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词条 Adiponectin
释义

  1. Structure

  2. Function

  3. Receptors

  4. Discovery

  5. Metabolic

  6. Hypoadiponectinemia

  7. Other

      As a drug target  

  8. References

  9. External links

{{Infobox_gene}}Adiponectin (also referred to as GBP-28, apM1, AdipoQ and Acrp30) is a protein hormone which is involved in regulating glucose levels as well as fatty acid breakdown. In humans it is encoded by the ADIPOQ gene and it is produced in adipose tissue.[1]

Structure

Adiponectin is a 244-amino-acid-long polypeptide (protein). There are four distinct regions of adiponectin. The first is a short signal sequence that targets the hormone for secretion outside the cell; next is a short region that varies between species; the third is a 65-amino acid region with similarity to collagenous proteins; the last is a globular domain. Overall this protein shows similarity to the complement 1Q factors (C1Q). However, when the 3-dimensional structure of the globular region was determined, a striking similarity to TNFα was observed, despite unrelated protein sequences.[2]

Function

Adiponectin is a protein hormone that modulates a number of metabolic processes, including glucose regulation and fatty acid oxidation.[3] Adiponectin is secreted from adipose tissue (and also from the placenta in pregnancy[4]) into the bloodstream and is very abundant in plasma relative to many hormones. Many studies have found adiponectin to be inversely correlated with body mass index in patient populations.[5] However, a meta analysis was not able to confirm this association in healthy adults.[6] Circulating adiponectin concentrations increase during caloric restriction in animals and humans, such as in patients with anorexia nervosa. This observation is surprising, given that adiponectin is produced by adipose tissue. However, a recent study suggests that adipose tissue within bone marrow, which increases during caloric restriction, contributes to elevated circulating adiponectin in this context.[7]

Transgenic mice with increased adiponectin show reduced adipocyte differentiation and increased energy expenditure associated with mitochondrial uncoupling.[8] The hormone plays a role in the suppression of the metabolic derangements that may result in type 2 diabetes,[5] obesity, atherosclerosis,[3] non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and an independent risk factor for metabolic syndrome.[9] Adiponectin in combination with leptin has been shown to completely reverse insulin resistance in mice.[10]

Adiponectin is secreted into the bloodstream where it accounts for approximately 0.01% of all plasma protein at around 5-10 μg/mL (mg/L). In adults, plasma concentrations are higher in females than males, and are reduced in diabetics compared to non-diabetics. Weight reduction significantly increases circulating concentrations.[11]

Adiponectin automatically self-associates into larger structures. Initially, three adiponectin molecules bind together to form a homotrimer. The trimers continue to self-associate and form hexamers or dodecamers. Like the plasma concentration, the relative levels of the higher-order structures are sexually dimorphic, where females have increased proportions of the high-molecular weight forms. Recent studies showed that the high-molecular weight form may be the most biologically active form regarding glucose homeostasis.[12] High-molecular-weight adiponectin was further found to be associated with a lower risk of diabetes with similar magnitude of association as total adiponectin.[13] However, coronary artery disease has been found to be positively associated with high molecular weight adiponectin, but not with low molecular weight adiponectin.[14]

Adiponectin exerts some of its weight reduction effects via the brain. This is similar to the action of leptin,[15] but the two hormones perform complementary actions, and can have synergistic effects.{{clarify|date=May 2015}}

Receptors

{{Main article|Adiponectin receptor}}

Adiponectin binds to a number of receptors. So far, two receptors have been identified with homology to G protein-coupled receptors, and one receptor similar to the cadherin family:[16][17]

  • Adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1)
  • Adiponectin receptor 2 (AdipoR2)
  • T-cadherin - CDH13

These have distinct tissue specificities within the body and have different affinities to the various forms of adiponectin. The receptors affect the downstream target AMP kinase, an important cellular metabolic rate control point. Expression of the receptors is correlated with insulin levels, as well as reduced in mouse models of diabetes, particularly in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue.[18][19]. In 2016, the University of Tokyo announced it was launching an investigation into anonymously made claims of fabricated and falsified data on the identification of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2[20].

Discovery

Adiponectin was first characterised in 1995 in differentiating 3T3-L1 adipocytes (Scherer PE et al.).[21] In 1996 it was characterised in mice as the mRNA transcript most highly expressed in adipocytes[1]. In 2007, adiponectin was identified as a transcript highly expressed in preadipocytes[22] (precursors of fat cells) differentiating into adipocytes.[22][23]

The human homologue was identified as the most abundant transcript in adipose tissue. Contrary to expectations, despite being produced in adipose tissue, adiponectin was found to be decreased in obesity.[3][5][15] This downregulation has not been fully explained. The gene was localised to chromosome 3q27, a region highlighted as affecting genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes and obesity. Supplementation by differing forms of adiponectin was able to improve insulin control, blood glucose and triglyceride levels in mouse models.

