“Ford Modular engine”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Ford Modular engine is Ford Motor Company's overhead camshaft (OHC) V8 and V10 gasoline-powered small block engine family. The Modular engine got its name from its design and sharing of certain parts among the engine family, starting with the 4.6L in 1990 for the 1991 model year. The name was also derived from a manufacturing plant protocol, "Modular", where the plant and its tooling could be changed in a few hours to manufacture different versions of the engine family.^[1] The Modular engines are used in various Ford, Lincoln, and Mercury vehicles. Modular engines used in Ford trucks were marketed under the Triton name from 1997–2010 while the InTech name was used for a time at Lincoln for vehicles equipped with DOHC versions of the engines. The engines were first produced in Romeo, Michigan then additional capacity was added in Windsor, Ontario.

Origins

In the early 1980s, then-Ford Motor Company chief operating officer Donald Petersen challenged Ford's vice-president of design, Jack Telnack, and his staff to come up with new vehicle designs that they could take pride in. The result was an abandonment of the boxy styling that had dominated Ford products for years and the adoption of sleeker, more aerodynamic designs like that used for the highly successful Ford Taurus. In the second half of the 1980s, Petersen, now chief executive officer, sought to update Ford's decades-old V8 architectures, challenging Ford senior engineer Jim Clarke to do for Ford's V8s what Jack Telnack did for Ford's vehicle design. The objective was to develop a new V8 engine that would surpass Ford's earlier V8s in every meaningful way, from power and efficiency to emissions performance and smoothness of operation.^[2]

Clarke and his engineers studied engine designs from major European and Japanese automakers and sought to develop a V8 that was technologically advanced and power-dense, yet also dependable with no major service required before 100,000 miles of use. The initial engine design would implement a 90° vee-angle with a bore and a stroke of {{convert|3.552x3.543|in|mm|abbr=on}}, resulting in a {{convert|4601|cc|L CID|1|abbr=on}} displacement and creating a nearly 1:1 bore-to-stroke ratio. This square configuration was chosen primarily for its positive noise, vibration and harshness characteristics. The engine would utilize features such as a chain-driven, single-overhead camshaft valvetrain with roller finger followers, a deep-skirt cast-iron block construction and cross-bolted main bearings, all benefitting long-term durability. In the interest of reducing overall engine weight, aluminum-alloy heads and pistons would be standard and all major engine accessories would be mounted directly to the block, resulting in a more complex block casting but eliminating the need for heavy mounting brackets. Tight construction tolerances were used in shaping the engine's cylinder bores with narrow piston rings fitted to the engine's pistons. This would serve to improve engine efficiency through reduced friction and reduce the engine's oil consumption, while also promoting cleaner emissions.^[2]

Perhaps the most significant aspect of the new engine's design was the number of variations of the engine that could be made to suit different needs. This resulted in the creation of an entire family of engines consisting not only of designs utilizing single- or dual-overhead camshaft configurations, different displacements and different block materials, but also different cylinder counts. In addition to the various eight-cylinder engines produced, ten-cylinder engines eventually entered production. Six-cylinder derivatives were also explored, though never built. With the wide array of engine configurations possible within this architecture, Ford developed a new, modular tooling system for producing different engines quickly and efficiently in the same factory. Referring to this method of production, the name Modular was given to the new engine family. Despite all the different engines that would be built over the years, one of the major unifying aspects present in all engines based on the Modular architecture, and required by the engine's tooling for production purposes, was a common bore spacing of 100 mm (3.937 in).^[2]

By 1987 Ford was fully committed to producing the new Modular V8,^[3] having invested $4 billion in the engine's design in addition to retooling the company's Romeo, Michigan tractor plant to build the engines. Three years later, in the third quarter of 1990, the first Modular engine, a 4.6L SOHC V8, would be used in the 1991 model year Lincoln Town Car. To the credit of Jim Clarke's engineering team, the new V8 engine in the Town Car compared favorably to its pushrod-based predecessor. In spite of having a smaller displacement, the 4.6L Modular V8 could generate more power than the Town Car's previous 5.0L V8 and could launch the car {{cvt|0-60|mph|km/h|0}} 1.5 seconds quicker, all while delivering better fuel efficiency. Accompanying these performance advantages, the engine was also {{cvt|20|lb|kg|0}} lighter than the older 5.0L V8.^[2]

Following the Modular V8's debut in the Town Car, engines using the Modular architecture would go on to replace older V8 designs in Ford products, eventually becoming Ford's chief gasoline V8 (and V10) architecture.

