“Fayette County, Pennsylvania”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The southern border of Fayette County is also the southern border of Pennsylvania at both the Pennsylvania–Maryland state line (Mason–Dixon line) and the Pennsylvania–West Virginia state line.

History

The first Europeans in Fayette County were explorers, who had used an ancient American Indian trail that bisected the county on their journey across the Appalachian Mountains. In 1754, when control of the area was still in dispute between France and Great Britain, 22-year-old George Washington fought against the French at the Battle of Jumonville Glen and Fort Necessity. British forces under Washington and General Edward Braddock improved roads throughout the region, making the future Fayette County an important supply route.

During the American Revolution, Fayette County was plagued by attacks from British-allied Indians and remained isolated as a frontier region. Also retarding settlement was a border dispute with Virginia; Virginia's District of West Augusta and Pennsylvania's Westmoreland County both claimed the area. In 1780 the dispute was settled by the federal government in favor of Pennsylvania, and Fayette County was formed from Westmoreland County in 1783.

Fayette County settlers provided the new United States government with an early test of authority in the 1793 Whiskey Rebellion, when farmers rebelled against tax collectors to protest a new liquor tax. President George Washington called out the militias to restore order. However, they were talked out of any violent action by owner of Friendship Hill and future Secretary of the Treasury, Albert Gallatin. Fayette County continued to be important to travelers in the early 1800s. The National Road provided a route through the mountains of the county for settlers heading west. The shipyards in Brownsville on the Monongahela River built ships for both the domestic and international trade.

As Pittsburgh developed its industries in the mid-19th century, Fayette County become a center of coal mining and coke production. From the 1880s to the early 1900s, the area's great expansion in steel production became nationally important, and labor unions shaped national policies. Both new European immigrants and African Americans in the Great Migration from the rural South were attracted to the Pittsburgh area for industrial jobs. The historic Scottish and German farming communities established in the earlier 19th century were soon overshadowed by the wave of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe. The region's wealth has been concentrated largely among the old English and Scottish families who had established businesses and political power in Pittsburgh prior to and in the advent of industrialization, often building the new manufacturing concerns, as did Andrew Carnegie.

By World War II, Fayette County had a new unionized working class that enjoyed increased prosperity. In the 1950s, however, the coal industry fell into decline. In the 1970s, the restructuring and collapse of American steel resulted in a massive loss of industrial jobs and hard times in the area. The population has declined since the peak in 1940, as residents have had to move elsewhere for work. The loss of union jobs caused many working families to drop out of the middle class. Only a few mines are being worked in the 21st century, but natural resources remain crucial to the local economy. The region is slowly transitioning toward the service sector, with an increase in jobs in fields such as telemarketing.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of {{convert|798|sqmi}}, of which {{convert|790|sqmi}} is land and {{convert|8.0|sqmi}} (1.0%) is water.^[4] The western portion of the county contains rolling foothills and two valleys along the Monongahela and Youghiogheny rivers. The eastern portion of the county is highly mountainous and forested. Many coal mines are located within the area.^[5]

Adjacent counties

National protected areas

Demographics

As of the 2010 census,^[11] there were 136,606 people, 59,969 households, and 41,198 families residing in the county. The population density was 188 people per square mile (73/km²). There were 66,490 housing units at an average density of 84 per square mile (32/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 93.30% White, 4.71% Black or African American, 0.11% Native American, 0.22% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.11% from other races, and 2.33% from two or more races. 1.38% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 19.8% were of German, 13.2% Italian, 11.4% Irish, 9.2% American, 8.4% Polish, 7.9% English and 6.6% Slovak ancestry.

There were 59,969 households out of which 28.70% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.80% were married couples living together, 12.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.30% were non-families. 28.00% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.96.

In the county, the population was spread out with 22.70% under the age of 18, 7.70% from 18 to 24, 27.20% from 25 to 44, 24.20% from 45 to 64, and 18.10% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.60 males.

