to comply with the most recent safety requirements. These locomotives are similar to the SD70ACe model, but the main body features are all reminiscent to the SD90MAC features. They also have the latest EMD cab that meets current FRA crashworthiness standards. These locomotives also have the Ultra Cab II, locomotive speed limiter (LSL), and cab signals. 100 of the 110 units Norfolk Southern purchased were originally SD9043MACs previously operated by the Union Pacific Railroad. The other 10 units were acquired by a trade with Cit Group for MP15DC's. All NS-owned SD9043MACs are slowly being rebuilt by NS at its shops in Altoona, Pennsylvania. As of March 29, 2019, 108 SD70ACU units have been completed and released to active service. Canadian Pacific has also began a program to convert their SD90MAC units into SD70ACUs.

SD70ACC

The SD70ACC is the latest rebuild in Norfolk’s Southern's AC to DC program. It has the new EMD safety cab, similar to the SD70ACe cab, but with the “teardrop windshield”, much like the SD70ACe-T4. The SD70ACC has been rebuilt with AC traction motors, an AAR-style control stand, an electrical cabinet with Mitsubishi electronics, a new main alternator, and additional weight to increase the maximum weight to 432,000 pounds. The SD70ACC is rated at 4,500 horsepower (3,355.649 kilowatts), has a fuel capacity of 4,900 gallons, and has dynamic braking, cab signals, and LSL (Locomotive Speed Limiter).

Norfolk Southern is rebuilding its fleet of SD70s into SD70ACC specifications.^[35]^[36] The first two units, 1800 and 1801, were unveiled in a special yellow and grey paint scheme to promote the DC to AC program, similar to the paint schemes used on the first GE AC44C6M. As of January 2019, eleven units have been rebuilt and have since been released to service, with many more units undergoing rebuild.^[37]