4.6 L

The {{convert|4601|cc|L CID|1|abbr=on}} displacement^[7] 90-degree V8 has been offered in 2-valve SOHC, 3-valve SOHC, and 4-valve DOHC versions. The engines were also offered with both aluminum and cast iron blocks, depending on application. The 4.6 L's bore and stroke are nearly square at {{convert|3.552x3.543|in|mm|abbr=on}}, respectively. Deck height for the 4.6 block is {{convert|8.937|in|mm|abbr=on}} and connecting rod length is {{convert|5.933|in|mm|abbr=on}} center to center, giving the 4.6 L a 1.67:1 rod to stroke ratio. Cylinder bore spacing measures {{convert|3.937|in|mm|abbr=on}}, which is common to all members of the Modular engine family. All Modular V8s, except for the new 5.0 L Coyote, utilize the same firing order as the Ford 5.0 L HO and 351 CID V8s (1-3-7-2-6-5-4-8). The 4.6 L engines have been assembled at Romeo Engine Plant, located in Romeo, MI, and at Windsor Engine Plant and Essex Engine Plant, both located in Windsor, Ontario.^[4]

The final 4.6 L engine was produced in May 2014. The engine was a 2-valve version and installed in a 2014 model year Ford E-Series van.^[5]

2-valve

The first production Modular engine was the 4.6 L 2-valve SOHC V8 introduced in the 1991 Lincoln Town Car.

The 4.6 L 2V has been built at both Romeo Engine Plant and Windsor Engine Plant, and the plants have different designs for main bearings, heads (cam caps: interconnected cam "cages" vs individual caps per cam journal), camshaft gears (bolt-on vs. press-on), valve covers (11 bolts vs. 13 bolts), crankshaft (6 bolts vs. 8 bolts), and cross bolt fasteners for main bearing caps.^[6]

3-valve

The 3-valve SOHC 4.6 L with variable camshaft timing (VCT) first appeared in the redesigned 2005 Ford Mustang.

The engines are equipped with an electronic Charge Motion Control Valve (CMCV) system that provides increased air velocity at low engine speeds for improved emissions and low-rpm torque. Cylinder block material varies between aluminum used in the 2005+ Mustang GT and cast iron used in the 2005+ Ford Explorer and the 2006+ Ford Explorer Sport Trac (see below), though the same aluminum heads are used in all applications.{{citation needed|date=October 2012}}

The 3-valve SOHC 4.6 L engine was on the Ward's 10 Best Engines list for 2005–2008.

4-valve

The 4-valve DOHC version of the Modular engine was introduced in the 1993 Lincoln Mark VIII as the 4.6 L Four-Cam V8. Lincoln marketed the engine under the name InTech after 1995.^[8]

The 1993–1998 4-valve engines featured cylinder heads with two intake ports per cylinder (split-port) and variable runner length intake manifolds with either vacuum or electrically activated intake manifold runner controls (IMRC) depending on application. The engine was revised for 1999 with new cylinder heads featuring tumble-style intake ports (one intake port feeding two intake valves), new camshaft profiles, and fixed runner-length intake manifolds. These changes resulted in more power, torque and a broader power-band when compared to the earlier 4-valve engines.^[6]

All 4.6 L 4-valve engines featured aluminum engine blocks with 6-bolt main bearing caps, the only exception being the 2003–2004 SVT Cobra which had a 4-bolt main cast iron block. The 1999 and earlier engines featured an aluminum block cast in Italy by Fiat subsidiary Teksid S.p.A. Since 1996, all of the 4.6 L 4-valve engines manufactured for use in the SVT Cobra have been hand-built by SVT technicians at Ford's Romeo, Michigan plant.^[9]

The 4-valve DOHC 4.6 L engine was on the Ward's 10 Best Engines list for 1996 and 1997.