A study released in 2009 by PathWays PA, in partnership with the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, found that 35% of families in Fayette County were economically distressed, that is, failing to earn a wage that would adequately provide food, shelter, child care, health care, and other basic necessities.^[12]

According to research by The Center for Rural Pennsylvania, which is a legislative Agency of the Pennsylvania General Assembly, the poverty rate for Fayette County was 20.2% in 2014.^[13] The statewide poverty rate was 13.6% in 2014. The 2012 childhood poverty rate by school district was: Albert Gallatin Area School District – 61.4%, Brownsville Area School District – 64.7%, Connellsville Area School District – 55.7%, Frazier School District – 40.5%, Laurel Highlands School District – 59.9% and Uniontown Area School District – 55.1% of pupils living at 185% or below than the Federal Poverty Level.^[14]

Fayette County's live birth rate was 1,877 births in 1990. The Fayette County's live birth rate in 2000 was 1,538 births, while in 2011 it had declined to 1,366 babies.^[15] Over the past 50 years (1960 to 2010), rural Pennsylvania saw a steady decline in both the number and proportion of residents under 18 years old. In 1960, 1.06 million rural residents, or 35 percent of the rural population, were children. While Fayette is included in the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, 47.9% of the population in 2010 was designated as rural by the U.S. Census Bureau.^[16]

Government

The County of Fayette is governed by a three-member publicly elected commission. The three commissioners serve in both executive and legislative capacities. By state law, the commission must have a minority party member, guaranteeing a political split. Each member serves a four-year term. Current commissioners are Democrat Vince Vicites and Republicans David Lohr and Angela Zimmerlink.

In October 2015, Sidney Bush, the first African American elected to county office, was sworn in as controller. He is a longtime county employee.^[17]

The Fayette County Court of Common Pleas serves as the primary judicial arm in the region. Judges are elected to ten-year terms in accordance with Commonwealth law. Additionally, district judges serve throughout the county and rule on minor offenses. Current judges are President Judge John F. Wagner, Jr., Steve P. Leskinen, Nancy Vernon, Linda Cordaro, and Joseph M. George, Jr.^[18]

Politics

As of November 2008, there were 91,386 registered voters in Fayette County.^[20]

Fayette County tends to be Democratic-leaning in statewide and national elections. While Democratic politics are entrenched because of a strong union history, the county is generally socially conservative. Along with the rest of Western Pennsylvania, the county has been trending steadily towards the Republicans since 1996.^[21] At the presidential level, the Democratic candidate won by over 15 points in every election from 1932 to 2000 except 1972, usually winning by 25 points or more. Since then, the Republican party has continued to improve in each successive election, and the Republican nominee won the county in 2008 and 2012 even as Barack Obama carried the state and the nation. In 2016, Republican Donald Trump won the county by a massive margin of 31 points, carrying the county 64-33.

State representatives^[22]

State senator^[22]

U.S. Representative

U.S. Senators

Education

Colleges and universities

Public school districts

In October 2015, Pennsylvania Auditor General Eugene DePasquale reported that 23 public schools in the County are among the 561 academically challenged schools that have been overlooked by the Pennsylvania Department of Education.^[24]^[25] He also reported the Pennsylvania Department of Education failed to take any action to remediate the poorly performing schools to raise student academic achievement or to provide them with targeted professional assistance.^[26] The failing schools were operated by: Albert Gallatin Area School District 4 schools; Brownsville Area School District 3 schools; Connellsville Area School District 9 schools; Laurel Highlands School District 4 schools and Uniontown Area School District 3 schools.

Fifteen (15) public schools in Fayette County were on the bottom 15% academic achievement schools list published by the Pennsylvania Department of Education each school year. Students attending these schools may be eligible for Opportunity Scholarships to attend a better performing school in a neighboring school district or a private school.^[27] The scholarships are limited to those students whose family's income is less than $60,000 annually, with another $12,000 allowed per dependent. Maximum scholarship award is $8,500, with special education students receiving up to $15,000 for a year's tuition. Parents pay any difference between the scholarship amount and the receiving school's tuition rate. Funding for the scholarships comes from donations by businesses which receive a state tax credit for donating. In 2015, Albert Gallatin Area School District had 5 schools on the list. Brownsville Area School District 3 schools on the statewide lowest achievement list. Connellsville Area School District 5 of its elementary schools on the list. Uniontown Area School District 2 schools: Lafayette Elementary School and Lafayette Middle School on the lowest achievement list.^[28]

The Pennsylvania House of Representatives ordered school district consolidation study, which was performed by The Education Management Group, LLC. It was provoked by a 14.30% decline of the 2000–01 pupil population in the County's six public school districts by 2011. Multiple state projections found a continual decline over the next ten years due to a declining birth rate.^[29] Fayette County has two Career and Technology Centers that appear to overlap. If the Connellsville Career and Technical Center were eliminated, the savings in salaries and benefits alone would be significantly greater than $2 million, not counting the savings in utilities from closure of the facility. Savings was projected to be in the tens of million each year, largely due to shedding duplicate administration positions.^[30] By 2015, no Fayette County public school district consolidations had occurred.

