| 词条 | Flxible | ||||
| 释义 |
HistoryIn 1913, Hugo H. Young and Carl F. Dudte founded the Flxible Side Car Company in Loudonville, Ohio, to manufacture motorcycle sidecars with a flexible mounting to the motorcycle. The flexible mounting allowed the sidecar to lean on corners along with the motorcycle, and was based on a design patented by Young. In 1919, the company's name was changed to The Flxible Company, dropping Side Car from the name as the business looked for new opportunities to expand. After low-priced automobiles became available in the 1920s, the motorcycle sidecar demand dropped and in 1924, Flxible turned to production of funeral cars (hearses), and ambulances, which were primarily manufactured on Buick chassis, but also occasionally on Studebaker, Cadillac and REO chassis, and intercity buses, initially (1930s and early 1940s) built on GMC truck chassis, and powered with Buick Straight 8 engines. Buick conversionsIn 1953, Flxible absorbed the bus-manufacturing portion of the Fageol Twin Coach Company, and accepted its first order for transit buses from the Chicago Transit Authority. In 1964, Flxible purchased Southern Coach Manufacturing Co. of Evergreen, Alabama, and built small transit buses at the former Southern Coach factory until 1976. Flxible was purchased by Rohr Industries in 1970, and a new factory and corporate headquarters were built in Delaware, Ohio, in 1974, with the original factory in Loudonville, Ohio, being used to manufacture parts and sub-assemblies. Flxible was sold to Grumman Corporation in 1978 and became known as Grumman Flxible. The name reverted to Flxible when Grumman sold the company in 1983 to General Automotive Corporation. In 1996, Flxible declared bankruptcy and its assets were auctioned. The last Flxible vehicles produced were eight {{convert|35|ft|m|abbr=on}} CNG-fueled Metro buses that went to Monterey-Salinas Transit in Monterey, California, in November 1995. The former Flxible factory in Loudonville, Ohio, is now a bus maintenance facility for Motor Coach Industries, while the former factory in Delaware, Ohio, is now a parts facility for New Flyer Industries subsidiary North American Bus Industries. Production outside the United StatesFlxible's intercity buses were popular in Mexico and in Latin American countries. However, high import duties into these countries limited sales. In the early 1960s, Flxible began licensing a producer in Mexico, DINA S.A. (Diesel Nacional), to manufacture Flxible-designed intercity coaches, and this continued until the late 1980s. In 1965 and 1966, Flxible also licensed its "New Look" transit bus design to Canadair Ltd., an aircraft manufacturer in Ville St-Laurent, Quebec. In 1994, Flxible's parent company, General Automotive Corporation, and three other American companies, Roger Penske, Mark IV Industries, and Carrier, entered into a joint venture with Changzhou Changjiang Bus, a Chinese manufacturer located in Changzhou, Jiangsu province, to produce buses based on the Flxible Metro design and with the Flxible name. The resulting company, China Flxible Auto Corporation,{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} manufactured buses in a variety of lengths, from {{convert|8|m|ftin|abbr=on}} to {{convert|11|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. These buses, which include both front- and rear-engine designs, and share only their general exterior appearance with the American-built Flxibles, were sold to many transit operators in major Chinese cities, including Beijing and Shanghai. A trolleybus version was manufactured for only one operator, the Hangzhou trolleybus system, which bought 77 units between the late 1990s and 2001. For these vehicles, Changzhou Changjiang supplied the chassis and Metro-style bodies to the Hangzhou Changjiang Bus Company (in Hangzhou), and that company equipped them as trolleybuses.[2] Charles Kettering and General MotorsCharles Kettering, a Loudonville, Ohio native and vice president of General Motors, was closely associated with Flxible for almost the entire first half of the company's existence. In 1914, Flxible was incorporated with the help of Kettering, who then became president of the company and joined the board of directors. Kettering provided significant funding for the company in its early years, particularly after 1916, when Kettering sold his firm, the Dayton Engineering Laboratories Company (Delco), to GM for $2.5 million. Kettering continued to serve as president of Flxible, until he became chairman of the board in 1940, a position he held until his death in 1958. After selling Delco to GM in 1916, Kettering organized and ran a research laboratory at GM, and by the 1950s, held the position of vice president at GM. As a result of Kettering's close relationship with both GM and Flxible, many GM parts were used in the production of Flxible vehicles, particularly prior to GM's 1943 purchase of Yellow Coach (a competing bus manufacturer, of which GM had been a majority owner since 1925). For example, most Flxible ambulances, hearses, and buses from the mid-1920s to the early 1940s were built on Buick chassis, and Flxible's "Airway" model buses of the mid-1930s were built on a Chevrolet chassis. In 1958, and as a result of the consent decree from the 1956 anti-trust case, United States v. General Motors Corp., GM was mandated to sell their bus components, engines, and transmissions to other manufacturers, free of royalties. However, in the early 1950s and prior to the consent decree, Flxible built a small number of buses with GM diesel engines while Kettering still served on the board. It has been postulated that GM may have made its diesel engines available to Flxible to reduce the criticisms of GM's business practices that some felt were monopolistic.