| 词条 | Synod of Hippo |
| 释义 |
The Synod of Hippo refers to the synod of 393 which was hosted in Hippo Regius in northern Africa during the early Christian Church. Additional synods were held in 394, 397, 401 and 426. Some were attended by Augustine of Hippo. The synod of 393 is best known for two distinct acts. First, for the first time a council of bishops listed and approved a Christian Biblical canon that corresponds to the modern Catholic canon while falling short of the Orthodox canon (including the books classed by Catholics as deuterocanonical books and by Protestants as Apocrypha). The canon was later approved at the Council of Carthage (397) pending ratification by the "Church across the sea", that is, the See of Rome.[1] Previous councils had approved similar, but slightly different, canons. The council also reaffirmed the apostolic origin of the requirement of clerical continence and reasserted it as a requirement for all the ordained, in addition requiring that all members of a person's household must be Christian before that person can be ordained.[2][3] Rules regarding clerical succession were also clarified at the Synod,[4] as well as certain liturgical considerations.[5] Canonical scripturesThe canonical scriptures are listed in Canon xxxvi as follows: {{quotation|Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua the son of Nun, The Judges, Ruth, Kings iv books, The Chronicles ii books, Job, the Psalter, five books of Solomon, the Twelve Books of the Prophets, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezechiel, Daniel, Tobit, Judith, Esther, Ezra ii books, Maccabees ii books.Of the New Testament: The Gospels iv books, Acts of the Apostles i book, Epistles of Paul xiv, Epistles of Peter, the Apostle ii, Epistles of John the Apostle iii, Epistles of James the Apostle i, one of Epistle of Jude the Apostle, Revelation of John, i.[6]}} The "five books of Solomon", according to Augustine, were Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Wisdom of Solomon, and Ecclesiasticus.[7] In the De doctrina christiana, Augustine explains the relation between the two books of Ezra/Esdras and its separation with the Chronicles (partly included in the Septuagint's 1 Esdras): "...and the two of Ezra, which last look more like a sequel to the continuous regular history which terminates with the books of Kings and Chronicles."[8] Notes1. ^{{citation|last=Francis|first=Havey|contribution=African Synods|title=The Catholic Encyclopedia|publisher=Robert Appleton Company|location=New York|year=1907|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01199a.htm|accessdate=2013-03-01}} {{Biblical canon}}{{Authority control}}2. ^{{citation|last1=Schaff|first1=Philip|authorlink1=Philip Schaff|last2=Wace|first2=Henry|authorlink2=Henry Wace (priest)|title=The Seven Ecumenical Councils|url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.xv.iv.iv.xxxvii.html|series=Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Second Series|volume=XIV|publisher=William B Eerdmans Publishing Company|location=Grand Rapids|chapter=Cannon XXXVI|accessdate=2013-03-01}} 3. ^{{citation|last=Schrader|first=Charles|date=October 1936|title=The Historical Development of the Papal Monarchy|journal=The Catholic Historical Review|publisher=Catholic University of America Press|volume=22|issue=3|pages=259–282|issn=0008-8080|jstor=25013503}} 4. ^{{citation|last=Beaver|first=R Pierce|date=June 1936|title=The Organization of the Church of Africa on the Eve of the Vandal Invasion|journal=Church History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=5|issue=2|pages=168–181|issn=0009-6407|jstor=3160527|doi=10.2307/3160527}} 5. ^{{citation|last=Shepherd|first=Massey Jr.|year=1961|title=The Formation and Influence of Antiochene Liturgy|journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|volume=15|pages=23+25–44|issn=0070-7546|jstor=1291174|doi=10.2307/1291174}} 6. ^{{citation |chapter-url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.xv.iv.iv.xxv.html |chapter=Canon XXIV. (Greek xxvii.) |publisher=Christian Classics Ethereal Library |title=The Canons of the 217 Blessed Fathers who assembled at Carthage}} 7. ^http://www.bible-researcher.com/carthage.html 8. ^Augustine of Hippo. On Christian Doctrine. Book II, Chapter 8. 6 : 4th-century Christian church councils|5th-century Christian church councils|393|390s in the Roman Empire|Development of the Christian biblical canon|Annaba |
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