Public cyber charter schools

Students may attend any of the 13 public cyber charter schools operating in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 2015.^[31]^[32] The cyber charter schools provide the pupil with a computer and internet access, as well as, other materials needed. As with all public schools in Pennsylvania, students must participate in the annual school testing of the Pennsylvania System of School Assessments (PSSAs) (3rd–8th grades) or the Keystone Exams (9th–12th grades).

Private schools

Intermediate unit

Fayette County is served by Intermediate Unit #1 which provides a wide variety of services to public, charter and private schools in the region. Early screening, special educations services, speech and hearing therapy and driver education are available. Services for children during the preschool years are provided without cost to their families when the child is determined to meet eligibility requirements. The IU1 also provides the state mandated multiple background screenings for potential school employees. A variety of professional development services are also available to the schools' employees.

Transportation

While Fayette County is a generally rural area and is not directly tied into the interstate system, it features four-lane access to the city of Pittsburgh and several of its major suburban areas. State highway plans call for the establishment of direct freeway connections with Pittsburgh to the north and Morgantown, West Virginia to the south.

Major highways

Public transportation

The primary provider of mass transportation within the region is Fayette Area Coordinated Transportation, which features local bus routes as well as four times-daily commuter service to Pittsburgh. Amtrak rail service along the Chicago-to-Washington-via-Cleveland Capitol Limited route stops at Connellsville Station. General aviation services are also provided at the Joseph A. Hardy Connellsville Airport.

Municipalities

Under Pennsylvania law, there are four types of incorporated municipalities: cities, boroughs, townships, and, in at most two cases, towns. The following cities, boroughs and townships are located in Fayette County:

Cities

Boroughs

Townships

Census-designated places

Census-designated places are geographical areas designated by the U.S. Census Bureau for the purposes of compiling demographic data. They are not actual jurisdictions under Pennsylvania law. Other unincorporated communities, such as villages, may be listed here as well.

Unincorporated communities

Population ranking

The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2010 census of Fayette County.^[34]

Fixtures

Notable people

In popular culture

In 1967 Uniontown was the birthplace of the McDonald’s Big Mac sandwich.^[42]^[43]

Marcellus shale impact fee

In 2014, Fayette County received an impact fee disbursement of $1,327,202.57. The top county recipient statewide was Washington County which received $6,512,570.65 in 2014.^[44] In 2014, there were 207 marcellus shale wells in Fayette County.^[45]

Fayette County is also crisscrossed (both north-south and east-west) by several major gas transmission pipelines operated by Texas Eastern.^[49]^[50] Unlike other states, under Pennsylvania state tax policy, natural gas and oil pipelines are exempted from property taxes.^[51]^[52] Pipeline companies prohibit development within the 100-foot-wide right-of-way, thereby limiting future development options for the landowner. This limits future potential property tax revenues for the local taxing entities including the county, the boroughs and the school districts, by constraining future land development.^[53]

