“European Patent Litigation Agreement”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The draft European Patent Litigation Agreement (EPLA), or formally the Draft Agreement on the establishment of a European patent litigation system, was a proposed patent law agreement aimed at creating an "optional protocol to the European Patent Convention (EPC) which would commit its signatory states to an integrated judicial system, including uniform rules of procedure and a common appeal court".^[1] It differed from the Unified Patent Court Agreement in that the EPLA negotiations were coordinated from the side of the European Patent Office, rather than from the European Council and Commission^[2] and therefore also offered the possibility for non-EU states to participate.

The EPLA was a proposed alternative to a set of proposed Community patent regulations.^[3] The European Commission regarded the negotiations on the EPLA as unlawful,^[4] although in 2006 it had gained a considerable ground among patent practitioners^[3] and national patent judges.^[5]^[6] The EPLA proposal was essentially dropped in 2007 after the Legal Service of European Parliament issued an opinion that the EPLA would prima facie constitute a breach of Article 292 of the EC Treaty and thus the European Community and its members states could not participate.^[8] Many of its provisions were subsequently incorporated into the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court, which is currently undergoing ratification.

Background

Under Article 64(3) of the European Patent Convention,^[7] any infringement of a European patent is dealt with under national law (i.e. the law of one of the 38 member states to the European Patent Convention). Additionally, once the 9 month opposition period under {{EPC Article|99}} has expired, there is no centralised way of challenging the validity of a granted patent, leaving proceedings also there only to national law.

Furthermore, Brussels III directive "on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters", valid for 26 European Patent Convention members (all European Union members except Denmark) does not according to a 2008 judicial opinion in the UK "fully consider[ed] the problems posed by intellectual property rights". Such disputes are typically based on parallel national rights rather than European-wide rights.^[8] As a consequence, parties wishing to litigate a patent often have to litigate as much about where and when disputes should be heard and decided as about the real underlying dispute.^[9]

History

In 1999, a Working Party on Litigation was set up by member states of the European Patent Organisation to propose an optional agreement on the creation of such a central judicial system. At its fifth meeting on 19 and 20 November 2003, the Working Party came up with a draft agreement and a draft statute for the European Patent Court.^[10] The EPO level proposal parallized a similar EU level proposal for a Luxembourg European Patent Court by the European Commission and Council ^[11] in conjunction with the community patent.

In 2006, the European Commission launched a public consultation on future patent policy in Europe,^[12] where the EPLA featured next to the community patent, harmonisation and mutual recognition of national patents, and general issues. Both proponents and critics of the EPLA spoke out at the ensuing hearing on 12 July 2006.^[13]

On 12 July 2006, Charlie McCreevy, European Commissioner for Internal Market and Services, said "the European Patent Litigation Agreement is seen as a promising route towards more unitary jurisdiction"^[14] while closing the above-mentioned public hearing on future patent policy in Europe.

In October 2006 the European Parliament adopted a resolution on Future action in the field of patents. As regard to the EPLA it considered "that the proposed text needs significant improvements, which address concerns about democratic control, judicial independence and litigation costs, and a satisfactory proposal for the Rules of Procedure of the EPLA Court;" and asked its Legal Service to provide an interim legal opinion on a potential overlap with the acquis communautaire.^[15]

In November 2006, an informal panel of judges from different European countries met in San Servolo, Italy, and adopted rules of procedures for the EPLA court. They signed a Resolution, the so-called "Second Venice Resolution".^[16]

In February 2007, an interim legal opinion of the Legal Service of the European Parliament was non-officially published and provided a negative opinion on the EPLA. The opinion concludes that the EPLA, specifically compliance by the Member States of the European Union with Article 98 EPLA, would prima facie constitute a breach of Article 292 of the EC Treaty ("Member States undertake not to submit a dispute concerning the interpretation or application of the Treaties to any method of settlement other than those provided for therein") and took into account that member states of the EU had not competence where the EU already had legislated and that the European Union already had legislated in the field of Intellectual Property. As a result, the European Community's competence would be exclusive for the matters governed by EPLA and Member States therefore would not be entitled on their own to conclude that Agreement.^[17]

Earlier, on 30 January 2007, Sir Nicholas Pumfrey, a British judge supporting the EPLA, is reported to have told the audience at a seminar in London that it appeared that the EPLA had "finally died". "It is a minor but quite important disaster. We thought we had done it", he added.^[18]

Content

The 2003 draft agreement provides the creation of a "European Patent Judiciary" (EPJ), comprising:

The EPJ would make current national patent courts obsolete. However, the EPJ could have set up regional chambers. {{Citation needed|date=April 2007}}

Competence problems

It became apparent in 2006 that the countries which are members of the European Union did not have the competence to institute such a system, as long as it fell completely outside the European Union's legal framework.^[17]^[19] (see EC Regulation 44/2001^[20]).

