| 词条 | Fokker D.VII | ||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Fokker D.VII was a German World War I fighter aircraft designed by Reinhold Platz of the Fokker-Flugzeugwerke. Germany produced around 3,300 D.VII aircraft in the second half of 1918. In service with the Luftstreitkräfte, the D.VII quickly proved itself to be a formidable aircraft. The Armistice ending the war specifically required Germany to surrender all D.VIIs to the Allies.[1] Surviving aircraft saw much service with many countries in the years after World War I. Development and productionFokker's chief designer, Reinhold Platz, had been working on a series of experimental V-series aircraft, starting in 1916. The aircraft were notable for the use of cantilever wings. Junkers had originated the idea in 1915 with the first all-metal aircraft, the Junkers J 1, nicknamed Blechesel (Sheet Metal Donkey or Tin Donkey). The wings were thick, with a rounded leading edge. The shape of the wings' airfoil gave greater lift and more docile stalling behavior than the thin wings commonly in use. Late in 1917, Fokker built the experimental V 11 biplane, fitted with the standard Mercedes D.IIIa engine. In January 1918, Idflieg held a fighter competition at Adlershof. For the first time, front line pilots participated in the evaluation and selection of new fighters. Fokker submitted the V 11 along with several other prototypes. Manfred von Richthofen flew the V 11 and found it tricky, unpleasant and directionally unstable in a dive. Platz lengthened the rear fuselage by one structural bay and added a triangular fin in front of the rudder. Richthofen tested the modified V 11 and praised it as the best aircraft of the competition. It offered excellent performance from the outdated Mercedes engine, yet was safe and easy to fly. Richthofen's recommendation virtually decided the competition but he was not alone in recommending it. Fokker immediately received a provisional order for 400 production aircraft, which were named D.VII by Idflieg. Fokker's factory was not up to the task of meeting all D.VII production orders and Idflieg directed Albatros and AEG to build the D.VII under license, though AEG did not ultimately produce any aircraft. Because the Fokker factory did not use detailed plans as part of its production process, Fokker simply sent a D.VII airframe for Albatros to copy. Albatros paid Fokker a five percent royalty for every D.VII they built under license. Albatros Flugzeugwerke and its subsidiary, Ostdeutsche Albatros Werke (OAW), built the D.VII at factories in Johannisthal [Fokker D.VII (Alb)] and Schneidemühl [Fokker D.VII (OAW)] respectively. Aircraft markings included the type designation and factory suffix, immediately before the individual serial number. Some parts were not interchangeable between aircraft produced at different factories, even between Albatros and OAW.[2] Each manufacturer tended to differ in nose paint styles. OAW produced examples were delivered with distinctive mauve and green splotches on the cowling. All D.VIIs were produced with either the five-color Fünffarbiger or less often, the four-color Vierfarbiger lozenge camouflage covering, except for early Fokker-produced D.VIIs, which had a streaked green fuselage. Factory camouflage finishes were often overpainted with colorful paint schemes or insignia for the Jasta or for a pilot. In September 1918, eight D.VIIs were delivered to Bulgaria. Late in 1918, the Austro-Hungarian company Magyar Általános Gépgyár (MÁG, Hungarian General Machine Company) commenced licensed production of the D.VII with Austro-Daimler engines. Production continued after the end of the war, with as many as 50 aircraft completed.[3][4] PowerplantsMany sources erroneously state that the D.VII was equipped with the 120 kW (160 hp) Mercedes D.III engine. The Germans used D.III as a generic term to describe later versions of that engine. The earliest production D.VIIs were equipped with 170–180 hp Mercedes D.IIIa. Production quickly switched to the intended standard engine, the higher-compression 134 kW (180–200 hp) Mercedes D.IIIaü. It appears that some early production D.VIIs delivered with the Mercedes D.IIIa were later re-engined with the D.IIIaü. By mid-1918, some D.VIIs received the "overcompressed" 138 kW (185 hp) BMW IIIa, the first product of the BMW firm. The BMW IIIa followed the SOHC, straight-six configuration of the Mercedes D.III but incorporated several improvements. Increased displacement, higher compression and an altitude-adjusting carburettor