5.0 L Coyote

The {{convert|4951|cc|L cid|1|abbr=on|order=flip}}^[12] "Coyote" V8 is the latest evolution of the Modular engine.^[13] Ford engineers needed to design a V8, specifically for the Mustang GT, that would compete with the GM 6.2L LS3 used in the new Chevrolet Camaro, and the new Chrysler 6.4L Hemi ESF in the Charger, Challenger, and Grand Cherokee. This engine had to remain close to the same physical size of the outgoing 4.6, and share other specifications with it such as bore spacing, deck height, bell housing bolt pattern, etc. in order for the engine to utilize existing Modular production line tooling (the source of the 'Modular' designation for the engine family). The result was the 5.0 Coyote, which produced roughly the same amount of power as its competitors, but with a much smaller displacement. To strengthen the block enough to handle increased output, webbing was extensively used as reinforcement in the casting, rather than increasing the thickness of the walls. The intake plenum was also situated low between the two cylinder banks to meet the height constraint, thus the alternator traditionally placed low and center was moved to the side of the engine. It shares the {{convert|4.6|L|CID|1|abbr=on}}'s {{convert|3.937|in|mm|1|abbr=on}} bore spacing and {{convert|8.937|in|mm|1|abbr=on}} deck height,^[14] while bore diameter and stroke have increased to {{convert|92.2x92.7|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}, respectively. The engine also retains the 4.6 L's {{convert|5.933|in|mm|1|abbr=on}} connecting rod length, which produces a 1.62:1 rod to stroke ratio.^[15] The firing order has been changed from that shared by all previous Modular V8s (1-3-7-2-6-5-4-8) to that of the Ford Flathead V8 (1-5-4-8-6-3-7-2).^[15] Compression ratio is 11.0:1, and despite having port fuel injection (as opposed to direct injection) the engine can still be run on 87 octane gasoline.

The Coyote features all new 4 valve DOHC cylinder heads that have shifted the camshafts outboard, which allowed for a compact roller finger follower setup with remote hydraulic valve lash adjusters and improved (raised) intake port geometry. The result is an intake port that outflows the Ford GT intake port by 4 percent and the Yates D3 (NASCAR) intake port up to {{convert|0.472|in|mm|1|abbr=on}} lift, which is the maximum lift of the Coyote's intake cams. Engine redline is 7000 rpm.^[15]

The Coyote is Ford's first implementation of its cam-torque-actuated (CTA) Twin Independent Variable Cam Timing (Ti-VCT) in a V8 engine, which allows the power-train control module (PCM) to advance and retard intake and exhaust cam timing independently of each other, providing improved power, fuel economy and reduced emissions. The engine is assembled in Ford's Essex Engine Plant in Windsor, Ontario, using existing Modular tooling.^[16]

2018 (Gen. 3) Updates

For 2018, Ford made revisions to the Coyote equipped in the Mustang GT- most notably the addition of high-pressure direct injection (in addition to the existing port injection system), and an increase of the piston bore diameter from {{convert|92.2|to|93|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}. This increase in the bore size, resulting from the adoption of Plasma Wire Arc Transfer cylinder liner technology in place of the more traditional sleeve in the block, brings total displacement up from {{cvt|4951|to|5035|cc|cuin|0}}. Other changes include Gen. 3 specific camshafts, enlarged intake and exhaust valves, an increased compression ratio of 12.0:1, a revised intake manifold, and 7500 RPM redline. With these changes the updated 5.0L Coyote is rated by Ford at {{cvt|460|hp|kW|0}} and {{cvt|420|lbft|0}}.

Boss 302 (Road Runner) Variant

A higher performance variant of the Coyote, dubbed Road Runner internally by Ford, is produced under the Boss 302 moniker used for the resurrected Boss 302 Mustang for the 2012 model year.^[17] The Boss 302 receives CNC ported heads cast in 356 aluminum providing additional airflow and strength, and a higher lift exhaust camshaft profile is used. Valvetrain components were lightened as much as possible, including the use of sodium filled exhaust valves, while strengthened powdered metal rods and forged aluminum pistons were added. Piston-cooling jets were also deleted, which are standard in the 5.0 model.^[18] Exterior changes include a high-mount intake plenum (as opposed to the standard engine's low-mounted one) with shorter runners to improve high-rpm power. Power is increased from {{convert|412|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} to {{convert|444|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, and torque drops from {{convert|390|lbft|0|abbr=on}} to {{convert|380|lbft|0|abbr=on}} due to the upgrades. The Boss's redline is increased to 7500 rpm, but has been verified stable up to 8400.^[19]