Name

The agreement was called "European Patent Litigation Protocol" (EPLP) before being renamed "European Patent Litigation Agreement" (EPLA) for reasons of international law.^[22]

See also

References

1. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20061018103942/http://patlaw-reform.european-patent-office.org/epla/ European Patent Office microsite, "Legislative Initiatives in European patent law", EPLA - European Patent Litigation Agreement], retrieved on July 11, 2006 (archived version)
2. ^{{de icon}} Benkard, Europäisches Patentübereinkommen, 2. Auflage 2012; section "Vor Präambel", III.2, Rn 39-43: "2. Bemühungen der EPO-Mitgliedstaaten außerhalb des gemeinschaftsrechtlichen Rahmens; European Patent Litigation Agreement (EPLA)"
3. ^¹{{cite journal |last=Pagenberg |first=Jochen |year=2006 |title=Industry, Legal Profession and Patent Judges Press for Adoption of the European Patent Litigation Agreement (EPLA) |journal=IIC |publisher=Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property, Competition and Tax Law|page=46}}
4. ^{{cite journal |last=Oser |first=Andreas |year=2006 |title=The European Patent Litigation Agreement - Admissibility and Future of a Dispute Resolution for Europe |journal=IIC |publisher=Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property, Competition and Tax Law |page=520 |quote=However, the Commission regards the negotiations on the EPLA as unlawful, arguing that the Member States are prevented from pursuing this work for legal reasons because the Regulation 44/2001 has already created Community law in the field of regulation, with the consequence that to this extent legislative power lies exclusively with the Community.}}
5. ^"Europe's top judges start campaign for a single court to hear patent cases", Financial Times (4 Nov. 2005), cited in Pagenberg, 2006.
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/indprop/docs/patent/hearing/dixon_en.pdf |title=Jurisdiction, Remarks of Allen N. Dixon, International Intellectual Property Counsel, London, European Commission Public Hearing on Future Patent Policy in Europe |last1=Dixon |first1=Allen N. |date=12 July 2006 |quote=It is supported widely by national patent judges(...) |publisher=European Commission |accessdate=March 2, 2013}}
7. ^{{EPC Article|64|3}}
8. ^{{Cite BAILII |country=ew |litigants=Research In Motion UK Ltd v Visto Corporation |court=EWCA |division=Civ |year=2008 |num=153 |para=5 |date=2008-03-06}}
9. ^{{Cite BAILII |country=ew |litigants=Research In Motion UK Ltd v Visto Corporation |court=EWCA |division=Civ |year=2008 |num=153 |para=3 |date=2008-03-06}}
10. ^{{cite journal |last1=Luginbühl |first1=Stefan |year= 2004 |title=Streitregelungsübereinkommen vs. Gemeinschaftspatent? |trans-title=Disputes settlement agreement vs. Community patent?| journal=GRUR Int |volume=5 |language=German |issue= |pages=357 |publisher= |doi= |url=}}
11. ^{{cite web|title=Industrial property: Commission proposes establishing Community Patent Court|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/04/137&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=enwhich }}
12. ^European Commission, DG Internal Market and Services, Consultation and public hearing on future patent policy in Europe, Retrieved on September 6, 2006.
13. ^European Commission, DG Internal Market and Services, Consultation on future patent policy in Europe: Public hearing: Speeches and PPT presentations, Retrieved on September 6, 2006.
14. ^Charlie McCreevy, European Commissioner for Internal Market and Services, Closing remarks at public hearing on future patent policy, Public Discussion on Future Patent Policy in Europe, Brussels, 12 July 2006. Retrieved on August 30, 2006.
15. ^European Parliament Public Register of Documents, European Parliament resolution on future patent policy in Europe, October 12, 2006.
16. ^IPEG, European Patent Judges agree on rules and procedures for new EU Patent Court, Tuesday, November 7, 2006.
17. ^¹²IPEG, Negative Opinion on powers of EU member states to agree individually on EPLA, February 10, 2007, posting a document dated February 1, 2007 (SJ-0844/06 D(2006)65117 "Interim Legal Opinion"), which does not appear on the European Parliament web site and which apparently was not meant to be published (the status of the document is unclear).
18. ^Cited in Managing Intellectual Property News, Germany urges action on European patent reform, February 1, 2007. The seminar appears to have been the MIP Gowers Review Discussion held at Lovells, in London, on January 30, 2007. About the seminar, see also Managing Intellectual Property, Gowers debate highlights reform concerns, March 2007.
19. ^http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-03/cp110017en.pdf
20. ^Official Journal of the European Communities, January 16, 2001 Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 of 22 December 2000 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters
21. ^IPR, innovation and economic performance, OECD Conference, Paris 28/29 August 2003, page 5, second slide of (pdf)
22. ^Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080917194321/http://www.ige.ch/e/jurinfo/j110201.shtm European Patent Litigation Agreement (EPLA)], November 18, 2002. Retrieved on July 11, 2006 (archived version)