| 词条 | Thirsk rail crash (1892) |
| 释义 |
| name = Thirsk rail crash (1892) | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | caption = | image_map = | image_map_alt = | image_map_caption = | pushpin_map = | alternative_map = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | mapframe = | qid = | mapframe_zoom = | coordinates = | date = 2 November 1892 | time = 04:02 | location = Thirsk, Yorkshire | location_dir = | location_city = | location_dist_km = | location_dist_mi = | country = England | line = East Coast Main Line | operator = | owner = | service = | type = | cause = Signalling error (due to ill-health) | bus = | trains = 2 | vehicles = | passengers = | crew = | pedestrians = | deaths = 10 | injuries = 43 | damage = | property = | route_map = | route_map_state = | route_map_name = | footnotes = List of UK rail accidents by year }} The Thirsk rail crash happened at Manor House signal box on 2 November 1892, on the North Eastern Railway about {{convert|3|mi}} north of Thirsk railway station in the North Riding of Yorkshire, England. EventsJames Holmes was the signalman at Manor House signal box.[1] The day before the crash, his baby daughter Rose was taken ill and later died.[2] Holmes was extremely distressed and had been awake for 36 hours, ministering to the child, walking miles trying to find the local doctor (who was away from home attending to another patient), and comforting his distraught wife.{{sfn|Gray|2013|p=35}} He reported to the stationmaster at Otterington that he would be unable to work the shift on the next night, but the stationmaster merely asked his superiors for a relief signalman, without stating that the reason was that Holmes had reported himself unfit to work. The Assistant District Signals Inspector at York, already harassed by other emergencies, replied that there was no relief signalman available, and his superior later concurred.{{sfn|Marindin|1892|p=202}} Forced to work his shift, Holmes called at the Otterington signal box before walking to Manor House. He asked the signalman there to notify him when his mother arrived on the train from York to look after his wife.{{sfn|Marindin|1892|p=200}} He also told the Otterington signalman that he was already exhausted. It was night with a thick mist which later thickened to fog.[3] About three hours into Holmes's shift, two express passenger trains were due from the north.{{sfn|Gray|2013|p=34}} These constituted the up night Scotch Express, which was divided into two separate trains. The first had left Edinburgh on time at 10:30 pm, but the second had been delayed by the late arrival of connecting trains and did not leave until 11:02 pm. After the first portion of the express had passed Northallerton North the signalman there allowed a goods train from Middlesbrough to Starbeck up the main line after it.[3] Holmes let the goods train into his section but then was "overmastered by sleep".[4] The goods train came to a halt just outside his signal box. Thirteen minutes later, Holmes awoke, rather confused. The Otterington signalman warned him to be ready for the second part of the express, and Holmes saw that his instruments still indicated that there was a train on the line. He had forgotten about the goods train, and thought he had fallen asleep before clearing the instruments after the first express. He cleared the instruments and accepted the second express. He then had second thoughts and telephoned the Otterington signal box, but too late for the Otterington signalman to halt the express.[3] The express crashed at sixty miles per hour into the goods train, which had only just started to move off at walking pace. Nine passengers and the guard of the goods train were killed, and 39 people injured.[2] Nearly an hour later, hot coals from the firebox of the engine of the express train set the wreckage on fire. The express train's Pintsch oil gas lighting system acted as an accelerant and added to the fire. Two of the bodies were incinerated and were not recovered.[5] Men employed to clear the crash site and repair the permanent way reported finding calcined bones and lumps of flesh. Some of the human remains had coins fused to them from the intense heat of the fire. The bodies that could be recovered were moved to Thirsk station and an inquest was opened immediately so that the bodies could be released to the families.