F-150 variant

A torque-biased variant of the Coyote is produced as an alternative to the EcoBoost V6 in the new F-150 pickup truck. The F150 5.0L receives a lower compression ratio (10.5:1), intake camshafts with less duration, cast iron exhaust manifolds, and revised cylinder heads. The intake manifold changed only in color, with no change in size or shape. These changes promote low-end and mid-range power and torque. The engine retains the Coyote's forged steel crank and piston-cooling jets but benefits from the addition of an external engine oil cooler similar to the Boss 302's. The changes result in the engine's peak horsepower dropping to {{convert|385|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} at 5750 rpm, while torque is rated at {{convert|387|lbft|Nm|abbr=on}} at 3850 rpm.^[20]

For 2018, numerous revisions were made to the 5.0, most notably the adoption of a port and direct fuel injection system, as well as spray-on bore liner, eliminating the need for conventional cylinder liners (changes shared with the 2018 Mustang, and compression ratio is increased (12.0:1). Power and torque increased to {{convert|395|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} at 5750 rpm, while torque is rated at {{convert|400|lbft|Nm|abbr=on}} at 3850 rpm.^[21]

Applications

For the Australian Ford Falcon-based FPV GT range and the FGX XR8, the engine had upgraded internals and was equipped with a Harrop/Eaton supercharger, resulting in power outputs up to {{convert|351|kW|hp PS|0|abbr=on}} with a +15% "overboost" facility^[22]^[23] called the Miami V8.^[24]

The Coyote is available as a crate motor from Ford Racing Performance Parts (FRPP) complete with alternator, manifold, and wiring harness in standard {{convert|412|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} configuration. The Boss 302 is also available from FRPP for a premium over the standard 5.0L.

The engine is gradually replacing the 4.6L and 5.4L Modular V8 units in all Ford vehicles. This is the first time that Ford has used the "5.0" designation since the Windsor 5.0 was discontinued and replaced by the 4.6L Modular unit in 1996 (Mustang).

5.2 L

Voodoo

The {{convert|5163|cc|L cid|1|abbr=on|order=flip}} "Voodoo" is a development of the Coyote engine. Unlike the Coyote, as well as previous Modular V8s, the Voodoo features a flat plane crankshaft. The engine was developed specifically for the Shelby GT350 version of the sixth generation Mustang. Bore and stroke are both up from the 5.0 L Coyote at {{convert|94x93|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}, as is the compression ratio at 12.0:1. The Voodoo makes {{convert|526|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 7500 RPM and {{convert|429|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} of torque at 4750 RPM and with a redline of 8250 rpm.^[38]

Aluminator

The Aluminator is also a development of the Coyote engine. Ford did not want to include the "Voodoo" engine in the Ford Performance Parts catalog because they wanted to keep it exclusive to the Shelby GT350/R, so they included this. It "combines all of the FPP highest-performing Coyote engine parts built since 2011 into one package", such as a GT350 block, Cobra Jet intake manifold and throttle body, CNC ported cylinder heads, and a forged crankshaft. It differs from the Voodoo by having a cross plane crankshaft instead of the Voodoo's flat plane crankshaft.^[39]

The engine makes {{convert|580|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|445|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}. Like the "Voodoo" engine, it also features a 12:1 compression ratio and {{convert|317|cuin|L|1|abbr=on|order=flip}} of displacement.^[40]

This engine is not installed in any production cars out of the factory. It is only sold as a Ford Performance Parts crate engine without a wiring harness, a flywheel, or headers. It is not legal in road vehicles in the US or Canada.

5.4 L

The {{convert|5409|cc|L CID|1|abbr=on}}^[41] V8 is a member of the Modular engine family first introduced in the 1997 F-series pick-ups, in place of the 5.8L 351W. Bore diameter is {{convert|3.552|in|mm|1|abbr=on}} and stroke is {{convert|4.165|in|mm|1|abbr=on}}, the increased stroke necessitated a taller {{convert|10.079|in|mm|1|abbr=on}} engine block deck height. A {{convert|6.658|in|mm|1|abbr=on}} connecting rod length is used to achieve a 1.60:1 rod to stroke ratio. The 5.4 L 2V was built at the Windsor Engine Plant, while the 5.4 L 3V moved production to the Essex Engine Plant beginning in 2003, then back to Windsor Engine Plant in 2009.^[42] The SVT 5.4 L 4-valve engines are built at Romeo Engine Plant, hand assembled on the niche line.^[43]

2-valve

Introduced in 1997, the SOHC 2-valve 5.4 L has a cast iron engine block and aluminum cylinder heads. The 5.4 L features multi-port fuel injection, roller finger followers, fracture-split powder metal connecting rods, and in some applications a forged steel crankshaft.