Operators

North America

International

Gallery

Notes

1. ^{{Harvnb|Solomon|2011}}
2. ^{{Harvnb|Solomon|2006}}
3. ^{{Harvnb|Solomon|2006}}
4. ^{{cite web|title=Order # 946531, SD70M|url=http://www.trainweb.org/emdloco/946531.htm|work=The UNofficial EMD Homepage|accessdate=24 January 2012}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.emdiesels.com/en/locomotive/international/sd70m/index.htm |title=SD70M for CVRD |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=|website= |publisher=Electro-Motive Diesels |access-date=2005-12-01 |quote=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515162457/http://www.emdiesels.com/en/locomotive/international/sd70m/index.htm |archive-date=2008-05-15 }}
6. ^{{Harvnb|Solomon|2011}}
7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.siemens.cz/extra/msv/cd/TS/Vozidla/Diesel-Electric_Loco_SD70MAC_EN.pdf |title=Diesel-Electric Locomotive SD70MAC |date= |accessdate= |website= |publisher=Siemens |last= |first= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041114163341/http://www.siemens.cz/extra/msv/cd/TS/Vozidla/Diesel-Electric_Loco_SD70MAC_EN.pdf |archivedate=14 November 2004 }}
8. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.mobility.siemens.com/mobility/global/SiteCollectionDocuments/en/logistics/cargo-transport/reference-list-locomotives-en.pdf|title = Locomotives Reference List|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = Siemens|last = |first = }}
9. ^http://trn.trains.com/news/news-wire/2019/02/20-metra-board-approves-locomotive-purchase
10. ^{{Harvnb|Solomon|2011}}
11. ^¹{{cite web|title=SD70ACe|url=http://www.emdiesels.com/emdweb/products/sd70ace.jsp|accessdate=26 January 2012|author=ElectroMotive}}
12. ^http://www.railpictures.ca/?attachment_id=21116
13. ^https://www.uprr.com/newsinfo/releases/heritage_and_steam/2005/1018_4141.shtml
14. ^{{Harvnb|Solomon|2011}}
15. ^{{cite web|title=SD70M-2|url=http://www.emdiesels.com/emdweb/products/sd70m.jsp|accessdate=26 January 2012|author=ElectroMotive}}
16. ^¹http://s7d2.scene7.com/is/content/Caterpillar/C10678841
17. ^{{cite web | url=http://trn.trains.com/news/news-wire/2015/09/29-emd-news | title=EMD ships first Tier 4 locomotive to Railway Interchange show | publisher=Trains Magazine | date=29 September 2015 | accessdate=30 September 2015}}
18. ^{{Cite web | title = EDM SD70ACe-T4 Freight Locomotive|url = http://www.progressrail.com/en/products/locomotives/freight/sd70acet4.html|website = www.progressrail.com|accessdate = 2016-01-07}}
19. ^{{Cite web|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w9w7Ac1Cnsw|title = EMD SD70ACe-T4 Locomotive|date = |accessdate = 2016-01-07|website = |publisher = Progress Rail|last = |first = }}
20. ^{{cite web|title = EMD unveils its first Tier 4 diesel locomotive | url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/emd-unveils-its-first-tier-4-diesel-locomotive.html|accessdate = 2016-07-27 | publisher = Railway Gazette}}
21. ^{{Harvnb|Montgomery|2009}}
22. ^{{Harvnb|Montgomery|2009}}
23. ^¹{{Cite web|title = BHP Billiton Iron Ore Road Locomotive Roster|url = http://www.pilbararailways.com.au/bhp/loco/bhpb-roster.php|website = Pilbara Railway Pages|accessdate = 2016-01-07}}
24. ^¹{{Harvnb|Oberg|2010|pp=435–436}}
25. ^¹²³⁴{{Harvnb|Clark|2010|pp=215–218}}
26. ^{{Harvnb|Montgomery|2009}}
27. ^BHP Billiton Loco Roster {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308172108/http://www.pilbararailways.com.au/bhp/loco/bhpb-roster.html |date=8 March 2012 }} Pilbara Railways
28. ^{{Harvnb|Montgomery|2009}}
29. ^{{cite web|title=BHP Billiton places large heavy haul locomotive order|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/index.php?id=44&no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=14888&cHash=dfa4e0a712627bcef96cef5c074792f4|publisher=Railway Gazette International|accessdate=14 March 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/66ASZasB2?url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/index.php?id=44&no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5btt_news%5d=14888&cHash=dfa4e0a712627bcef96cef5c074792f4|archivedate=14 March 2012|date=2 March 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}
30. ^Downer to build 19 locomotives for Fortescue Railway Technology 26 June 2012
31. ^¹Fortescue Rail Fact Sheet {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223101817/http://www.fmgl.com.au/UserDir/FMGResources/Download/en/FACT%20SHEET_Fortescue%20Rail_May2013_PressQuality_Final31.pdf |date=23 February 2014 }} Fortescue Metals Group May 2013
32. ^{{Cite web|title = Electro-Motive Diesel, Inc. Wins New Locomotive Contract for 25 SD70ACS Locomotives from Saudi Railway Company (SAR)|url = http://www.emdiesels.com/emdweb/company/more/040709_sar.html|website = EMD|accessdate = 2016-01-07}}
33. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/high-temperature-locomotives-ordered-from-emd.html |title=High temperature locomotives ordered from EMD | date=20 October 2010| publisher=Railway Gazette International}}
34. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/etihad-rail-orders-emd-locomotives.html |title=Etihad Rail orders EMD locomotives | date=1 August 2011 | publisher=Railway Gazette International}}
35. ^https://m.facebook.com/nsdash9/posts/10155476809143843
36. ^https://m.facebook.com/nsdash9/posts/10155326954688843
37. ^http://www.nsdash9.com/rosters/1800.html
38. ^{{cite web|title=Alaska Railroad's Motive Power|url=http://www.thedieselshop.us/ALASKA.HTML|work=The Diesel Shop|accessdate=24 January 2012}}
39. ^¹{{cite web|title=Burlington Northern Santa Fe Motive Power Fleet|url=http://thedieselshop.us/BNSF.HTML|work=The Diesel Shop|accessdate=25 January 2012}}
40. ^¹²{{cite web|title=Canadian National Motive Power Summary|url=http://thedieselshop.us/CN.HTML|work=The Diesel Shop|accessdate=25 January 2012}}
41. ^{{cite web|title=CIT Rail Resources|url=http://thedieselshop.us/CITX.HTML|work=The Diesel Shop|accessdate=25 January 2012|last1=Belote|first1=Joseph|last2=Craig|first2=R|date=23 January 2012}}
42. ^¹{{cite web|last=Craig|first=R|title=CSX Motive Power Summary|url=http://thedieselshop.us/CSX.HTML|work=The Diesel Shop|accessdate=25 January 2012|date=23 January 2012}}
43. ^{{cite web|last=Komanesky|first=John|title=Ferrocarril Mexicano (Ferromex) Motive Power|url=http://thedieselshop.us/FXE.HTML|work=The Diesel Shop|accessdate=25 January 2012|date=17 January 2012}}
44. ^{{cite web|title=Florida East Coast Motive Power|url=http://thedieselshop.us/FEC.HTML|work=The Diesel Shop|accessdate=25 January 2012|date=16 November 2008}}
45. ^¹{{cite web|title=Kansas City Southern and KCS de Mexico (A Work-in-Progress)|url=http://www.thedieselshop.us/KCS.HTML|work=The Diesel Shop|accessdate=24 January 2012|date=26 December 2011}}
46. ^¹²³{{cite web|title=Norfolk Southern Motive Power|url=http://www.thedieselshop.us/NS.HTML|work=The Diesel Shop|accessdate=24 January 2012|date=4 January 2011}}
47. ^¹{{cite web|title=Norfolk Southern Roster|url=http://www.nsdash9.com/roster.html|work=NS Roster|accessdate=1 April 2019|date=1 April 2019}}
48. ^Diesel Era Magazine, October–November 2013, vol.24-5
49. ^http://trn.trains.com/news/news-wire/2014/09/tacoma-rail-acquires-two-sd70ace-p4s
50. ^¹²{{cite web|title=Union Pacific Motive Power|url=http://thedieselshop.us/UP.HTML|work=The Diesel Shop|accessdate=25 January 2012|date=21 January 2012}}
51. ^Union Pacific RR
52. ^http://trn.trains.com/news/news-wire/2018/06/27-union-pacific-will-renumber-sd70-4014
53. ^¹²³{{cite web | url= http://www.revistaferroviaria.com.br/index.asp?InCdSecao=86&p1=%2Findex%2Easp&p2=InCdSecao%3D40%26InCdSubSecao%3D153 | title=3.289 locomotivas em operação | work=Revista Ferroviária | date=1 December 2015 | access-date=1 January 2016}} {{subscription required}}
54. ^{{cite web | url=http://minasgeraisrailways.ning.com/page/vli | title=Locomotivas da FCA/VLI| publisher= Minas Gerais Railways - The Best Freight Trains in Brazil | date= January 2017 | accessdate=22 January 2017}} {{subscription required}}
55. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.revistaferroviaria.com.br/index.asp?InCdSecao=85&p1=%2Findex%2Easp&p2=InCdSecao%3D83%26InAno%3D2016 | title=Papel de destaque Investimentos do setor de celulose repercutem nas ferrovias - Carteira vazia| publisher=Revista Ferroviária | date= October 2016 | accessdate=22 January 2017}} {{subscription required}}