[3] The same has been said about GM's decision in the 1960s and 1970s not to produce a {{convert|35|ft|m|abbr=on}} "New Look" transit bus with an 8-cylinder engine. However, it is also possible that GM chose not to enter this market because the potential sales did not warrant the added costs of engineering and production.[4] Another result of the consent decree (which was not settled in its entirety until 1965) was that GM was barred from having any of its officers or directors serve as an officer or director for any other bus manufacturing company. This provision would have applied to Kettering, had he not died in 1958. 870 "A" frame problems{{Main|Flxible Metro # Litigation resulting}}In the mid-1980s, several Grumman 870 buses operated by the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) developed cracks in their "A" shaped underframes. This prompted NYCTA President David Gunn to remove the entire fleet from service. Soon, several other companies reported cracked 870 "A" frames. However, the frame issues primarily affected NYCTA 870s and not the 870s owned by the franchisees of the New York City Department of Transportation, which were the first buses built with the problem rectified the following year. NYCTA attempted to get the remainder of its pending order for new buses transferred to GM, but was barred from doing so unless they could prove that the 870s were flawed and unsafe. The buses were eventually returned to Flxible, and were rebuilt and resold to Queen City Metro and New Jersey Transit. Grumman blamed the problems with the NYCTA 870s on NYCTA's poor maintenance practices at the time, despite the fact that transit operations in Chicago, Washington, D.C., Houston, and Los Angeles had also reported problems with their 870s. Regardless, NYCTA ordered fifty Metros in 1995, but Flxible closed its doors before the order was produced, and NYCTA obtained the remaining new buses from Orion instead. Products{{unreferenced section|date=May 2018}}
Last transit buses in serviceBy the 2010s, very few transit systems were still operating any Flxible buses. Portland, Oregon's TriMet retired its last Flxibles in May 2015,[5] since which time the only known continuing use of Flxible buses in service is by Metro Transit in Omaha, Nebraska, and by the Charleston Area Regional Transportation Authority in Charleston, South Carolina.[6] Flxible Owners InternationalFlxible Owners International (see external link) was founded in the mid-1980s as an offshoot of the Family Motor Coach Association, and is dedicated to the preservation of buses and coaches produced by Flxible. The organization holds a rally in Loudonville biannually, in even-numbered years and normally in mid-July, where many preserved Flxible coaches and buses may be seen.[7][8] The majority of vehicles owned by members are of the Clipper series (Clipper, Visicoach, Starliner) that were produced from the 1930s until 1967. However, there are also quite a few "non-clipper" Flxible coaches that are owned, maintained, and operated by proud Flxible owners. This includes the Starliner, VL100 (VistaLiner), Hi Level, and Flxliner as well as some of the more modern transit buses. Most of these vehicles have been converted to motor homes; however, there are still a few examples of seated coaches belonging to members. See also
References{{more footnotes|date=March 2009}}1. ^{{cite book|last1=Ebert|first1=Robert R.|title=Flxible: A History of the Bus and the Company|date=2001|publisher=Antique Power, Inc.|location=Yellow Springs, Ohio|isbn=0-9660751-2-9|pages=134, 204, 222}} 2. ^Trolleybus Magazine No. 283 (January–February 2009), p. 15. National Trolleybus Association (UK). {{issn|0266-7452}} 3. ^McKane, John H. & Squier, Gerald L. (2006), 17. 4. ^McKane, John H. & Squier, Gerald L. (2006), 58. 5. ^{{cite news|author=|title=Farewell to Portland's Last Flxibles|date=July 2015|magazine=Bus Industry|publisher=Bus History Association|page=15|issn=0739-7194}} 6. ^{{cite news|last=Morgan|first=Steve|title=The Flxible Metro – Catch Them While You Can|date=September 2014|magazine=Bus Industry|publisher=Bus History Association|page=21}} 7. ^{{cite news|first=Jim|last=Brewer|title=1930 Flxible coach steals show at bus rally|url=http://www.times-gazette.com/news/article/321374|work=Ashland Times-Gazette|publisher=|date=July 17, 2006|accessdate=May 28, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302153347/http://www.times-gazette.com/news/article/321374|archivedate=March 2, 2012|df=}} 8. ^{{cite news|first=Jim|last=Brewer|title=Flxible buses parade through downtown Loudonville|url=http://www.times-gazette.com/news/article/4112771|work=Ashland Times-Gazette|publisher=|date=July 21, 2008|accessdate=May 28, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223131012/http://www.times-gazette.com/news/article/4112771|archivedate=February 23, 2012|df=}} Further reading
McPherson, Thomas A. (1993) "Flxible Professional Vehicles: The Complete History" Toronto, Ontario, Specialty Vehicle Press, ISBN
External links{{commons category|Flxible}}
8 : Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1913|Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Ohio|Defunct bus manufacturers|Cab over vehicles|Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1996|1996 disestablishments in Ohio|1913 establishments in Ohio|Charles F. Kettering |
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