The 2-valve SOHC 5.4 L engine was on the Ward's 10 Best Engines list for 1997–1998 and 2000–2002.

3-valve

In 2002, Ford introduced a new 3-valve SOHC cylinder head with variable camshaft timing (VCT), improving power and torque over the previous 2-valve SOHC version. The 3-valve cylinder head was first used on the 2002 Ford Fairmont 5.4 L Barra 220 engine in Australia.^[44] The 3-valve 5.4 L was introduced to the North American market in the redesigned 2004 Ford F-150. Originally specs for oil were 10W-30 in Australian models and then switched to 5W-20 for North American models.{{cn|date=February 2018}}{{clarify|reason=Did Australian models also change to 5W-20 or just the N.American models?|date=February 2018}}

4-valve

In 1999, Ford introduced the DOHC 4-valve 5.4 L in the Lincoln Navigator under the InTech moniker, making it the second engine to use this name. Ford later used versions of the DOHC 4-valve 5.4 L in the 2000 Ford Mustang SVT Cobra R, the Ford GT supercar, and the Ford Shelby GT500. The DOHC 4-valve 5.4 L was also used in the Ford Falcon line in Australia under the Boss moniker until 2010, when it was replaced by a locally developed, supercharged version of the 5.0 litre Modular V8.{{citation needed|date=October 2012}}

The SVT Cobra R version of the 5.4 L 4-valve V8 had several key differences from its Lincoln counterpart. While the iron block and forged steel crankshaft were sourced directly from the InTech 5.4 L, the Cobra R powerplant benefited from new, high-flow cylinder heads that were designed with features developed for Ford's "Rough Rider" off-road racing program, application specific camshafts with higher lift and more duration than other 4-valve Modular cams, forged I-beam connecting rods sourced from Carillo, forged pistons that provided a 9.6:1 compression ratio in conjunction with the 52 cc combustion chambers, and a unique high-flow "cross-ram" style aluminum intake manifold. The Cobra R was rated at {{convert|385|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|385|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} though chassis dynamometer results have shown these ratings to be conservative with unmodified Cobra Rs often producing nearly {{convert|380|hp|abbr=on}} at the rear wheels.^[45]

The Ford GT version of the {{cvt|5409|cc|L CID|1|abbr=on|order=flip}} is a highly specialized version of the Modular engine. It is an all-aluminum alloy, dry-sump DOHC 4 valves per cylinder with an Eaton 2300 Lysholm screw-type supercharger and showcases numerous technological features, such as dual fuel injectors per cylinder and oil squirters for the piston skirts, not found in other Ford Modular engines of the time. This engine benefits from an improved version of the high-flow 2000 Cobra R cylinder head and unique high-lift camshafts, now rated at {{cvt|550|bhp|PS kW|0|abbr=on}} at 6500 rpm and {{cvt|500|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 4500 rpm.^[46]^[47]

The Shelby GT500 uses a 4-valve DOHC 5.4 L with an Eaton M122H Roots type supercharger and air-to-liquid intercooler.^[48] The GT500 5.4 L shares its high-flow cylinder head castings with the Ford GT, with only minor machining differences, and shares camshafts with the 2003–2004 Ford Mustang SVT Cobra; which have less lift and duration than the Ford GT camshafts. The 2007–2010 GT500 engine used an iron engine block, while the 2011 GT500 5.4 L receives a new aluminum engine block, with Ford's first production application of their patented Plasma Transferred Wire Arc (PTWA) cylinder coating, eliminating the need for pressed in cylinder liners. The PTWA spray apparatus was co-developed by Ford and Flame-Spray Industries of Long Island, New York, for which they received the 2009 IPO National Inventors of the Year Award.^[49] The 2011 GT500 engine weighs {{convert|102|lb|abbr=on}} less than the previous iron-block version, thanks in part to the lack of cast iron cylinder liners.^[50] All of the 5.4 L 4-valve engines destined for use in SVT vehicles, such as the Ford GT and Shelby GT500, have been hand-built by technicians at Ford's Romeo, Michigan plant.^[9]

5.8 L Trinity

The 5.8 is formally known as the Trinity Engine or 5.8-liter V8 engine, which benefits from cylinder heads with improved coolant flow, Ford GT camshafts, piston-cooling oil jets similar to those found on the 5.0 Coyote, new 5-layer MLS head gaskets, an over-rev function that increases the red line to 7000 rpm for up to 8 seconds (from 6250 rpm), and a compression ratio increased to 9.0:1 from 8.5:1. Displacement is {{convert|5812|cc|L cuin|1|abbr=on}} with a bore x stroke of {{convert|93.5x105.8|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}. Boost is supplied by a 2.3 L TVS Supercharger with maximum boost of {{convert|14|psi|bar|abbr=on}}.^[51] Trinity has {{convert|37|mm|abbr=on}} intake valves and {{convert|32|mm|abbr=on}} exhaust valves.

