| 词条 | Empty calories | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
In human nutrition, the term empty calories applies to foods and beverages composed primarily or solely of sugar, fats or oils, or alcohol-containing beverages. An example is carbonated soft drinks. These supply food energy but little or no other nutrition in the way of vitamins, minerals, protein, fiber, or essential fatty acids. Fat contributes nine calories per gram, ethanol seven calories, sugar four calories. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) advises, "A small amount of empty calories is okay, but most people eat far more than is healthy."[1] The phrase is derived from low nutrient density, which is the proportion of nutrients in a food relative to its energy content.[2] Considering energy foods as adequate nutrition was first scientifically demonstrated to be false by François Magendie by experiments on dogs and described in his Précis élémentaire de Physiologie. He showed that eating only sugar, olive oil, or butter, each led to the death of his test animals in 30 to 40 days.[3] ExamplesThe following foods are often considered[4][5][6][7] to contain mostly empty calories and may lead to weight gain:
Impact on other nutrientsThe 'empty calories' argument is that a diet high in added sugar will reduce consumption of foods that contain essential nutrients. One review reported that for increases in consumption of added sugars, nutrients at most risk for inadequacy were vitamins E, A, C, and magnesium. For these, nutrient intake was less with each 5% increase in added sugars intake.[8] A diet high in alcohol can have the same effect. According to one review, "Micronutrient deficiencies occur in patients with ALD (alcoholic liver disease) because the major proportion of calories derived from alcohol lack minerals and vitamins. Specific emphasis is necessary for zinc, vitamin D, thiamine, folate, cyanocobalamin, and selenium." People with ALD also display sarcopenia - muscle wasting - but it is not clear if this is due to chronic low protein intake or the disease, which is known to inhibit muscle protein synthesis.[9] Allowable intake without impacting healthFood energy intake must be balanced with activity to maintain a proper body weight. Sedentary individuals and those eating less to lose weight may suffer malnutrition if they eat food supplying empty calories but not enough nutrients.[10][11] In contrast, people who engage in heavy physical activity need more food energy as fuel, and so can have a larger amount of calorie-rich, essential nutrient-poor foods. Dietitians and other healthcare professionals prevent malnutrition by designing eating programs and recommending dietary modifications according to patient's needs.[12][13] The USDA advises the following levels of empty calorie consumption as an upper limit for individuals who engage in 30 minutes or less of moderate exercise daily.[14]
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|title=What are empty calories? |work=USDA MyPlate 2011 |url=http://www.choosemyplate.gov/weight-management-calories/calories/empty-calories.html |accessdate=2017-10-20 |deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130125320/http://www.choosemyplate.gov:80/weight-management-calories/calories/empty-calories.html |archivedate=2014-02-01 |df= }} 2. ^Marion Nestle and Malden Nesheim (2013) Why Calories Count: From Science to Politics, page 3, {{ISBN|0520952170}} 3. ^Magendie, F. (1816) "Sur les propriétés nutritives des substances qui ne contiennent pas d’ azote", Annales de Chimie (ser. 2) 3:66-77, 408–410. 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.choosemyplate.gov/weight-management-calories/calories/empty-calories.html |title=What are Empty Calories? |publisher=Choosemyplate.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-05-21}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/diet/features/beware-empty-calories |title=Beware-Empty-Calories |publisher=Webmd.com |date= |accessdate=2013-05-21}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.livestrong.com/article/475404-definition-of-empty-calories/ |title=Definition Of Empty Calories |publisher=Livestrong.Com |date= |accessdate=2013-05-21}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://caloriecount.about.com/foods-empty-calories-q639 |title=Which foods have empty calories? |publisher=Caloriecount.about.com |date=2008-04-10 |accessdate=2013-05-21}} 8. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Marriott BP, Olsho L, Hadden L, Connor P |title=Intake of added sugars and selected nutrients in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2006 |journal=Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=228–58 |year=2010 |pmid=20301013 |doi=10.1080/10408391003626223 |url=}} 9. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Dasarathy S |title=Nutrition and Alcoholic Liver Disease: Effects of Alcoholism on Nutrition, Effects of Nutrition on Alcoholic Liver Disease, and Nutritional Therapies for Alcoholic Liver Disease |journal=Clin Liver Dis |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=535–50 |year=2016 |pmid=27373615 |pmc=4934388 |doi=10.1016/j.cld.2016.02.010 |url=}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/calories/index.html |title=Healthy Weight: Caloric Balance | DNPAO | CDC |publisher=Cdc.gov |date=2011-10-31 |accessdate=2013-05-21}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/healthieryou/html/chapter6.html#2 |title=A Healthier You - Chapter 6. Calories + Nutrients = Food |publisher=Health.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-05-21}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos077.htm |title=Dietitians and Nutritionists : Outlook Handbook : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |publisher=Bls.gov |date=2012-07-18 |accessdate=2013-05-21}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eatright.org/Public/content.aspx?id=5554 |title=Vitamin and Nutrient Information from the Academy |publisher=Eatright.org |date= |accessdate=2013-05-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508060232/http://www.eatright.org/Public/content.aspx?id=5554 |archivedate=2013-05-08 |df= }} 14. ^{{cite web|title=Empty Calories: How Many Empty Calories Can I Have? |work=USDA MyPlate 2011 |url=http://www.choosemyplate.gov/weight-management-calories/calories/empty-calories-amount.html |accessdate=2014-01-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201202229/http://www.choosemyplate.gov/weight-management-calories/calories/empty-calories-amount.html |archivedate=2014-02-01 |df= }} External links
1 : Nutrition |
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