词条 | Fort Christina |
释义 |
| nrhp_type =nhl | image = Model of Fort Cristina.jpg | caption = Model of Fort Christina at the American Swedish Historical Museum in Philadelphia | location= East 7th St. at the Christina River, Wilmington, Delaware | coordinates = {{coord|39|44|13.64|N|075|32|18.46|W|display=inline,title}} | locmapin = Delaware#USA | area = | built =1638 | architect= | architecture= | designated_nrhp_type= November 5, 1961[1] | added = October 15, 1966[2] | governing_body = State | refnum=66000260 }} Fort Christina (also called Fort Altena) was the first Swedish settlement in North America and the principal settlement of the New Sweden colony. Built in 1638 and named after Queen Christina of Sweden, it was located approximately 1 mi (1.6 km) east of the present downtown Wilmington, Delaware, at the confluence of the Brandywine River and the Christina River, approximately 2 mi (3 km) upstream from the mouth of the Christina on the Delaware River. History{{New Netherland}}Following plans by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden to establish a Swedish colony in North America, the Swedes arrived in Delaware Bay (fort Christina) on March 29, 1638, aboard the ships Kalmar Nyckel and Fogel Grip under the command of Peter Minuit, the former director of the New Netherland colony. They landed at a spot along the Christina River at a stone outcropping which formed a natural wharf, known as "The Rocks." Minuit selected the site on the Christina River near the Delaware as being optimal for trade in beaver pelts with the local Lenape. He also considered the site easily defensible, and he ordered the construction of an earthwork fort around the Rocks. At the time, the Dutch had claimed the area south to the Delaware (then called "South River"). The Swedes claimed an area for the Realm of Sweden on the south side of the Delaware that encompassed much of the present-day U.S. state of Delaware, eventually including parts of present-day southeastern Pennsylvania and southern New Jersey on the north side of the river. The fort's earthworks were strengthened in 1640 by Governor Peter Hollander Ridder to help defend against the possibility of Dutch or Native American attacks. As additional colonists arrived from Sweden in the years following the landing, homes and farms began to be built outside of the confines of the fort. The fort was rebuilt entirely in 1647. The colony of New Sweden remained in constant friction with the Dutch. In 1651, the Dutch under Peter Stuyvesant established Fort Casimir at present-day New Castle, only 7 mi (12 km) south of Fort Christina, in order to menace the Swedish settlement. In 1654, the Swedes captured Fort Casimir under the orders of Governor Johan Risingh. Risingh, fearing reprisals, strengthened the defenses of Fort Christina by adding a wooden palisade around the earthworks. In 1655, the Dutch under Stuyvesant returned in force and laid siege to Fort Christina. The fort's surrender after ten days ended the official Swedish colonial presence in North America, though most of the colonists remained and were allowed to continue their linguistic and religious practices by the Dutch. Stuyvesant renamed Fort Christina as Fort Altena. The land remained as part of New Netherland until it became part of the English possessions when an English fleet invaded the area in 1664. Under English rule, the original Swedish fortifications around the Rocks fell into disrepair and eventually vanished entirely. New fortifications were built by the Americans on the same site during the Revolutionary period, and they established Fort Union here during the War of 1812. Men involved in the defense of the fort included Caesar Augustus Rodney and James A. Bayard, Sr..[3] Fort Christina National Historic LandmarkIn 1938, to celebrate the 300th anniversary of the Swedish colonization of the area, the state of Delaware created a park which contained the Rocks and the site of the former forts. The dedication was attended by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Crown Prince Gustav Adolf, Crown Princess Louise, and Prince Bertil. The Prince presented a gift from their homeland: a monument, topped by a replica of the Kalmar Nyckel, designed by Swedish sculptor Carl Milles.