6.8 L V10

The {{convert|6760|cc|L CID|1|abbr=on|order=flip}} SOHC V10 is another variation of the Modular family created for use in large trucks. Bore and stroke size is {{convert|3.552x4.165|in|mm|1|abbr=on}}, identical to the 5.4 L V8. Both 2-valve and 3-valve versions have been produced. The 6.8 L uses a split-pin crank with 72° firing intervals and a balance shaft to quell vibrations inherent to a 90° bank angle V10 engine. The engine's firing order is 1-6-5-10-2-7-3-8-4-9. The 2-valve version was first introduced in 1997, with a 3-valve non-VCT version to follow in 2005.

2-valve

3-valve

Ford of Australia

Ford Australia used 5.4 L Modular V8s in the Ford Falcon and previously on the Ford Fairlane sedan model ranges, as well as in its high performance Ford Performance Vehicles (FPV) division models, until mid-2010, when they were replaced by the 5.0L. The DOHC 5.4 L V8s are named Boss by Ford Australia.

5.0 L and 5.3 L Cammer

In 2005, Ford Racing Performance Parts introduced a {{convert|4997|cc|L CID|1|abbr=on|order=flip}} V8 crate engine for use in motor racing and home-made performance cars, officially called M-6007-T50EA, but more widely known as "Cammer". Since then, other higher performance variations of the Cammer have been introduced for KONI Sports Car Challenge and GT4 European Cup. All versions of the Cammer are DOHC 4-valve per cylinder designs with a bore and stroke of {{convert|3.7x3.543|in|mm|abbr=on}}. The Cammer achieves its larger {{convert|3.7|in|mm|abbr=on}} bore by resleeving the 4.6 L aluminum block.^[59]

The T50 Cammer crate engine, the least expensive and most street oriented version, uses derivatives of the cylinder heads, variable runner-length magnesium intake manifold, and camshafts first used in the 2000 FR500 Mustang concept car. These parts are unique to the T50 Cammer crate engine and are not found in any other production Modular applications. The T50 has an 11.0:1 compression ratio and exceeds {{convert|420|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} with the proper exhaust manifolds.^[59]

The Cammer that has seen success in Grand Am Cup powering the Mustang FR500C is officially called M-6007-R50 and features a unique dual plenum, fixed runner-length magnesium intake manifold, Ford GT aluminum cylinder heads, unique camshafts of undisclosed specifications, and an 11.0:1 compression ratio. The R50 Cammer produces over {{convert|450|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} without restrictor plates. Upon introduction the R50 Cammer-powered Mustang FR500C proved to be dominant in Grand-Am Cup, having achieved five victories and podium appearances in nearly every race in the GS class during the 2005 season, giving David Empringham the championship title with the Multimatic Motorsports team, and Ford the manufacturer's title.{{citation needed|date=October 2012}}

Robert Yates publicly expressed interest in using a similar 5.0 L 4-valve DOHC Modular V8 to compete in the NASCAR Winston Cup Series (now Sprint Cup Series).^[60]^[61]^[62] Roush-Yates supplies a naturally aspirated ^[63] {{convert|550|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 5.0 L Cammer for use in the Mustang FR500GT3 and Matech-Ford GT3 which participate in the FIA GT3 European Championship,^[64]^[65] and a naturally aspirated {{convert|665|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 5.3 L Cammer for use in the 2010 Matech-Ford GT1 that competes in FIA GT1 World Championship.^[66] The {{convert|5288|cc|L CID|1|abbr=on|order=flip}} Cammer's extra displacement is achieved via a {{convert|3.75|in|mm|2|abbr=on}} stroke.