produced a marked increase in speed and climb rate at high altitude. Because the BMW IIIa was overcompressed, using full throttle at altitudes below {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=on}} risked premature detonation in the cylinders and damage to the engine. At low altitudes, full throttle could produce up to 179 kW (240 hp) for a short time. Fokker-built aircraft with the new BMW engine were called D.VII(F), the suffix "F" standing for Max Friz, the engine designer. BMW-engined aircraft entered service with Jasta 11 in late June 1918. Pilots clamored for the D.VII(F), of which about 750 were built. Production of the BMW IIIa was limited and the D.VII continued to be produced with the 134 kW (180 hp) Mercedes D.IIIaü until the end of the war. D.VIIs flew with different propeller designs from different manufacturers. Despite the variations there is no indication these propellers gave disparate performance. Axial, Wolff, Wotan, and Heine propellers have been noted. Operational historyThe D.VII entered squadron service with Jasta 10 in early May 1918. When the Fokker D.VII appeared on the Western Front in April 1918, Allied pilots at first underestimated the new fighter because of its squarish, ungainly appearance but quickly revised their view. The type quickly proved to have many important advantages over the Albatros and Pfalz scouts. Unlike the Albatros scouts, the D.VII could dive without any fear of structural failure. The D.VII was also noted for its high manoeuvrability and ability to climb, its remarkably docile stall and reluctance to spin. It could "hang on its prop" without stalling for brief periods of time, spraying enemy aircraft from below with machine gun fire. These handling characteristics contrasted with contemporary scouts such as the Camel and SPAD, which stalled sharply and spun vigorously. Several aircraft suffered rib failures and fabric shedding on the upper wing. Heat from the engine sometimes ignited phosphorus ammunition until cooling vents were installed in the engine cowling and fuel tanks sometimes broke at the seams. Aircraft built by the Fokker factory at Schwerin were noted for their lower standard of workmanship and materials. Despite faults, the D.VII proved to be a remarkably successful design, leading to the familiar aphorism that it could turn a mediocre pilot into a good one and a good pilot into an ace. Richthofen died days before the D.VII began to reach the Jagdstaffeln and never flew it in combat. Other pilots, including Erich Löwenhardt and Hermann Göring, quickly racked up victories and generally lauded the design. Aircraft availability was limited at first, but by July there were 407 in service. Larger numbers became available by August, when D.VIIs achieved 565 victories. The D.VII eventually equipped 46 Jagdstaffeln. When the war ended in November, 775 D.VII aircraft were in service. Post-war serviceThe Allies confiscated large numbers of D.VII aircraft after the Armistice. The United States Army and Navy evaluated 142 captured examples.[5] Several of these aircraft were re-engined with American-built Liberty L-6 motors, very similar in appearance to the D.VII's original German power plants. France, Great Britain and Canada also received numbers of war prizes. Other countries used the D.VII operationally. The Polish deployed approximately 50 aircraft during the Polish-Soviet War, using them mainly for ground attack missions.[3][4] The Hungarian Soviet Republic used a number of D.VIIs, both built by MAG and ex-German aircraft in the Hungarian-Romanian War of 1919.[3][4] The Dutch, Swiss, and Belgian air forces also operated the D.VII. The aircraft proved so popular that Fokker completed and sold a large number of D.VII airframes that he had smuggled into the Netherlands after the Armistice. As late as 1929, the Alfred Comte company manufactured eight new D.VII airframes under license for the Swiss Fliegertruppe. Survivors{{main|List of surviving Fokker D.VIIs}}ReproductionsMany modern D.VII reproductions have been built. Most flyable examples are powered by Ranger or Gipsy Queen inverted-six cylinder inline engines. These engines, especially the Ranger units, must be turned upright to produce the correct thrust line, thus requiring a new oiling system. A few flying reproductions, such as the one at New York State's Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome, are equipped with original Mercedes D.IIIa engines.[6] Variants
Operators
Specifications (D.VII with Mercedes D.III engine){{Aircraft specs|ref=[9] |prime units?=met