[1][4][5] During the ceremony, the Prince spoke of the site's significance to both countries: The monument to be unveiled today is a gift from the people of Sweden to the people of the United States. The funds were raised through public subscription, wherein several hundred thousands of our citizens took part. I believe that amongst these subscribers, many had across the Atlantic brothers and sisters, parents and children. In contributing, they must have felt the links, which connect them and all of us with your great country, where so many of the citizens are either of Swedish birth or purely or partly of Swedish descent. President Roosevelt, in accepting the monument, responded that, "I am fortunate in having personal association with the colony of Sweden, for one of my ancestors, William Beekman, served as vice director or governor of the colony of New Sweden on the Delaware River from 1658 to 1663." In 2013, for the 375th anniversary of the Swedish landing, King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden, along with U.S. Vice President Joe Biden, reenacted the landing of the Kalmar Nyckel at Fort Christina Park on a replica of the original ship.[7] The site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961. In 2014, the First State National Historical Park was authorized to potentially include Fort Christina. It now is part of that park system. From Memorial Day to Labor Day 2016 Fort Christina Park is open to the public free for visits from 10AM to 4PM Tuesday through Saturday and all of 4 July and Labor Day Weekends. [8]Literary referencesAmerican author and essayist Washington Irving (1783-1859) refers to Fort Christina in the opening pages of his short story "Rip van Winkle", describing the genealogy his Dutch protagonist: {{quote|In that same village, and in one of these very houses, (which, to tell the precise truth, was sadly time-worn and weather-beaten), there lived many years since, while the country was yet a province of Great Britain, a simple good-natured fellow named Rip Van Winkle. He was a descendant of the Van Winkles who figured so gallantly in the chivalrous days of Peter Stuyvesant and accompanied him to the siege of Fort Christina.[9]}}See also{{Portal|Delaware}}
ReferencesNotes1. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=160&ResourceType=Site|title=Fort Christina|accessdate=2007-09-27|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206074617/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=160&ResourceType=Site|archivedate=2007-12-06|df=}} Sources2. ^{{NRISref|2007a}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://archives.delaware.gov/eBooks/DE_Terc_Almanack.pdf|title=Delaware Tercentenary Almanack|publisher=Delaware Public Archives|accessdate=26 February 2015}} 4. ^{{Cite journal|url={{NHLS url|id=66000260}}|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Fort Christina|author=Richard Greenwood|format=PDF|date=July 21, 1975|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-06-22|postscript=}} and {{NHLS url|id=66000260|title=Accompanying 2 photos, from 1975|photos=y}} {{small|(685 KB)}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://history.delaware.gov/pdfs/historyFortChristina.pdf|title=A Brief History of Fort Christina|publisher=Delaware Division of Historical and Cultural Resources|accessdate=26 February 2015}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.genealogia.fi/emi/art/article230e.htm|title=Observance of the Three Hundredth Anniversary of the First Permanent Settlement in the Delaware River Valley 1938|publisher=WHYY|accessdate=26 February 2015}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsworks.org/index.php/local/delaware-feature/49653-swedish-king-and-queen-to-visit-delaware-in-may|title=Swedish King and Queen to Visit Delaware in May|publisher=WHYY|accessdate=26 February 2015}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/frst/planyourvisit/fort-christina.htm|title=Fort Christina - First State National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)|author=|date=|website=www.nps.gov|accessdate=23 April 2018}} 9. ^Oates, 1992, p. 19
External links{{commons category|Fort Christina}}
16 : New Sweden|State parks of Delaware|Buildings and structures in Wilmington, Delaware|National Historic Landmarks in Delaware|Tourist attractions in Wilmington, Delaware|1638 establishments in the Swedish colonial empire|Colonial forts in Delaware|Forts in Delaware|Forts of New Netherland|Wilmington Riverfront|Parks in New Castle County, Delaware|Swedish-American culture in Delaware|Forts on the National Register of Historic Places in Delaware|National Register of Historic Places in Wilmington, Delaware|First State National Historical Park|Christina of Sweden |
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