“Fiqh Council of North America”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Fiqh Council of North America (originally known as ISNA Fiqh Committee) is an association of Muslims who interpret Islamic law on the North American continent. The FCNA was founded in 1986 with the goal of developing legal methodologies for adopting Islamic law to life in the West.^[1]^[2]

According to its website, the Fiqh Council traces its origins back to the Religious Affairs Committee of the then Muslim Student Association of the United States and Canada established in the 1960s.^[3] In 1980, after the founding of the Islamic Society of North America (ISNA), the Religious Affairs Committee evolved into the Fiqh Committee of the Islamic Society of North America, and was eventually transformed into the Fiqh Council of North America in 1986.^[3]

Its 18 members issue religious rulings, resolve disputes, and answer questions relating to the Islamic faith. As outlined in its by-laws, the Council's primary objectives include: "To consider, from a Shari'ah perspective, and offer advice on specific undertakings, transactions, contracts, projects, or proposals, guaranteeing thereby that the dealings of North American Muslims fall within the parameters of what is permitted by the Shari'ah." The Council's opinions are not binding.^[4]

Fatwas

Criticism

Professor Khaled Abou El Fadl, a University of California law professor, said in 2001 that the Council lacked authority among Muslims in the US, in part because it was known for analyzing Islamic law for the American military and media and other non-Muslim organizations rather than responding to the needs of Muslims. Then chairman of the council, Dr. Taha Jabir Alalwani, agreed to some extent about these criticisms saying that the Council had a limited budget and thus could not tackle all the kinds of problems faced by American Muslims.^[4]

Executive Committee and members

Once affiliated to the Sudanese Muslim Brotherhood (1973-1977), Mohammed Adam El-Sheikh was a founding member of the Muslim American Society (MAS), which, in his words, was started by ex-Muslim Brotherhood members who felt that "we should cut relations with the [Brotherhood] abroad and regard ourselves as Americans...[who] don't receive an order from any organization abroad".^[9] As of 2004, El-Sheikh was serving as the imam of Dar al-Hijrah Islamic Center, the same Mosque where Anwar al-Awlaki was once an imam. El-Sheikh stated that the mosque's sermons never promote terrorism, and that suicide bombings are never legitimate.^[10] Jamal Badawi was mentioned among the unindicted co-conspirators in the Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development trial, the largest case of terror financing trial in U.S. history.^[11]

External links

References

1. ^{{cite encyclopedia|ref=harv |first=Jocelyn|last=Hendrickson|title=Law. Minority Jurisprudence|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e0473}}
2. ^{{cite encyclopedia|ref=harv |first1=Ahmad S. |last1=Dallal|first2=Jocelyn|last2=Hendrickson|title=Fatwā. Modern usage|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e0243}}
3. ^¹²³{{Cite web|title = History of the Fiqh Council {{!}} Fiqh Council Of North America|url = http://www.fiqhcouncil.org/node/13|website = www.fiqhcouncil.org|access-date = 2016-02-10}}
4. ^¹{{cite web|last=Glaberson |first=William |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/21/us/interpreting-islamic-law-for-american-muslims.html |title=Interpreting Islamic Law for American Muslims |publisher=NYTimes.com |date=October 21, 2001 |accessdate=April 14, 2010}}
5. ^{{cite web|author=Heard on All Things Considered |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=4775588 |title=U.S. Muslim Scholars Issue Edict Against Terrorism |publisher=NPR |date=July 28, 2005 |accessdate=April 14, 2010}}
6. ^Muslims on the Americanization Path? Oxford University Press, 2000. p. 76
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fiqhcouncil.org/Articles/GeneralFiqhIssues/tabid/170/ctl/Detail/mid/569/xmid/4/xmfid/1/Default.aspx |title=General Fiqh Issues Articles |publisher=Fiqhcouncil.org |date=June 14, 2008 |accessdate=April 14, 2010 }}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fiqhcouncil.org/node/34 |title=Is Apostasy a Capital Crime in Islam? |publisher=Fiqhcouncil.org |accessdate=March 21, 2017 }}
9. ^{{Cite web|title = Facing New Realities as Islamic Americans (washingtonpost.com)|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A14497-2004Sep11.html|website = www.washingtonpost.com|access-date = 2016-02-10}}
10. ^{{Cite web|title = Facing New Realities as Islamic Americans (washingtonpost.com)|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A14497-2004Sep11.html|website = www.washingtonpost.com|access-date = 2016-02-10}}
11. ^List of Unindicted Co-conspirators and/or Joint Venturers, Attachment A, United States of America v. Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development et al.