The gene was investigated for variants that predispose to type 2 diabetes.[15][22][24][25][26][27] Several single nucleotide polymorphisms in the coding region and surrounding sequence were identified from several different populations, with varying prevalences, degrees of association and strength of effect on type 2 diabetes. Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, has been shown to increase adiponectin expression[28] which partly explains its beneficial effects on metabolic disturbances. Mice fed the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have shown increased plasma adiponectin.[29] Curcumin, capsaicin, gingerol, and catechins have also been found to increase adiponectin expression.[30]

Phylogenetic distribution includes expression in birds[31] and fish.[32]

Metabolic

Adiponectin effects:
  • glucose flux
    • decreased gluconeogenesis
    • increased glucose uptake[3][15][25]
  • lipid catabolism[25]
    • β-oxidation[15]
    • triglyceride clearance[15]
  • protection from endothelial dysfunction (important facet of atherosclerotic formation)
  • insulin sensitivity
  • weight loss
  • control of energy metabolism.[25]
  • upregulation of uncoupling proteins [8]
  • reduction of TNF-alpha
Regulation of adiponectin
  • Obesity is associated with decreased adiponectin.
    • The exact mechanism of regulation is unknown, but adiponectin could be regulated by post-translational mechanisms in cells.[33]

Hypoadiponectinemia

A low level of adiponectin is an independent risk factor for developing:

  • Metabolic syndrome[9]
  • Diabetes mellitus[15][22][24][26][27]

Other

Lower levels of adiponectin are associated with ADHD in adults.[34]

Adiponectin levels were found to be increased in rheumatoid arthritis patients responding to DMARDs or TNF inhibitor therapy.[35]

Exercise induced release of adiponectin increased hippocampal growth and led to antidepressive symptoms in mice.[36]

As a drug target

Circulating levels of adiponectin can indirectly be increased through lifestyle modifications and certain drugs such as statins.[37]

A small molecule adiponectin receptor AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 agonist, AdipoRon, has been reported.[38] In 2016, the University of Tokyo announced it was launching an investigation into anonymously made claims of fabricated and falsified data on AdipoR1, AdipoR2, and AdipoRon[20].

Extracts of sweet potatoes have been reported to increase levels of adiponectin and thereby improve glycemic control in humans.[39] However, a systematic review concluded there is insufficient evidence to support the consumption of sweet potatoes to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus.[40]

Adiponectin is apparently able to cross the blood-brain-barrier.[41] However, conflicting data on this issue exist.[42] Adiponectin has a half-life of 2.5 hours in humans.[43]

