词条 | Eusebio Kino |
释义 |
|name = Servant of the lord Eusebio Francisco Kino |birth_date = Eusebio Francesco Chini {{birth date|1645|5|10|df=y}} |death_date = {{death date and age|1711|3|15|1645|5|10|df=y}} |feast_day = |venerated_in = Catholic place called church |image = Padre Kino Statua.JPG |imagesize = 200px |caption = Equestrian statue in his birthplace of Segno |birth_place = Segno, Bishopric of Trent, Holy Roman Empire (now Predaia, Trentino, Italy) |death_place = Mission Santa Maria Magdalena, Pimería Alta, New Spain (now Magdalena de Kino, Sonora, Mexico) |titles = Priest; Missionary; Explorer |beatified_date = |beatified_place = |beatified_by = |canonized_date = |canonized_place = |canonized_by = |attributes = |patronage = |major_shrine = |suppressed_date = |issues = |prayer = |prayer_attrib = }}Eusebio Francisco Kino ({{lang-it|Eusebio Francesco Chini}}, {{lang-es|Eusebio Francisco Kino}}; 10 August 1645 – 15 March 1711) was a Jesuit, missionary, geographer, explorer, cartographer and astronomer born in the Territory of the Bishopric of Trent, then part of the Holy Roman Empire. For the last 24 years of his life he worked in the region then known as the Pimería Alta, modern-day Sonora in Mexico and southern Arizona in the United States. He explored the region and worked with the indigenous Native American population, including primarily the Tohono O'Odham, Sobaipuri and other Upper Piman groups. He proved that the Baja California Peninsula is not an island by leading an overland expedition there. By the time of his death he had established 24 missions and visitas (country chapels or visiting stations).[1] Early lifeKino was born Eusebius Chinus (the spelling Kino was the version for use in Spanish-speaking domains) in the village of Segno, (now part of the town of Predaia), then in the sovereign Prince-bishopric of Trent, a part of the Holy Roman Empire. Other sources cite his name as Eusebio Francesco Chini.[1] His parents were Franciscus Chinus and Margherita Luchi.[2] The exact date of his birth is unknown but he was baptized on 10 August 1645 in the parish church, located in Taio. Kino was educated in Innsbruck, Austria, and after recuperating from a serious illness, he joined the Society of Jesus on 20 November 1665. From 1664-69, he received religious training as a member of the Society at Freiburg, Ingolstadt, and Landsberg, Bavaria. After completing a final stage of training in the Society, during which he taught mathematics in Ingolstadt, he received Holy Orders as a priest on 12 June 1677. Although Kino wanted to go to the Orient, he was sent to New Spain. Due to travel delays while crossing Europe, he missed the ship on which he was to travel and had to wait a year for another ship. While waiting in Cádiz, Spain, he wrote some observations, done during late 1680 and early 1681, about his study of a comet (later known as Kirch's comet), which he published as the Exposición astronómica de el cometa.[1] This publication was later the subject of a sonnet by the noted colonial nun and poet of New Spain, Sor (Sister) Juana Inés de la Cruz, O.S.H.[3] Mission in Baja California{{Main|Spanish missions in Baja California}}Kino's first assignment was to lead the Atondo expedition to the Baja California peninsula of Las Californias Province of New Spain. He established the Misión San Bruno in 1683. After a prolonged drought there in 1685, Kino and the Jesuit missionaries were forced to abandon the mission and return to the viceregal capital of Mexico City.[1] Missions in the Pimería Alta{{See also|Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert}}Father Kino began his career in the Pimería Alta on the morning of 14 March 1687, 24 years and one day before his death on 15 March 1711. This was the morning he left Cucurpe, a town once considered the "Rim of Christendom."[1][4] Once Father Kino arrived in the Pimería Alta, at the request of the natives, he quickly established the first mission in a river valley in the mountains of Sonora.[1] Subsequently, Kino traveled across northern Mexico, and to present day California and Arizona. He followed ancient trading routes established millennia prior by the natives. These trails were later expanded into roads. His many expeditions on horseback covered over {{convert|50,000|mi2}}, during which he mapped an area {{convert|200|mi}} long and {{convert|250|mi}} wide. Kino's maps were the most accurate maps of the region for more than 150 years after his death. Many of today's geographical features including the Colorado River were first named by Kino. Kino was important in the economic growth of the area, working with the already agricultural indigenous native peoples and introducing them to European seed, fruits, herbs and grains.[5] He also taught them to raise cattle, sheep and goats. Kino's initial mission herd of twenty cattle imported to Pimería Alta grew during his period to 70,000. Historian Herbert Bolton referred to Kino as Arizona's first rancher.