| 词条 | Foshan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = {{raise|0.2em|Foshan}} |official_name = |native_name = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|{{lang|zh|佛山市}}}}}} |other_name = |nickname = {{lang|zh-hans|禅}} (Chan) |settlement_type = Prefecture-level city |motto = |image_skyline = Foshan montage.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Clockwise from top right: Zumiao of Foshan, Qingyun Tower in Shunfengshan Park, Gaoming, Guanyin atop Mount Xiqiao, & Downtown Foshan in Chancheng District |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=7}} |image_map1 = Guangdong subdivisions - Foshan.svg |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = Location of Foshan in Guangdong |image_dot_map = |pushpin_map = |pushpin_label_position = |pushpin_map_caption = Location in China |pushpin_mapsize = |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = People's Republic of China |subdivision_type1 = Province |subdivision_name1 = Guangdong |subdivision_type2 = Municipal seat |subdivision_name2 = Chancheng District |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = CPC Committee Secretary |leader_name = Lu Yi ({{lang|zh-hans|鲁毅}}) |leader_title1 = Mayor |leader_name1 = Zhu Wei ({{lang|zh-hans|朱伟}}) |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = |established_date = |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 3848.49 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = 690 |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = 3848.49 |area_metro_km2 = 17572.9 |population_as_of = 2012 |population_footnotes = |population_note = [1] |population_total = 7197394 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 =auto |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 =auto |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_blank2_title = |population_blank2 = |timezone = China Standard Time |utc_offset = +8 |coordinates = {{coord|23|01|0|N|113|07|0|E|type:adm2nd_region:CN-44|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 16 |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type =Postal code |postal_code =528000 |area_code = (0)757 |iso_code = CN-GD-06 |blank_name =License plate prefixes |blank_info = {{lang|zh-cn|粤E}} {{lang|zh-cn|粤Y}}(for motor vehicles registered in Nanhai before February 2018), {{lang|zh-cn|粤X}}(for motor vehicles registered in Shunde before February 2018) |blank1_name = GDP |blank1_info = ¥ 701.0 billion (2013) |blank2_name = GDP per capita{{disambiguation needed|date=August 2018}} |blank2_info = ¥ 96,535 (2011) |website = {{URL|foshan.gov.cn/}} |footnotes = }}{{Infobox Chinese |pic=Foshan_(Chinese_characters).svg |piccap="Foshan" in Chinese characters |picupright=0.475 |c={{linktext|佛山}} |psp=Fatshan |p=Fóshān |w=Fo2-shan1 |mi={{IPAc-cmn|f|o|2|.|sh|an|1}} |gr=Forshan |myr=Fwóshān |bpmf=ㄈㄛˊ ㄕㄢ |j=Fat6saan1 |y=Fahtsàan or Fahtsāan |ci={{IPA-yue|fɐ̀t̚.sâːn|}} or {{IPA-yue|fɐ̀t̚.sáːn|}} |tl=Pu̍t-suann |l="Buddha{{nbsp}}Mountain" |showflag=py }}{{stack end}} Foshan, formerly romanized as Fatshan, is a prefecture-level city in central Guangdong Province, China. The entire prefecture covers {{convert|3,848.49|km²|abbr=on|sp=us}} and has an urban population around 7.2 million in 2012. It forms part of the western side of the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone, which includes Guangzhou to the east and northeast and Zhongshan to the southeast. Foshan is regarded as the home of the Cantonese versions of Chinese opera, kung fu and lion dance. {{TOC limit|2}}{{anchor|Names|Etymology}}NameFóshān is the pinyin romanization of the city's Chinese name {{lang|zh|{{linktext|佛山}}}}, based on its Mandarin pronunciation. The Postal Map spelling "Fatshan" derives from the same name's local Cantonese pronunciation. Other romanizations include Fat-shan{{sfnp|Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed.|1911|loc=Vol. XV, "Kwang-tung"}} and Fat-shun.