or 1 × {{convert|130.5|kW|hp|abbr=on|0}} Mercedes D.IIIa 6-cyl. water-cooled in-line piston engine or 1 × {{convert|137.95|kW|hp|abbr=on|0}} BMW IIIa 6-cyl. water-cooled in-line piston engine ({{cvt|240|hp|order=flip}} rating at low level, emergency only, risk of engine damage.) |prop blade number=2 |prop name=fixed-pitch propeller |prop dia m= |prop dia ft= |prop dia in= |prop dia note=
with BMW IIIa engine - {{convert|200|km/h|mph kn|abbr=on|0}} |stall speed kmh= |stall speed mph= |stall speed kts= |stall speed note= |never exceed speed kmh= |never exceed speed mph= |never exceed speed kts= |never exceed speed note= |range km=266 |combat range km= |combat range miles= |combat range nmi= |combat range note= |ferry range km= |ferry range miles= |ferry range nmi= |ferry range note= |endurance= |ceiling m=6000 |ceiling note=[10] |g limits= |roll rate= |glide ratio= |climb rate ms=3.92 |climb rate note= with BMW IIIa engine – {{convert|9.52|m/s|ft/min}} |time to altitude=[11] {{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} in 4 minutes 15 seconds (1 minutes 40 seconds w/ BMW IIIa) {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} in 8 minutes 18 seconds (4 minutes 5 seconds w/ BMW IIIa) {{convert|3000|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} in 13 minutes 49 seconds (7 minutes 0 seconds w/ BMW IIIa) {{convert|4000|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} in 22 minutes 48 seconds (10 minutes 15 seconds w/ BMW IIIa) {{convert|5000|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} in 38 minutes 5 seconds (14 minutes 0 seconds w/ BMW IIIa) {{convert|6000|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} (18 minutes 45 seconds w/ BMW IIIa) |wing loading kg/m2= |wing loading lb/sqft= |wing loading note= |fuel consumption kg/km= |fuel consumption lb/mi= |power/mass= |more performance=
See also{{aircontent|related=
|similar aircraft=
|see also= |lists= }} References1. ^{{cite web |title=First World War |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/firstworldwar/transcripts/aftermath/armistice_terms.htm |website=www.nationalarchives.gov.uk |accessdate=5 November 2018}} 2. ^{{cite book |last=Gray |first=Peter |title=German Aircraft of the First World War |year=1970 |publisher=Putnam |location=London |isbn=978-0-370-00103-6 |edition=2nd |last2=Thetford |first2=Owen |pages=105–108}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite journal |last1=Owers |first1=Colin |title="Especially... The D.VII...": The post-1918 career of the Fokker D.VII: Part One |journal=Air Enthusiast |date=November–December 1995 |issue=60 |pages=63–70 |issn=0143-5450}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite journal |last1=Owers |first1=Colin |title="Especially... The D.VII...": The post-1918 career of the Fokker D.VII: Part One |journal=Air Enthusiast |date=January–February 1996 |issue=61 |pages=52–63 |issn=0143-5450}} 5. ^{{cite book |last1=Swanborough |first1=Gordon |last2=Bowers |first2=Peter M. |title=United States military aircraft since 1908, |date=1971 |publisher=Putnam |isbn=0370000943 |page=610 |edition=Rev.}} 6. ^{{cite web |title=World War I (1914-1918) « Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome |url=https://oldrhinebeck.org/world-war-i/ |website=oldrhinebeck.org |accessdate=5 November 2018}} 7. ^{{cite book|last1=Grosz |first1=Peter M. |title=Austro-Hungarian Army Aircraft of World War One |origyear=1993 |year=2002 |publisher=Flying Machine Press |location=Boulder |isbn=1 891268 05 8 |first2=George| last2= Haddow |first3=Peter |last3=Scheiner |pages=351–353}} 8. ^{{cite book|last1=Grosz |first1=Peter M. |title=Austro-Hungarian Army Aircraft of World War One |origyear=1993 |year=2002 |publisher=Flying Machine Press |location=Boulder |isbn=1 891268 05 8 |first2=George| last2= Haddow |first3=Peter |last3=Scheiner |pages=343–345}} 9. ^{{cite book |title=The Fokker D.VII|publisher=Profile Publications |location=Leatherhead, UK |series=Aircraft Profiles |volume=25}} 10. ^{{cite book |title=The Rand McNally encyclopedia of military aircraft, 1914-1980 |publisher=Military Press |isbn=0-517-41021-4 |page=47}} 11. ^{{cite journal |title=BMW DVII factory figures |journal=Flugsport |date=1919}} Bibliography
External links{{commons category|Fokker D.VII}}
7 : Fokker aircraft|German fighter aircraft 1910–1919|Austro-Hungarian fighter aircraft 1910–1919|Military aircraft of World War I|Biplanes|Single-engined tractor aircraft|Aircraft first flown in 1918 |
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