[6] Interaction with the NativesIn his travels in the Pimería Alta, Father Kino interacted with 16 different tribes. Some of these had land that bordered on the Pimería Alta, but there are many cases where tribal representatives crossed into the Piman lands to meet Kino. In other cases, Father Kino traveled into their lands to meet with them. The tribes Kino met with are the Cocopa, Eudeve, Hia C-ed O'odham (called Yumans by Kino), Kamia, Kavelchadon, Kiliwa, Maricopa, Mountain Pima, Opata, Quechan, Gila River Pima, Seri (Comcaac), Tohono O'odham, Sobaipuri, Western Apache, Yavapai, and the Yaqui (Yoeme). [5][7][8][15]InterestsKino opposed the slavery and compulsory hard labor in the silver mines that the Spaniards forced on the native people. This also caused great controversy among his co-missionaries, many of whom acted according to the laws imposed by Spain on their territory. Kino was also a writer, authoring books on religion, astronomy and cartography. He built missions extending from the present day states of Mexican Sonora, northeast for {{convert|150|mi}}, into present-day Arizona, where the San Xavier del Bac mission, near Tucson, a popular National Historic Landmark, is still a functioning Franciscan parish church. Kino constructed nineteen rancherías (villages), which supplied cattle to new settlements.[6] Kino practiced other crafts and was reportedly an expert astronomer, mathematician and cartographer, who drew the first accurate maps of Pimería Alta, the Gulf of California, and Baja California.[9] Father Kino enjoyed making model ships out of wood. His knowledge of maps and ships led him to believe that Mexican Indians could easily access California by sea, a view taken with skepticism by missionaries in Mexico City. When Kino proposed and began making a boat that would be pushed across the Sonoran Desert to the Mexican west coast, a controversy arose, as many of his co-missionaries began to question Kino's faculties. Kino had an unusual amount of wealth for his vocation, which he used primarily to fund his missionary activities. His contemporaries reported on his wealth with suspicion.[10] DeathKino remained among his missions until his death in 1711. He died from fever on 15 March 1711, aged 65, in what is present-day Magdalena de Kino, Sonora, Mexico. His skeletal remains can be viewed in his crypt which is a national monument of Mexico.[1] LegacyKino has been honored both in Mexico and the United States, with various towns, streets, schools, monuments, and geographic features named after him. The copper silicate mineral Kinoite is named in his honor. In 1965, a statue of Kino was donated to the United States Capitol's National Statuary Hall collection, one of two statues representing Arizona. Another statue of him stands above Kino Parkway, a major thoroughfare in Tucson. An equestrian statue featuring Kino stands in Wesley Bolin Memorial Plaza across from the Arizona State Capitol in Phoenix. A time capsule is encapsuled in the base. Another equestrian statue also stands next to the Cathedral in the city of Hermosillo, Sonora, México. The towns of Bahía Kino, and Magdalena de Kino in Sonora and Ejido Padre Kino in Baja California are named in his honor.[5] A park with a statue of Kino resides in the city of Nogales, AZ. The largest statue of Kino is located along the US-Mexico border in Tijuana, Baja California. Also a wine is named after him (Padre Kino), produced by Pernod Ricard Mexico in Hermosillo, Sonora. In 2009, Mexican and American Jesuit provinces and Catholic dioceses, the Jesuit Refugee Service, and the Missionary Sisters of the Eucharist, founded the Kino Border Initiative, a binational migrant service and advocacy organization in Nogales, Arizona and Nogales, Sonora named in his honor.[11] A monument to Kino was erected in 2015 in the garden of Piazza Dante, just outside the historic center of Trento, Italy. Missions and visitas foundedAfter the first voyage of Christopher Columbus, the Catholic Church awarded to the Spanish Crown the lands of "New Spain." This grant was with the directive that the Crown would underwrite the efforts to convert the pagan inhabitants to Catholicism. The lands included the Caribbean, Mexico, and portions of what is now the Southwestern United States.[15] In its new lands, the Spanish Crown employed three major agencies to extend its borders and consolidate its colonial presence: the presidio (royal fort), pueblo (town), and the misión (mission). In addition, there were asistencias (sub-missions or contributing chapels) which were small-scale missions that regularly conducted Divine service on days of obligation, but lacked a resident priest. Visitas (visiting chapels or country chapels) also lacked a resident priest, and were often attended only sporadically. These different types of settlements were established such that each of the installations was no more than a long day's ride by horse or boat (or three days on foot) from one another.[15] Each type of frontier station needed to be self-supporting, because supply lines (roads) were non-existent. There was no way to maintain a village from outside sources. To sustain a mission settlement, the Fathers needed either Spanish colonists or converted natives to cultivate crops and tend livestock in the volume needed to support a fair-sized Church establishment. Scarcity of imported materials and lack of skilled laborers compelled the Fathers to employ simple building materials and methods.[5][12] Although the Spanish hierarchy considered the missions temporary ventures, individual settlement development was not based simply on a priestly whim. The founding of a mission followed long-standing rules and procedures. The paperwork involved required months, sometimes years of correspondence, and demanded the attention of virtually every level of the Spanish bureaucracy.