See also

References

1. ^¹{{cite web|title=State & County QuickFacts|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/42/42051.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=November 17, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/603wYKUml?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/42/42051.html|archivedate=July 10, 2011|df=}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |accessdate=June 7, 2011 |title=Find a County |publisher=National Association of Counties |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6YQozzgAf?url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |archivedate=May 10, 2015 |df= }}
3. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9V1IAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA124#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States|publisher=Govt. Print. Off.|author=Gannett, Henry|year=1905|pages=124}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/counties_list_42.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=March 5, 2015|date=August 22, 2012|title=2010 Census Gazetteer Files}}
5. ^Coal Miners Memorial Echo Mine, Fayette City, Fayette Co., PA, U.S.A {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707140257/http://patheoldminer.rootsweb.ancestry.com/fayecho1.html|date=July 7, 2011}}. Patheoldminer.rootsweb.ancestry.com (December 17, 2009). Retrieved on July 23, 2013.
6. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2017.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|accessdate=October 14, 2018}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=U.S. Decennial Census|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=March 5, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|archivedate=May 12, 2015|df=}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu|title=Historical Census Browser|publisher=University of Virginia Library|accessdate=March 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69xTph0V8?url=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/|archivedate=August 16, 2012|df=}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/pa190090.txt|title=Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990|publisher=United States Census Bureau|editor-last=Forstall|editor-first=Richard L.|date=March 24, 1995|accessdate=March 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320031117/http://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/pa190090.txt|archivedate=March 20, 2015|df=}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf|title=Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000|publisher=United States Census Bureau|date=April 2, 2001|accessdate=March 5, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218203824/http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf|archivedate=December 18, 2014|df=}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=January 31, 2008|title=American FactFinder|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov/|archivedate=September 11, 2013|df=}}
12. ^{{cite news|title=Poverty worse in Pa. than reported: study|first=Bill|last=Zlatos|work=Pittsburgh Tribune-Review|date=May 12, 2009|url=http://pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/s_624723.html|accessdate=May 13, 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120717070803/http://pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/s_624723.html|archivedate=July 17, 2012|df=}}
13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rural.palegislature.us/demographics_datagram_poverty_rates_pa.html |title=Poverty Rates by County Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates |author=US Census Bureau |date=2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222160346/http://www.rural.palegislature.us/demographics_datagram_poverty_rates_pa.html |archivedate=December 22, 2015 |df= }}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://pennbpc.org/education-facts-school-poverty-data|title=Student Poverty Concentration 2012|author1=Pennsylvania Budget|author2=Policy Center|year=2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222111504/http://pennbpc.org/education-facts-school-poverty-data|archivedate=December 22, 2015|df=}}
15. ^Pennsylvania Department of Health, Birth Age County Reports 1990 and 2011, 2011
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/reference/ua/PctUrbanRural_County.txt|title=Percent Urban and Rural By County|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=August 12, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115182037/http://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/reference/ua/PctUrbanRural_County.txt|archivedate=January 15, 2016|df=}}
17. ^Alyssa Choiniere, "First African American to hold county office sworn in" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509215552/https://www.heraldstandard.com/news/local_news/first-african-american-to-hold-county-office-sworn-in/article_32e6e5f6-c1fa-52b7-953e-14bf60bad9f2.html|date=May 9, 2018}}, Herald-Standard, October 8, 2015; accessed July 6, 2016
18. ^Fayette County Election Bureau
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS|title=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections|first=David|last=Leip|date=|website=uselectionatlas.org|accessdate=May 9, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323225526/https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/|archivedate=March 23, 2018|df=}}
20. ^Running for Office {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126213316/http://www.dos.state.pa.us/elections/lib/elections/055_voter_registration_statistics/currentstats/currentvotestats.xls|date=November 26, 2008}}. Dos.state.pa.us. Retrieved on July 23, 2013.
21. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.politicspa.com/msnbc-examines-western-pas-red-trend-videos/75627/ | title=MSNBC Examines Western PA’s Red Trend (VIDEOS) | publisher=PoliticsPA | date=May 23, 2016 | accessdate=August 30, 2016 | author=Field, Nick | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911142352/http://www.politicspa.com/msnbc-examines-western-pas-red-trend-videos/75627/ | archivedate=September 11, 2016 | df= }}
22. ^¹{{Cite web|url=http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/home/findyourlegislator/county_list.cfm?CNTYLIST=Fayette|title=Find Your Legislator|last=Center|first=Legislativate Data Processing|website=The official website for the Pennsylvania General Assembly.|language=en|access-date=April 26, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504004655/http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/home/findyourlegislator/county_list.cfm?CNTYLIST=FAYETTE|archivedate=May 4, 2017|df=}}
23. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/home/findyourlegislator/county_list.cfm?CNTYLIST=Fayette |title=Fayette County PA Legislators |author=Pennsylvania General Assembly |year=2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504004655/http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/home/findyourlegislator/county_list.cfm?CNTYLIST=FAYETTE |archivedate=May 4, 2017 |df= }}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.paauditor.gov/Media/Default/Print/PDE_Map_School_List_By_County_100515_FINAL.pdf |title=561 Academically Challenged Schools Overlooked by the Department of Education |author=Pennsylvania Auditor General Office |date=October 6, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118221637/http://www.paauditor.gov/Media/Default/Print/PDE_Map_School_List_By_County_100515_FINAL.pdf |archivedate=November 18, 2015 |df= }}
25. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dailyitem.com/news/schools-in-valley-jilted-audit-reveals/article_33232252-6d6d-11e5-b895-8b4cf2ee48ee.html |title=8 schools in Valley jilted, audit reveals |author=Joe Sylvester |publisher=The Daily Item|date=October 7, 2015}}
26. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.paauditor.gov/Media/Default/Reports/Performance%20Audit%20of%20the%20Pennsylvania%20Department%20of%20Education%2010-5-15.pdf |title=Special Performance Audit Report - Pennsylvania Department of Education |author=Pennsylvania Auditor General Office |date=October 7, 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118222715/http://www.paauditor.gov/Media/Default/Reports/Performance%20Audit%20of%20the%20Pennsylvania%20Department%20of%20Education%2010-5-15.pdf |archivedate=November 18, 2015 |df= }}
27. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.newpa.com/find-incentives-apply-for-funding/ostc-faq |title=Opportunity Scholarship Tax Credit Program FAQ |author=Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development |date=April 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006104041/http://www.newpa.com/find-incentives-apply-for-funding/ostc-faq |archivedate=October 6, 2014 |df= }}
28. ^PDE, 2015-16 OSTCP - List of Low Achieving School, May 2015
29. ^PDE, Enrollments and Projections by LEA and School, July 2011
30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.pahouse.com/files/Documents/2015-02-03_12-21-52__Fayette%20County%20Merger%20Study%20Final-10%2019.pdf |title=Fiscal Assessment Study for Proposed Merger of Fayette County School Districts |author=The Education Management Group, LLC. |date=September 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905172156/http://www.pahouse.com/files/Documents/2015-02-03_12-21-52__Fayette%20County%20Merger%20Study%20Final-10%2019.pdf |archivedate=September 5, 2015 |df= }}
31. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.education.pa.gov/Documents/K-12/Charter%20Schools/2015-16%20Charter%20and%20Cyber%20Charter%20Schools.pdf |title=Charter Schools and Cyber Charter Schools 2015-16 |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |year=2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307222431/http://www.education.pa.gov/Documents/K-12/Charter%20Schools/2015-16%20Charter%20and%20Cyber%20Charter%20Schools.pdf |archivedate=March 7, 2016 |df= }}
32. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.education.pa.gov/K-12/Charter%20Schools/Pages/default.aspx#.Vt1jMCh1PzI |title=Charter Schools |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |year=2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728060847/http://www.education.pa.gov/K-12/Charter%20Schools/Pages/default.aspx#.Vt1jMCh1PzI |archivedate=July 28, 2016 |df= }}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1201600,New+Haven|title=GNIS Account Login|author=|date=|website=geonames.usgs.gov|accessdate=May 9, 2018}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/2010census/|title=Archived copy|accessdate=May 25, 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6M1KRmETR?url=http://www.census.gov/2010census/|archivedate=December 21, 2013|df=}}
35. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/fone/ |title=Fort Necessity National Battlefield |publisher=National Park Service |accessdate=September 15, 2007 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001193231/http://www.nps.gov/fone/ |archivedate=October 1, 2007 |df= }}
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fayettetrust.org/French---Indian-War.html |title=The French and Indian War |publisher = Fayette County Cultural Trust |accessdate=January 27, 2012}}
37. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalroadpa.org/tollhouses_bridges.html |title=Bridges & Toll Houses |publisher=National Road Heritage Corridor |accessdate=January 27, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405132501/http://www.nationalroadpa.org/tollhouses_bridges.html |archivedate=April 5, 2012 |df= }}
38. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/fone/photosmultimedia/Mount-Washington-Tavern-Gallery.htm |title=Mount Washington Tavern |publisher=National Park Service |accessdate=January 27, 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106051048/http://www.nps.gov/fone/photosmultimedia/Mount-Washington-Tavern-Gallery.htm |archivedate=January 6, 2012 |df= }}
39. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/valleyindependent/news/s_157992.html |title=Wheel project makes grist mill complete |publisher=Valley Independent |accessdate=January 27, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040620215606/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/valleyindependent/news/s_157992.html |archivedate=June 20, 2004 |df= }}
40. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.wpconline.org/fallingwaterhome.htm |title=Fallingwater |publisher=Western Pennsylvania Conservancy |accessdate=September 15, 2007 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927090602/http://www.wpconline.org/fallingwaterhome.htm |archivedate=September 27, 2007 |df= }}
41. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/frhi/ |title=Friendship Hill National Historic Site (Estate of Albert Gallatin) |publisher=National Park Service |accessdate=September 15, 2007 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820024857/http://www.nps.gov/frhi/ |archivedate=August 20, 2007 |df= }}
42. ^www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ McDonald's Celebrates 40 Years {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517151330/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/mcdonaldsr-celebrates-40-years-serving-twoallbeefpattiesspecialsaucelettucecheesepicklesonionsonasesameseedbunr-58510247.html |date=May 17, 2014 }} PR Newswire, Official McDonald’s News release, August 22, 2007
43. ^{{cite web |url=http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/BigMac.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=November 13, 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515184604/http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/BigMac.html |archivedate=May 15, 2013 |df= }} Big Mac History
44. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.act13-reporting.puc.pa.gov/Modules/PublicReporting/Overview.aspx |title=Disbursements and Impact Fees 2014 |author=Pennsylvania Utility Commission |year=2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115032155/https://www.act13-reporting.puc.pa.gov/Modules/PublicReporting/Overview.aspx |archivedate=November 15, 2016 |df= }}
45. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.act13-reporting.puc.pa.gov/Modules/PublicReporting/Overview.aspx |title=County Well Count Breakdown for 2014 |author=Pennsylvania Utility Commission |year=2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115032155/https://www.act13-reporting.puc.pa.gov/Modules/PublicReporting/Overview.aspx |archivedate=November 15, 2016 |df= }}
46. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.act13-reporting.puc.pa.gov/Modules/Reports/ReportViewer.aspx?rptPath=/Act%2013/CountyReport |title=Fayette County Total distribution for year 2013 |author=Pennsylvania Utility Commission |year=2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112133739/https://www.act13-reporting.puc.pa.gov/Modules/Reports/ReportViewer.aspx?rptPath=%2FAct%2013%2FCountyReport |archivedate=November 12, 2017 |df= }}
47. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.act13-reporting.puc.pa.gov/Modules/Reports/ReportViewer.aspx?rptPath=/Act%2013/CountyReport |title=Fayette County Total distribution for year 2012 |author=Pennsylvania Utility Commission |year=2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112133739/https://www.act13-reporting.puc.pa.gov/Modules/Reports/ReportViewer.aspx?rptPath=%2FAct%2013%2FCountyReport |archivedate=November 12, 2017 |df= }}
48. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.act13-reporting.puc.pa.gov/Modules/Reports/ReportViewer.aspx?rptPath=/Act%2013/CountyReport |title=Fayette County Total distribution for year 2011 |author=Pennsylvania Utility Commission |year=2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112133739/https://www.act13-reporting.puc.pa.gov/Modules/Reports/ReportViewer.aspx?rptPath=%2FAct%2013%2FCountyReport |archivedate=November 12, 2017 |df= }}
49. ^Keystone Energy Forum, PA Gas Transmission by County, 2013
50. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/pennsylvania/ng-pipelines.pdf |title=Pennsylvania Energy Impacts Assessment Natural Gas Pipelines |author1=Nels Johnson |author2=Tamara Gagnolet |author3=Rachel Ralls |author4=Jessica Stevens |date=December 16, 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101171524/http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/pennsylvania/ng-pipelines.pdf |archivedate=January 1, 2017 |df= }}
51. ^{{cite web |url=https://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/2015/06/11/new-pipeline-could-mean-tax-bonanza-for-nj-towns-but-for-pa-not-so-much/ |title=New pipeline could mean tax bonanza for NJ towns, but for Pa.? Not so much |author=Katie Colaneri |publisher=State Impact NPR.org |date=June 11, 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128011938/https://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/2015/06/11/new-pipeline-could-mean-tax-bonanza-for-nj-towns-but-for-pa-not-so-much/ |archivedate=January 28, 2016 |df= }}
52. ^{{cite web |url=http://extension.psu.edu/publications/ee0019 |title=Marcellus Shale Gas Development: What Does It Mean for Pennsylvania Schools? |author=Penn State Extension |year=2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505230209/http://extension.psu.edu/publications/ee0019 |archivedate=May 5, 2016 |df= }}
53. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.shalegas.energy.gov/resources/081111_90_day_report.pdf |title=The SEAB Shale Gas Production Subcommittee Ninety-Day Report |date=August 11, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411195655/http://www.shalegas.energy.gov/resources/081111_90_day_report.pdf |archivedate=April 11, 2016 |df= }}