[3] Foshan means "Buddha{{nbsp}}Mountain" and, despite the more famous present-day statue of Guanyin or Kwanyin on Mount Xiqiao, who isn't a Buddha, it refers to a smaller hill near the centre of town where three bronze sculptures of Buddha were discovered in AD 628. The town grew up around a monastery founded nearby that was destroyed in 1391.[4]HistoryFoshan remained a minor settlement on the Fen River for most of China's history. It developed around a Tang-era Buddhist monastery that was destroyed in 1391.[4] (Nanhai was separately established at Broken Bowls Point in 1271 by two brothers fleeing the Mongol invasion of the north.) The Foshan Ancestral Temple, a Taoist temple to the Northern God (Beidi) that was rebuilt in 1372, became the new focus of the community by the 15th century.[4] By the early Ming, Foshan had grown into one of the four great markets in China, primarily on the strength of its local ceramics but also on account of its metalwork.[5] Under the Qing, its harbor on the Fen River was limited to ships of a thousand tons' burden but it remained well connected with Guangdong's other ports.[5] By the 19th century, it was considered the "Birmingham of China", with its steel industry responsible for the consumption of the majority of the province's iron production.[3] It was connected to Guangzhou and Sanshui by rail in the early 20th century.[5] The Ancestral Temple was converted into the Foshan Municipal Museum upon the victory of the Communists in the Chinese Civil War in 1949. Foshan remained primarily focused on ceramic and steel production until the 1950s, when it became an urbanizing political center. On 26 June 1951 it left Nanhai County to become a separate county-level city and, in 1954, it was made the seat of the prefectural government.[5] Its economy stagnated through the Cultural Revolution—traditional ceramic ware was forbidden and its workshops were turned to producing Maoist and Revolutionary folderol — but it continued to grow, reaching 300,000 people by the 1970s, making it the province's second city after Guangzhou.[5] As early as 1973, however, its agriculture and consumer industries were permitted to become an export production base and a modern highway linked it to Guangzhou soon after; this permitted its party secretary Tong Mengqing and mayor Yu Fei to take full advantage when Deng Xiaoping introduced his Opening Up policies after the fall of the Gang of Four.[5] In 1983, Foshan was promoted to a prefecture-level city with its former core becoming the new Chancheng District, but lost the southwestern half of its former territory to Jiangmen.[5] On 8 December 2002, Shunde and Nanhai joined its urban core as a full district. Shunde has gone on to obtain an unusual autonomous status in 2009, placing its oversight in the hands of the provincial government rather than the prefectural one. GeographyFoshan lies on the Fen River in the estuaries making up the west side of the Pearl River Delta. Guangzhou lies {{convert|25|km|sp=us}} to the northeast, Zhongshan to the southeast, Jiangmen to the south, Qingyuan to the west, and Zhaoqing to the west.[6] ClimateFoshan experiences a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa). {{Weather box|width=auto|metric first=y |single line=y |collapsed = Y |location = Foshan (1981−2010) |Jan high C = 17.9 |Feb high C = 18.5 |Mar high C = 20.8 |Apr high C = 25.1 |May high C = 29.2 |Jun high C = 31.5 |Jul high C = 32.9 |Aug high C = 33.2 |Sep high C = 31.5 |Oct high C = 28.6 |Nov high C = 24.0 |Dec high C = 19.8 |Jan mean C = 13.8 |Feb mean C = 14.3 |Mar mean C = 17.6 |Apr mean C = 21.9 |May mean C = 25.7 |Jun mean C = 28.0 |Jul mean C = 29.1 |Aug mean C = 29.2 |Sep mean C = 27.6 |Oct mean C = 24.6 |Nov mean C = 19.6 |Dec mean C = 15.0 |year mean C = |Jan low C = 10.8 |Feb low C = 11.9 |Mar low C = 15.2 |Apr low C = 19.5 |May low C = 23.0 |Jun low C = 25.3 |Jul low C = 26.1 |Aug low C = 26.3 |Sep low C = 24.6 |Oct low C = 21.4 |Nov low C = 16.3 |Dec low C = 11.4 |Jan record high C = 26.7 |Jan record low C = 2.0 |Feb record high C = 27.1 |Feb record low C = 2.3 |Mar record high C = 30.7 |Mar record low C = 3.4 |Apr record high C = 32.7 |Apr record low C = 10.5 |May record high C = 35.6 |May record low C = 14.9 |Jun record high C = 37.1 |Jun record low C = 18.7 |Jul record high C = 38.5 |Jul record low C = 22.8 |Aug record high C = 38.5 |Aug record low C = 23.3 |Sep record high C = 37.8 |Sep record low C = 19.6 |Oct record high C = 34.2 |Oct record low C = 10.7 |Nov record high C = 30.6 |Nov record low C = 4.4 |Dec record high C = 28.8 |Dec record low C = 3.1 |year high C= |year low C= |year high F = |year low F = |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 45.7 |Feb precipitation mm = 65.2 |Mar precipitation mm = 92.4 |Apr precipitation mm = 166.4 |May precipitation mm = 245.1 |Jun precipitation mm = 273.7 |Jul precipitation mm = 228.4 |Aug precipitation mm = 229.9 |Sep precipitation mm = 196.7 |Oct precipitation mm = 68.1 |Nov precipitation mm = 37.7 |Dec precipitation mm = 28.0 |Jan humidity = 74 |Feb humidity = 82 |Mar humidity = 84 |Apr humidity = 85 |May humidity = 84 |Jun humidity = 83 |Jul humidity = 81 |Aug humidity = 79 |Sep humidity = 79 |Oct humidity = 75 |Nov humidity = 71 |Dec humidity = 66 |source 1 = China Meteorological Data Service Center }} AdministrationThe prefecture-level city of Foshan administers five county-level divisions, all of which are districts. The five districts are Chancheng, Nanhai, Sanshui, Gaoming and Shunde.
These are further divided into 32 township-level divisions, including 11 subdistricts and 21 towns. Foshan is close to Guangzhou and considers its link with Guangzhou to be very important. As such, it is part of the Pearl River Delta and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area metropolis, centered on Guangzhou. EconomyFoshan has been well known for its ceramics since the Ming, although it was forced to shutter its production during the Cultural Revolution.[5] Foshan had a ¥8.01 trillion gross domestic product in 2015, raising its per capita GDP past ¥10,000.[11] Shunde District in particular has a high standard of living, with its 3,000+ electronical appliance factories responsible for more than half of the world's air conditioners and refrigerators.[12] Foshan now has more than 30 towns specialized in particular industries, including furniture, machinery, and beverages.[12] Foshan Hi-Tech Development Zone was founded in 1992. Its total planned area is {{cvt|7.55|km2}}. The zone is very close to the national highway G325 as well as Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport. The major industries in the zone including automobile assembly, biotechnology and chemicals processing.[13] LanguageA dialect from the Samyap branch of the Cantonese language is being used by the city natives. Besides that, Mandarin is also used, mainly in business and education, although the city natives don't use much of it in their daily lives. TransportationIn 2013 to 2014, Foshan planned to improve public transportation by putting forward six measures:[14] FMetro{{Main|Foshan Metro}}The first line of FMetro opened in 2010, and another two lines are under construction and due to be completed in 2015 and 2020. The existing line of FMetro network:
RailFoshan is a main interchange for railway routes linking Guangzhou, Hong Kong and western Guangdong Province. It is connected with Hong Kong via the KCRC Guangdong Through Train service from Foshan Railway Station, an inter-city train service that was extended from Guangzhou to Foshan in the 1990s.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} Aviation{{expand section|date=May 2018}}There are coach bus services connecting Foshan with Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA).[15] EducationLike all schools in China, Mandarin is the sole language-of-instruction.