[6] AftermathHolmes was charged with manslaughter and found guilty, but was given an absolute discharge – a decision strongly supported by the jury and by public opinion.[7] The railway company was criticised for its cavalier treatment of Holmes, and there had been contributory negligence; by the Otterington signalman who knew of Holmes's condition and took no action when there was silence from his signal box for nearly a quarter of an hour, and by the crew of the goods train who remained halted outside Holmes's signal box for several minutes without sending a crewman to the signal box in accordance with Rule 55 to ensure that their train was properly protected by the signals and block instruments.{{sfn|Gray|2013|p=36}} PreventionThe accident would have been prevented if the line had been fitted with track circuits which would have prevented the block instruments and the signals from being cleared. However, at the time track circuits were relatively new.{{sfn|Gray|2013|p=36}} Although Manor House was a heavily used part of what was to become known as the East Coast Main Line, the need for such aids to safety there would have been regarded as low; there were no junctions, sidings or crossovers to confuse movement, and the block was one of the shortest and straightest in the country.{{sfn|Gray|2013|p=34}} Board of Trade Inspecting Officer Francis Marindin also noted that the many casualties were as a result of the lighter carriages being marshalled between the engine and the heavier Pullman coach behind them. When the crash occurred, the Pullman carriage tore into the lighter carriages at the front of the train.{{sfn|Gray|2013|p=36}} Similar accidents
See also
References1. ^{{cite book |last1=Foley |first1=Michael |title=Britain's Railway Disasters: Fatal Accidents from the 1830's to the Present Day |date=2013 |publisher=Wharncliffe Transport |location=Barnsley |isbn=978-1-78159-379-0 |page=116}} 2. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Riordan |first1=Michael |title=The History of Northallerton, North Yorkshire, from Earliest Times to the Year 2000 |date=2002 |publisher=Blackthorn Press |location=Pickering |isbn=0-9540535-0-8 |page=144}} 3. ^1 Rolt, p.198 4. ^{{cite news|title=The disaster to the Scotch Express|work=The Spectator|publisher=Clayton|date=5 November 1892|page=23|oclc=642446431}} 5. ^1 {{cite news |title=Terrible disaster on the North-Eastern Railway |work=Newcastle Weekly Courant |issue=11,364 |date=5 November 1892 |page=4|oclc=271575829}} 6. ^{{cite news |title=The Railway Catastrophe near Thirsk |url=http://find.galegroup.com/bncn/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=None&sort=DateAscend&prodId=BNCN&tabID=T012&subjectParam=Locale%2528en%252C%252C%2529%253ALQE%253D%2528MB%252CNone%252C16%2529%2522BLN1%2522%2BOR%2B%2522BLN2%2522%253AAnd%253ALQE%253D%2528da%252CNone%252C8%252918921104%253AAnd%253ALQE%253D%2528jn%252CNone%252C13%2529%2522York%2BHerald%2522%253AAnd%253ALQE%253D%2528is%252CNone%252C5%252912923%2524&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchId=R2&displaySubject=&searchType=PublicationSearchForm¤tPosition=30&qrySerId=Locale%28en%2C%2C%29%3ALQE%3D%28MB%2CNone%2C16%29%22BLN1%22+OR+%22BLN2%22%3AAnd%3ALQE%3D%28da%2CNone%2C8%2918921104%3AAnd%3ALQE%3D%28jn%2CNone%2C13%29%22York+Herald%22%3AAnd%3ALQE%3D%28is%2CNone%2C5%2912923%24&retrieveFormat=MULTIPAGE_DOCUMENT&subjectAction=DISPLAY_SUBJECTS&inPS=true&userGroupName=nycnlib&sgCurrentPosition=0&contentSet=LTO&&docId=&docLevel=FASCIMILE&workId=&relevancePageBatch=R3215348490&contentSet=UBER2&callistoContentSet=UBER2&docPage=article&hilite=y |accessdate=27 August 2018 |work=The York Herald |issue=12,923 |date=4 November 1892 |page=5|subscription=yes}} 7. ^{{cite book |last1=Chrystal |first1=Paul |title=Northallerton through time |date=2010 |publisher=Amberley |location=Stroud |isbn=9781848681811 |page=87}} Sources
Further reading
11 : Railway accidents and incidents in Yorkshire|Railway accidents in 1892|1892 in England|History of North Yorkshire|Rail transport in North Yorkshire|Transport disasters in Yorkshire|19th century in Yorkshire|Railway accidents involving fog|Accidents and incidents involving North Eastern Railway (UK)|Railway accidents caused by signaller's error|Thirsk |
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