References

1. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Maeda K, Okubo K, Shimomura I, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y, Matsubara K | title = cDNA cloning and expression of a novel adipose specific collagen-like factor, apM1 (AdiPose Most abundant Gene transcript 1) | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 221 | issue = 2 | pages = 286–9 | date = April 1996 | pmid = 8619847 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.1996.0587 }}
2. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Shapiro L, Scherer PE | title = The crystal structure of a complement-1q family protein suggests an evolutionary link to tumor necrosis factor | journal = Current Biology | volume = 8 | issue = 6 | pages = 335–8 | date = March 1998 | pmid = 9512423 | doi = 10.1016/S0960-9822(98)70133-2 }}
3. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal | vauthors = Díez JJ, Iglesias P | title = The role of the novel adipocyte-derived hormone adiponectin in human disease | journal = European Journal of Endocrinology | volume = 148 | issue = 3 | pages = 293–300 | date = March 2003 | pmid = 12611609 | doi = 10.1530/eje.0.1480293 }}
4. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen J, Tan B, Karteris E, Zervou S, Digby J, Hillhouse EW, Vatish M, Randeva HS | title = Secretion of adiponectin by human placenta: differential modulation of adiponectin and its receptors by cytokines | journal = Diabetologia | volume = 49 | issue = 6 | pages = 1292–302 | date = June 2006 | pmid = 16570162 | doi = 10.1007/s00125-006-0194-7 }}
5. ^1 2 {{cite journal | vauthors = Ukkola O, Santaniemi M | title = Adiponectin: a link between excess adiposity and associated comorbidities? | journal = Journal of Molecular Medicine | volume = 80 | issue = 11 | pages = 696–702 | date = November 2002 | pmid = 12436346 | doi = 10.1007/s00109-002-0378-7 }}
6. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Kuo SM, Halpern MM | title = Lack of association between body mass index and plasma adiponectin levels in healthy adults | journal = International Journal of Obesity | volume = 35 | issue = 12 | pages = 1487–94 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 21364526 | doi = 10.1038/ijo.2011.20 }}
7. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Cawthorn WP, Scheller EL, Learman BS, Parlee SD, Simon BR, Mori H, Ning X, Bree AJ, Schell B, Broome DT, Soliman SS, DelProposto JL, Lumeng CN, Mitra A, Pandit SV, Gallagher KA, Miller JD, Krishnan V, Hui SK, Bredella MA, Fazeli PK, Klibanski A, Horowitz MC, Rosen CJ, MacDougald OA | title = Bone marrow adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that contributes to increased circulating adiponectin during caloric restriction | journal = Cell Metabolism | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 368–75 | date = August 2014 | pmid = 24998914 | pmc = 4126847 | doi = 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.06.003 }}
8. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Bauche IB, El Mkadem SA, Pottier AM, Senou M, Many MC, Rezsohazy R, Penicaud L, Maeda N, Funahashi T, Brichard SM | title = Overexpression of adiponectin targeted to adipose tissue in transgenic mice: impaired adipocyte differentiation | journal = Endocrinology | volume = 148 | issue = 4 | pages = 1539–49 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17204560 | doi = 10.1210/en.2006-0838 }}
9. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Renaldi O, Pramono B, Sinorita H, Purnomo LB, Asdie RH, Asdie AH | title = Hypoadiponectinemia: a risk factor for metabolic syndrome | journal = Acta Medica Indonesiana | volume = 41 | issue = 1 | pages = 20–4 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19258676 }}
10. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Waki H, Terauchi Y, Kubota N, Hara K, Mori Y, Ide T, Murakami K, Tsuboyama-Kasaoka N, Ezaki O, Akanuma Y, Gavrilova O, Vinson C, Reitman ML, Kagechika H, Shudo K, Yoda M, Nakano Y, Tobe K, Nagai R, Kimura S, Tomita M, Froguel P, Kadowaki T | title = The fat-derived hormone adiponectin reverses insulin resistance associated with both lipoatrophy and obesity | journal = Nature Medicine | volume = 7 | issue = 8 | pages = 941–6 | date = August 2001 | pmid = 11479627 | doi = 10.1038/90984 }}
11. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Coppola A, Marfella R, Coppola L, Tagliamonte E, Fontana D, Liguori E, Cirillo T, Cafiero M, Natale S, Astarita C | title = Effect of weight loss on coronary circulation and adiponectin levels in obese women | journal = International Journal of Cardiology | volume = 134 | issue = 3 | pages = 414–6 | date = May 2009 | pmid = 18378021 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.12.087 }}
12. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Oh DK, Ciaraldi T, Henry RR | title = Adiponectin in health and disease | journal = Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 282–9 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17391153 | doi = 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2006.00610.x }}
13. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhu N, Pankow JS, Ballantyne CM, Couper D, Hoogeveen RC, Pereira M, Duncan BB, Schmidt MI | title = High-molecular-weight adiponectin and the risk of type 2 diabetes in the ARIC study | journal = The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 95 | issue = 11 | pages = 5097–104 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 20719834 | pmc = 2968724 | doi = 10.1210/jc.2010-0716 }}
14. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Rizza S, Gigli F, Galli A, Micchelini B, Lauro D, Lauro R, Federici M | title = Adiponectin isoforms in elderly patients with or without coronary artery disease | journal = Journal of the American Geriatrics Society | volume = 58 | issue = 4 | pages = 702–6 | date = April 2010 | pmid = 20398150 | doi = 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.02773.x }}
15. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite journal | vauthors = Nedvídková J, Smitka K, Kopský V, Hainer V | title = Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived protein | journal = Physiological Research | volume = 54 | issue = 2 | pages = 133–40 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15544426 | doi = | url = http://www.biomed.cas.cz/physiolres/pdf/54/54_133.pdf }}
16. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Ito Y, Tsuchida A, Yokomizo T, Kita S, Sugiyama T, Miyagishi M, Hara K, Tsunoda M, Murakami K, Ohteki T, Uchida S, Takekawa S, Waki H, Tsuno NH, Shibata Y, Terauchi Y, Froguel P, Tobe K, Koyasu S, Taira K, Kitamura T, Shimizu T, Nagai R, Kadowaki T | title = Cloning of adiponectin receptors that mediate antidiabetic metabolic effects | journal = Nature | volume = 423 | issue = 6941 | pages = 762–9 | date = June 2003 | pmid = 12802337 | doi = 10.1038/nature01705 }}
17. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Hug C, Wang J, Ahmad NS, Bogan JS, Tsao TS, Lodish HF | title = T-cadherin is a receptor for hexameric and high-molecular-weight forms of Acrp30/adiponectin | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 101 | issue = 28 | pages = 10308–13 | date = July 2004 | pmid = 15210937 | pmc = 478568 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0403382101 }}
18. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Fang X, Sweeney G | title = Mechanisms regulating energy metabolism by adiponectin in obesity and diabetes | journal = Biochemical Society Transactions | volume = 34 | issue = Pt 5 | pages = 798–801 | date = November 2006 | pmid = 17052201 | doi = 10.1042/BST0340798 }}
19. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Bonnard C, Durand A, Vidal H, Rieusset J | title = Changes in adiponectin, its receptors and AMPK activity in tissues of diet-induced diabetic mice | journal = Diabetes & Metabolism | volume = 34 | issue = 1 | pages = 52–61 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 18222103 | doi = 10.1016/j.diabet.2007.09.006 }}
20. ^1 University of Tokyo to investigate data manipulation charges against six prominent research groups ScienceInsider, Dennis Normile, Sep 20, 2016
21. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Scherer PE, Williams S, Fogliano M, Baldini G, Lodish HF | title = A novel serum protein similar to C1q, produced exclusively in adipocytes | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 270 | issue = 45 | pages = 26746–9 | date = November 1995 | pmid = 7592907 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.45.26746 }}
22. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal | vauthors = Lara-Castro C, Fu Y, Chung BH, Garvey WT | title = Adiponectin and the metabolic syndrome: mechanisms mediating risk for metabolic and cardiovascular disease | journal = Current Opinion in Lipidology | volume = 18 | issue = 3 | pages = 263–70 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17495599 | doi = 10.1097/MOL.0b013e32814a645f }}
23. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Matsuzawa Y, Funahashi T, Kihara S, Shimomura I | title = Adiponectin and metabolic syndrome | journal = Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–33 | date = January 2004 | pmid = 14551151 | doi = 10.1161/01.ATV.0000099786.99623.EF }}
24. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Hara K, Yamauchi T, Kadowaki T | title = Adiponectin: an adipokine linking adipocytes and type 2 diabetes in humans | journal = Current Diabetes Reports | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 136–40 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15794918 | doi = 10.1007/s11892-005-0041-0 }}
25. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal | vauthors = Vasseur F, Leprêtre F, Lacquemant C, Froguel P | title = The genetics of adiponectin | journal = Current Diabetes Reports | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 151–8 | date = April 2003 | pmid = 12728641 | doi = 10.1007/s11892-003-0039-4 }}
26. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Hug C, Lodish HF | title = The role of the adipocyte hormone adiponectin in cardiovascular disease | journal = Current Opinion in Pharmacology | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 129–34 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15780820 | doi = 10.1016/j.coph.2005.01.001 }}
27. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Vasseur F, Meyre D, Froguel P | title = Adiponectin, type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome: lessons from human genetic studies | journal = Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine | volume = 8 | issue = 27 | pages = 1–12 | date = November 2006 | pmid = 17112391 | doi = 10.1017/S1462399406000147 }}
28. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Choi BH, Kim YH, Ahn IS, Ha JH, Byun JM, Do MS | title = The inhibition of inflammatory molecule expression on 3T3-L1 adipocytes by berberine is not mediated by leptin signaling | journal = Nutrition Research and Practice | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 84–8 | year = 2009 | pmid = 20016706 | pmc = 2788178 | doi = 10.4162/nrp.2009.3.2.84 }}
29. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Grimshaw CE, Matthews DA, Varughese KI, Skinner M, Xuong NH, Bray T, Hoch J, Whiteley JM | title = Characterization and nucleotide binding properties of a mutant dihydropteridine reductase containing an aspartate 37-isoleucine replacement | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 267 | issue = 22 | pages = 15334–9 | date = August 1992 | pmid = 1639779 | doi = }}
30. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Nigro E, Scudiero O, Monaco ML, Palmieri A, Mazzarella G, Costagliola C, Bianco A, Daniele A | title = New insight into adiponectin role in obesity and obesity-related diseases | journal = BioMed Research International | volume = 2014 | issue = | pages = 1–14 | year = 2014 | pmid = 25110685 | pmc = 4109424 | doi = 10.1155/2014/658913 }}
31. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Yuan J, Liu W, Liu ZL, Li N | title = cDNA cloning, genomic structure, chromosomal mapping and expression analysis of ADIPOQ (adiponectin) in chicken | journal = Cytogenetic and Genome Research | volume = 112 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 148–51 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16276104 | doi = 10.1159/000087527 }}
32. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Nishio S, Gibert Y, Bernard L, Brunet F, Triqueneaux G, Laudet V | title = Adiponectin and adiponectin receptor genes are coexpressed during zebrafish embryogenesis and regulated by food deprivation | journal = Developmental Dynamics | volume = 237 | issue = 6 | pages = 1682–90 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18489000 | doi = 10.1002/dvdy.21559 }}
33. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu M, Liu F | title = Up- and down-regulation of adiponectin expression and multimerization: mechanisms and therapeutic implication | journal = Biochimie | volume = 94 | issue = 10 | pages = 2126–30 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 22342903 | pmc = 3542391 | doi = 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.01.008 }}
34. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Mavroconstanti T, Halmøy A, Haavik J | title = Decreased serum levels of adiponectin in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | journal = Psychiatry Research | volume = 216 | issue = 1 | pages = 123–30 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24559850 | doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.01.025 }}
35. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Kim KS, Choi HM, Ji HI, Song R, Yang HI, Lee SK, Yoo MC, Park YB | title = Serum adipokine levels in rheumatoid arthritis patients and their contributions to the resistance to treatment | journal = Molecular Medicine Reports | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 255–60 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24173909 | doi = 10.3892/mmr.2013.1764 | url = http://www.spandidos-publications.com/mmr/9/1/255 }}
36. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Yau SY, Li A, Hoo RL, Ching YP, Christie BR, Lee TM, Xu A, So KF | title = Physical exercise-induced hippocampal neurogenesis and antidepressant effects are mediated by the adipocyte hormone adiponectin | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 111 | issue = 44 | pages = 15810–5 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25331877 | pmc = 4226125 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1415219111 }}
37. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Lim S, Quon MJ, Koh KK | title = Modulation of adiponectin as a potential therapeutic strategy | journal = Atherosclerosis | volume = 233 | issue = 2 | pages = 721–8 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24603219 | doi = 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.01.051 }}
38. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Okada-Iwabu M, Yamauchi T, Iwabu M, Honma T, Hamagami K, Matsuda K, Yamaguchi M, Tanabe H, Kimura-Someya T, Shirouzu M, Ogata H, Tokuyama K, Ueki K, Nagano T, Tanaka A, Yokoyama S, Kadowaki T | title = A small-molecule AdipoR agonist for type 2 diabetes and short life in obesity | journal = Nature | volume = 503 | issue = 7477 | pages = 493–9 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24172895 | doi = 10.1038/nature12656 }}
39. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Ludvik B, Hanefeld M, Pacini G | title = Improved metabolic control by Ipomoea batatas (Caiapo) is associated with increased adiponectin and decreased fibrinogen levels in type 2 diabetic subjects | journal = Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism | volume = 10 | issue = 7 | pages = 586–92 | date = July 2008 | pmid = 17645559 | doi = 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2007.00752.x }}
40. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Ooi CP, Loke SC | title = Sweet potato for type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 9 | issue = 9 | pages = CD009128 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 24000051 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009128.pub3 }}
41. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Yau SY, Li A, Hoo RL, Ching YP, Christie BR, Lee TM, Xu A, So KF | title = Physical exercise-induced hippocampal neurogenesis and antidepressant effects are mediated by the adipocyte hormone adiponectin | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 111 | issue = 44 | pages = 15810–5 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25331877 | pmc = 4226125 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1415219111 }}
42. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Spranger J, Verma S, Göhring I, Bobbert T, Seifert J, Sindler AL, Pfeiffer A, Hileman SM, Tschöp M, Banks WA | title = Adiponectin does not cross the blood-brain barrier but modifies cytokine expression of brain endothelial cells | journal = Diabetes | volume = 55 | issue = 1 | pages = 141–7 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16380487 | doi = 10.2337/diabetes.55.1.141 }}
43. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Hoffstedt J, Arvidsson E, Sjölin E, Wåhlén K, Arner P | title = Adipose tissue adiponectin production and adiponectin serum concentration in human obesity and insulin resistance | journal = The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 89 | issue = 3 | pages = 1391–6 | date = March 2004 | pmid = 15001639 | doi = 10.1210/jc.2003-031458 }}

External links

  • {{UCSC gene info|ADIPOQ}}
{{Hormones}}{{Signaling peptide/protein receptor modulators}}

4 : Adiponectin receptor agonists|Peptide hormones|Proteins|Obesity
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