[5][12] Once empowered to erect a mission in a given area, the men assigned to it chose a specific site that featured a good water supply, plenty of wood for fires and building material, and ample fields for grazing herds and raising crops. The Fathers blessed the site, and with the aid of their military escort fashioned temporary shelters out of tree limbs roofed with thatch, reeds, or in Pimería Alta saguaro ribs or ocotillo branches topped with brush and mud. These simple huts would ultimately give way to the stone and adobe buildings that exist today.[12] The majority of structures, indeed whole villages, were oriented on a roughly east–west axis to take the best advantage of the sun's position for interior illumination; the exact alignment depended on the geographic features of the particular site. Directives from Spain clearly stated that villages were to be sited on the west side of any valley so that the sun would shine in the homes first thing in the morning, discouraging slothful behavior on the part of the inhabitants.[12] When founding a mission compound, first the spot for the church itself was selected, its position marked and then the remainder of the mission complex would be laid out. Workshops, kitchens, living quarters, storerooms, and other ancillary chambers were usually grouped in a quadrangle, inside which religious celebrations and other festive events could take place.[12] List of missionsThis listing of the sites founded by Kino is not complete. Also, since names have changed over time, there appears to be some duplication. They are:[13] {{div col|colwidth=30em}}
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Literature
References{{div col|colwidth=30em}}1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite book|last=Polzer|first=Charles W.|title=Kino Guide II: a Life of Eusebio Francisco Kino, S.J., Arizona's First Pioneer, and a Guide to His Missions and Monuments|place=Tucson|publisher=Southwest Mission Research Center|year=1982}} {{div col end|2}}2. ^Studi trentini 1930, vol. VIII, pg. 7 (See talk page) 3. ^Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Soneto. Aplaude la ciencia Astronomica del Padre Eusebio Francisco Kino, de la Compañia de Jesus, que escrivió del Cometa.... Inundacion castalida de la unica poetisa, musa decima...; Madrid, 1689 {{url| 1 = http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/jines/12826401998062638532624/ima0186.htm | 2= Online view}} 4. ^{{cite book |last = BOLTON |first = Herbert Eugene |authorlink=Herbert Eugene Bolton |title = Rim of Christendom: a biography of Eusebio Francisco Kino, Pacific coast pioneer |publisher = University of California Press |year=1927}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book| last = SOULE| first = Jacqueline A.| authorlink =| title = Father Kino's herbs: growing & using them today| format =| date = | origyear =| year = 2011| month =| publisher = Tierra del Sol Institute| location = Tucson, Az| language =| isbn = 9780975855423| oclc = 759608112| lccn =| doi =| bibcode =| id =| quote = 112 p. : ill. ; 28 cm. Includes index| ref =}} 6. ^1 {{cite book |last = BOLTON |first = Herbert Eugene |authorlink=Herbert Eugene Bolton |title = The Padre on Horseback. a Sketch of Eusebio Francisco Kino S. J. Apostle to the Pimas |publisher = Sonora Press |year=1932}} 7. ^SPICER, E. H. The Yaquis: A Cultural History. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona: 1980. 8. ^SEYMOUR, Deni J. Where the Earth and Sky are Sewn Together. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, Utah: 2011. 9. ^{{cite web|title=California or New Carolina: Place of Apostolic Works of Society of Jesus at the Septentrional America|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/134/|publisher=World Digital Library|accessdate=21 January 2013}} 10. ^Lopez, George. Non Nobis: The Servants of Bernard. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK: 1964. 11. ^https://www.kinoborderinitiative.org/who-we-are/ 12. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite book| last = SPICER| first = Edward H.| authorlink = Edward H. Spicer| title = Cycles of Conquest {{font|size=95%|text = The Impact of Spain, Mexico, and the United States on Indians of the Southwest, 1533–1960}}| origyear = 1962| year = 1967| publisher = University of Arizona Press| location = Tucson, Az| isbn = 978-0-8165-0021-5| quote = 609 pp. / 6.12 in x 9.25 in}} 13. ^{{cite book|last=Classen|first=Albrecht|title=Early History of the Southwest Through the Eyes of German-speaking Jesuit Missionaries: A Transcultural Experience in the Eighteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRFClX0uh7sC&pg=PA58|year=2013|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7391-7784-6|pages=58–9}} Further reading{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
Namesake organizations
29 : 1645 births|1711 deaths|17th-century Jesuits|18th-century Jesuits|17th-century Roman Catholic priests|18th-century Roman Catholic priests|Jesuit scientists|Explorers of the colonial Southwest of the present United States|Italian explorers|Italian Jesuits|People in colonial Arizona|Roman Catholic missionaries in New Spain|People from Trentino|Burials in Mexico|Roman Catholic missionaries in Mexico|Roman Catholic missionaries in the United States|Jesuit missionaries|Jesuit history in North America|Baja California Sur|History of Baja California|Pre-statehood history of Arizona|Sonora|People in the colonial Southwest of North America|Priests of the Spanish missions in California|Explorers of the United States|Explorers of Mexico|Explorers of Arizona|Spanish explorers of North America|Italian Roman Catholic missionaries |
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