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{{Year nav topic5|1876|science}}The year 1876 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy- December 7 – First recorded observation of the Great White Spot on Saturn, made by American astronomer Asaph Hall, who uses it to calculate the planet's rotation period.
Biology- Robert Koch demonstrates that Bacillus anthracis is the source of anthrax, the first bacterium conclusively shown to cause disease.[1]
- Koller's sickle in avian gastrulation is first described by August Rauber.
- Francis Galton invents the silent dog whistle.[2]
- Meiosis was discovered and described for the first time in sea urchin eggs by the German biologist Oscar Hertwig.
Chemistry- Josiah Willard Gibbs publishes On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances, a compilation of his work on thermodynamics and physical chemistry which lays out the concept of free energy to explain the physical basis of chemical equilibria.[3]
Exploration- May 24 – End of the Challenger expedition.[4]
Mathematics- Édouard Lucas demonstrates that 127 is a Mersenne prime, the largest that will be recorded for seventy-five years.[5] He also shows that the Mersenne number 267 − 1, or M67, must have factors.
Medicine- February 22 – Swedish woman Karolina Olsson lapses into a form of hibernation for 32 years.
- David Ferrier publishes The Functions of the Brain.
- William Macewen demonstrates clinical diagnosis of the site of brain tumors and performs the first successful intercranial surgery.
- Patrick Manson begins studying filariasis infection in humans.
Technology- February 14 – Scottish American inventor Alexander Graham Bell and American electrical engineer Elisha Gray each file a patent for the telephone, initiating the Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy.
- March 7 – Alexander Graham Bell is granted a patent for the telephone.[6]
- March 10 – Alexander Graham Bell makes the first successful bi-directional telephone call, saying "Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you".
- Nikolaus Otto builds the first successful four-stroke engine using the Otto cycle.
- Francis Edgar Stanley of Newton, Massachusetts, patents an atomizing paint distributor, a form of airbrush.[7]
- The Seth Thomas Clock Company is awarded a United States patent for an adjustable wind-up alarm clock.
- Thomas Hawksley first uses pressure grouting to control water leakage under an embankment dam at Tunstall Reservoir in Weardale, County Durham, England.[8][9][10][11]
Institutions- October 4 – First classes begin at the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas.[12]
- Elizabeth Bragg becomes the first woman to graduate with a civil engineering degree in the United States, from University of California, Berkeley.[13]
Awards- Copley Medal: Claude Bernard
- Wollaston Medal: Thomas Henry Huxley
Births- January 5 – Lucien Bull (died 1972), Irish-born pioneer in chronophotography.
- January 23 – Otto Diels (died 1954), German Nobel Prize winner in chemistry.
- February 15 – E. H. "Chinese" Wilson (died 1930), English-born plant collector.
- April 22 – Robert Bárány (died 1936), Viennese-born Nobel Prize winner in medicine.
- June 13 – William Sealy Gosset (died 1937), English statistician.
- October 3 – Gabrielle Howard née Matthaei (died 1930), English-born plant physiologist.
- November 9 – Hideyo Noguchi (died 1928), Japanese bacteriologist.
- November 19 – Tatyana Afanasyeva (died 1964), Russian-born mathematician.
Deaths- November 26 – Karl Ernst von Baer (born 1792), Baltic German naturalist.
- Undated – Anna Volkova (born 1800), Russian chemist.
References1. ^{{cite journal|last=Koch|first=R.|year=1876|title=Die Ätiologie der Milzbrand-Krankheit, begründet auf die Entwicklungsgeschichte des Bacillus anthracis|journal=Cohns Beitrage zur Biologie der Pflanzen|volume=2|issue=2|url=http://edoc.rki.de/documents/rk/508-5-26/PDF/5-26.pdf|pages=277–310|accessdate=2011-05-31}}
2. ^{{cite book|last=Galton|first=Francis|year=1883|url=http://www.galton.org/books/human-faculty/index.html|title=Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development|pages=26–27}}
3. ^{{cite web |last=O'Connor |first=J. J. |last2=Robertson |first2=E.F. |title=Josiah Willard Gibbs |work=MacTutor |publisher=School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland |year=1997 |url =http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Gibbs.html |accessdate=2007-03-24}}
4. ^{{cite book|last=Rice|first=A. L.|title=Understanding the Oceans: Marine Science in the Wake of HMS Challenger|location=London|publisher=Routledge|year=1999|pages=27–48|chapter=The Challenger Expedition|isbn=978-1-85728-705-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F5agn3NSzEoC&pg=PA27}}
5. ^{{cite web|title=The Largest Known Prime by Year: A Brief History|first=Chris|last=Caldwell|url=http://primes.utm.edu/notes/by_year.html|accessdate=2011-12-30}}
6. ^United States patent #174,466.
7. ^United States patent #182,389.
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/12691|title=Hawksley, Thomas|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=2011-08-27}}
9. ^{{cite book|first=R. W.|last=Rennison|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bv2BrOMo8cIC&pg=PA81&|title=Civil Engineering Heritage: Northern England|page=81}}
10. ^{{cite book|first=A. Clive|last=Houlsby|title=Construction and Design of Cement Grouting; A Guide to Grouting in Rock Foundations|publisher=Wiley|year=1990|isbn=0-471-51629-5}}
11. ^{{cite journal|authorlink=Rudolph Glossop|first=Rudolph|last=Glossop|title=The Invention and Development of Injection processes Part II: 1850-1960|publisher=British Geotechnical Association|journal=Géotechnique|volume=11,|year=1961|pages=255-279}}
12. ^{{cite document|first=Henry C|last=Dethloff|authorlink=Henry C. Dethloff|title=Texas A&M University|work=The Handbook of Texas Online|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/kct08|accessdate=2011-11-18}}
13. ^{{cite web|publisher=University of California, Berkeley |title=WEP Milestones |url=http://coe.berkeley.edu/students/bpi/jmep/milestones.html |work=Berkeley Engineering |accessdate=2011-11-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110020425/http://coe.berkeley.edu/students/bpi/jmep/milestones.html |archivedate=2012-01-10 |df= }}
3 : 1876 in science|19th century in science|1870s in science |