SportsFoshan will be one of the host cities for the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup.[16] In October 2014 the city hosted The Foshan Open golf event on the European Challenge Tour.[17] Two professional football teams have played in Foshan. From 1989 to 1997 Foshan Fosti (now disbanded) played at the New Plaza Stadium in Chancheng (now demolished). Foshan Fosti mainly played in the second tier, but did play in the eight team top tier in 1993. In 2007, newly created Guangdong Sunray Cave played at Nanhai District Stadium (now demolished), before moving to the Century Lotus Stadium in 2008. Sunray Cave then moved to Guangzhou, although did play the final games of the 2013 China League One back at Century Lotus Stadium. They returned to Guangzhou in 2014 and then disbanded.[18] Destinations
Sister cities
Notable people
References1. ^http://www.citypopulation.de/php/china-guangdong-admin.php 2. ^ 3. ^1 {{harvp|Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed.|1878|loc=Vol. V, "China"}}. 4. ^1 2 {{citation |last=McDermott |first=Joseph P. |title=State and Court Ritual in China |p=[https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=qgYdycfeJyAC&pg=PA281 281]}}. 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{citation |last=Vogel |first=Ezra F. |title=One Step Ahead in China: Guangdong under Reform |url=https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=NU2NLLjO1fUC |p=[https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=NU2NLLjO1fUC&pg=PA182 182] }}. 6. ^{{cite news |title=Foshan |url=http://www.bing.com/maps |website = Bing Maps |access-date = May 28, 2016 |first = Samuel |last = Farrell }} 7. ^{{cite web |language=zh-hans |url=http://files2.mca.gov.cn/cws/201502/20150225163817214.html|script-title=zh:中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码|publisher=Ministry of Civil Affairs|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113603/http://files2.mca.gov.cn/cws/201502/20150225163817214.html|archivedate=2015-04-02|df=}} 8. ^{{cite book |language=zh-hans |author=Guangzhou Bureau of Statistics (广州市统计局) |script-title=zh:《广州统计年鉴2013》|date=August 2013 |publisher=China Statistics Print (中国统计出版社) |isbn= 978-7-5037-6651-0}} 9. ^{{cite book| author1=Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China| author2=Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China |title=| script-title=zh:中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料|date=2012|publisher=China Statistics Print|location=Beijing|isbn=978-7-5037-6660-2|edition=1}} 10. ^{{cite book |language=zh-hans |author=Ministry of Civil Affairs |script-title=zh:《中国民政统计年鉴2014》|date=August 2014 |publisher=China Statistics Print (中国统计出版社) |isbn= 978-7-5037-7130-9}} 11. ^{{cite web |url= http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=Il1FenzvJtewoPsrhZhJcmynMxGUbDfsDWXeKSQjGgKIor_K1Kmye6e9sZ315-Eogrv-pmnEtj2DjGokNfQhLNBDwdBCoHEnTWUf1t_ZtBS |title= 佛山 （广东省地级市）|website= BAIDU.com }} 12. ^1 {{citation |contribution-url= http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2015/09/11/foshan-from-buddhist-hill-to-world-manufacturing-centre/ |contribution= Foshan: From Buddhist Hill to World Manufacturing Centre |title=MacauHub |url= http://www.macauhub.com.mo/ |date=11 September 2015 }}. 13. ^{{Cite web |url= http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/foshan-hi-tech-development-zone/ |title=RightSite.asia {{!}} Foshan Hi-Tech Development Zone |access-date=2012-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426182040/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/foshan-hi-tech-development-zone |archive-date= 2012-04-26 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 14. ^Foshan City Transportation Bureau home page Foshan City Transportation Bureau. Retrieved February 1, 2014 15. ^"[https://www.hongkongairport.com/en/transport/mainland-connection/mainland-coaches/index.page Mainland Coaches]." Hong Kong International Airport. Retrieved on May 8, 2018. 16. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.fiba.com/basketballworldcup/2019/news/fiba-basketball-world-cup-2019-high-ranking-loc-officials-confirmed-fiba-to-open-three-offi |title= FIBA Basketball World Cup 2019 high-ranking LOC officials confirmed, FIBA to open three offices in China |date=14 June 2016 |publisher=FIBA |accessdate=7 September 2016}} 17. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/guangdong/foshan |title=The Foshan Tour |work= European Challenge Tour |publisher=PGA European Tour |accessdate= 20 November 2014}} 18. ^{{Cite web|url=http://wildeastfootball.geezerbuild.com/2018/02/football-foshan-matters/|title=Football in Foshan and why it matters - Wild East Football|website=wildeastfootball.geezerbuild.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-07-08}} 19. ^{{Cite web |url=http://ville-lapossession.mobius.re/la-possession-ville-des-jumelages.html |title=Ville de la Possession - Jumelages |access-date=2012-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517100919/http://ville-lapossession.mobius.re/la-possession-ville-des-jumelages.html |archive-date=2012-05-17 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 20. ^http://www2.ingolstadt.de/index.phtml?object=tx|1842.55.1&NavID=1842.86&Aktuell_ID=13449 21. ^http://www.augsburger-allgemeine.de/neuburg/Ingolstadt-und-Foshan-id27503787.html External links{{Commons category|Foshan}}
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