World records

World's fastest production car

On February 28, 2005, the Koenigsegg CCR used a modified, Rotrex supercharged Ford Modular 4-valve DOHC 4.6L V8, which produced 806 hp (601 kW), to achieve a top speed of 241 mph (388 km/h). {{citation needed span|This engine used a bore of 94.6 mm (3.725") and a stroke of 94mm (3.700).|date=November 2018|reason=This combination of bore and stroke results in a 5.3 L displacement, while the CCR has a reported 4.7 L engine}} The bore was achieved using Darton M.I.D. Sleeves. This certified top speed was recorded on February 28, 2005, in Nardo, Italy and broke the McLaren F1's world record for fastest production car.^[67] The accomplishment was recognized by Guinness World Records in 2005, who gave the Koenigsegg CCR the official title of World's Fastest Production Car. The Koenigsegg record was broken several months later by the Bugatti Veyron. This engine is the basis for Koenigsegg's twin-supercharged flexible fuel V8 seen in the CCX.

1/8 Mile & 1/4 Mile Drag Race World Records

On March 11, 2018, MMR (Modular Motorsports Racing) using a modified Coyote engine which produced over {{convert|3000|hp|kW|abbr=on|-2}} set the world record for the fastest Modular & Coyote engine ever in the {{convert|1/8|mi|m|0}} with 3.83 seconds at {{convert|202.29|mph|km/h|abbr=on|0}} beating the previous {{frac|1|8}} mile record and also making it the first in the 3.8 second zone and first to break the 200mph mark in the 1/8 mile. Making this feat more impressive was its lack of Turbo intercooler. The elapsed time and mph record was recorded at Bradenton Motorsports Park, Bradenton FL during an NMCA Sanctioned Event. The accomplishment was recognized by sanctioning bodies such as the NMCA (National Muscle car Association) and NMRA (National Mustang Racers Association) giving it the official title of the Fastest {{frac|1|8}} Mile Modular / Coyote Powered vehicle in the World.^[68]^[69]

On November 18, 2017, MMR (Modular Motorsports Racing) set the world record for the fastest 1/4 mile Modular & Coyote engine ever with a 5.80 second pass at {{convert|256|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} using its Coyote based engine which featured Factory cylinder head castings, valves, lifters and Followers sitting atop a Billet reproduction of the factory architecture Coyote cylinder block. Making this feat more impressive was its lack of Turbo intercooler.The elapsed time and mph record was recorded and backed up at Las Vegas Motorsports Speedway Dragstrip during qualifying at a PSCA Sanctioned event giving it the official title of Fastest {{convert|1/4|mi|m|0}} Ford "Door Slammer" in the world.^[70] ^[71]

On November 22, 2015, John Mihovetz and Accufab Racing set the {{convert|1/4|mi|m|0}} record for a 4.6L Engine with a 5.88 second pass at {{convert|250.51|mph|km/h|abbr=on|0}} (3.91 seconds at {{convert|197|mph|km/h|abbr=on|0}} {{frac|1|8}} mile) . This elapsed time and speed record was recorded during qualifying at Las Vegas Motorsports Speedway Dragstrip. The accomplishment was recognized by sanctioning body PSCA (Pacific Street Car Association) and backed up on its previous attempt as outlined by NHRA (National Hot Rod Association) guidelines giving it the official title of Fastest {{convert|1/4|mi|m|0}} 4.6 modular in the world.^[72]

On November 22, 2015, MMR (Modular Motorsports Racing) set the World record for a 5.8L Modular Engine with a time of 5.95 seconds at {{convert|242|mph|km/h|abbr=on|0}} making this the first and only 5 second pass for a Ford 5.4/5.8 Ford Modular Engine. This elapsed time and speed record was recorded during competition at Las Vegas Motorsports Speedway Dragstrip. The accomplishment was recognized by sanctioning bodies such as the PSCA (Pacific Street car Association) and SCSN (Street Car Super Nationals) beating its previous best of 6.02 ET giving it the official title of the fastest 5.4/5.8L Ford modular Engine in the world.^[73]

Intake manifold defect

Starting in 1996, Ford began installing a DuPont Zytel nylon-composite intake manifold onto the 2-valve SOHC engines. Plaintiffs in class action lawsuits alleged that the coolant crossover passage of these intake manifolds may crack, resulting in coolant leakage. A US class-action suit was filed on behalf of owners, resulting in a settlement announced on December 17, 2005.{{citation needed|date=October 2012}}

Starting with the 2002 model year, and implemented halfway through the 2001 lineup, Ford began using a revised DuPont Zytel nylon-composite intake manifold with an aluminum front coolant crossover that corrected the issue. Replacement intakes were also made available for 1996–2001 engines.^[74] To be eligible for reimbursement, owners needed to contact a Ford, Lincoln or Mercury dealer within 90 days of December 16, 2005. Further, Ford offered an extended warranty for this part, for seven years from the start date (which means the initial vehicle sale date) without a mileage limitation.

Spark plug issues

2-valve 4.6 L, 5.4 L, and 6.8 L engines found in many 1997-2008 Ford, Lincoln, and Mercury vehicles may have aluminum cylinder heads with threads for spark plugs that are stripped, missing, or otherwise insufficiently bored out. Ford acknowledges this issue in TSB 07-21-2 as well as earlier TSBs. Ford's TSB does not state that this issue is caused by owner neglect. Ford's only authorized repair procedure for out-of-warranty vehicles is to use the LOCK-N-STITCH aluminum insert and tool kit. For vehicles under the New Vehicle Limited Warranty, Ford will only cover the replacement of the entire cylinder head; however, the Ford recommended spark plug service interval extends beyond the duration of the New Vehicle Limited Warranty.^[75]

3-valve 5.4 L and 6.8 L engines built before 10/9/07 and 3-valve 4.6 Ls built before 11/30/07 found in many 2004–2008 Ford, Lincoln, and Mercury vehicles have an issue with difficult-to-remove spark plugs, which can cause part of the spark plug to become seized in the cylinder head. The source of the problem is a unique plug design that uses a 2-piece shell, which often separates, leaving the lower portion of the spark plug stuck deep in the engine's cylinder head. The 2-piece OE spark plug design is intrinsically flawed, thus making it susceptible to this problem. Ford acknowledges this issue in TSB 08-7-6 as well as earlier TSBs. Ford's TSB does not state that this issue is caused by owner neglect. The TSB provides a special procedure for spark plug removal on these engines. For situations in which the spark plug has partially broken off in the cylinder head, Ford distributes multiple special tools for removing the seized portion of the plug. Their TSB explains the multiple procedures required for handling the different cases/situations that occur when parts of plugs are seized in these engines. This repair is covered for vehicles under warranty; however, the Ford recommended spark plug service interval extends beyond the duration of the New Vehicle Limited Warranty.^[76]

See also

References

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54. ^Lincoln 4.6 Timing
55. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ford.com/commercial-trucks/eseries-cutaway/specifications/engine/ |title=2017 Ford® E-Series Cutaway | Models & Specs |publisher=Ford.com |date=|accessdate=2017-09-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104212735/http://www.ford.com/commercial-trucks/eseries-cutaway/specifications/engine/ |archivedate=2017-01-04}}
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59. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=16767 |title=Ford Racing's New 5.0-Liter "Cammer" V-8 Crate Engine Offers High Horsepower and Easy Installation |publisher=Media.ford.com |year=2003 |accessdate=2013-03-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060810082549/http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=16767 |archivedate=2006-08-10}}
60. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.race2win.net/wc/03/twfrengine.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-05-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061027225511/http://www.race2win.net/wc/03/twfrengine.html |archivedate=2006-10-27}} Robert Yates on Modulars in Winston Cup.
61. ^ Robert Yates saw the light.
62. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mustang50magazine.com/techarticles/138_0309_yates_robert_engines/index1.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-05-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061020074002/http://www.mustang50magazine.com/techarticles/138_0309_yates_robert_engines/index1.html |archivedate=2006-10-20}} "While we know Robert Yates is personally interested in promoting the Modular engine for Winston Cup..."
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67. ^Koenigsegg World Record Press Release {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522085519/http://www.koenigsegg.com/record_pressrelease.asp |date=2008-05-22 }}
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69. ^{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhibsbTP7UI |title=The Real 2017 Worlds Fastest Ford Modular / 5.0 Coyote / Small Block Mustang - built by MMR |first= |last=MMRMUSTANG |date=2017-03-14 |accessdate=2018-03-31 |via=YouTube}}
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73. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-YKKdp-7f3o&t=4s|title=MMR Mustang breaks 5 second Barrier with Ford Modular Engine - Worlds Fastest Automatic Modular|first=|last=MMRMUSTANG|date=2015-11-23|publisher=|accessdate=2018-03-31|via=YouTube}}
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75. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.fleet.ford.com/showroom/CVPI/pdfs/TSB072102SparkPlugThreads.pdf|title=Fleet Showroom - fleet.ford.com|author=|date=|website=www.fleet.ford.com|accessdate=2018-03-31}}
76. ^Ford TSB 08-7-6