“Valentina Grizodubova”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Valentina Stepanovna Grizodubova ({{lang-ru|Валентина Степановна Гризодубова}}, {{lang-uk|Валентина Степанівна Гризодубова}} Valentina Stepanivna Grizodubova; May 10, 1909 in Kharkov – April 28, 1993 in Moscow) was one of the first female pilots in the Soviet Union and was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union and the only female Hero of the Soviet Union to also be awarded the title Hero of Socialist Labour.

Early life and pre-war career

Born in Kharkiv, in the Kharkov Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Ukraine), she was the daughter of Stepan Vasil'yevich Grizodubov, a pioneer aircraft-designer. At the age of fourteen, she flew a glider solo. She played piano and graduated from a conservatory as well as from the Khar'kov Technical Institute. She spoke several foreign languages. In 1929, she graduated from the Penza Flying Club of the paramilitary association OSOAVIAKhIM. She also trained at the Khar'kov Flying School.

In 1933, she graduated from the Tula Advanced Flying School. Here she became a flight instructor and trained 86 male pilots, many of whom became Heroes of Soviet Union. From 1934 to 1938, she flew in a "Propaganda" Squadron named after Maxim Gorky.^[1]

She flew many types of aircraft and set seven world records^[2] including one for highest altitude reached by a female pilot on a two-seater seaplane, 3,267 meters (10718.5 feet) on 15 October 1937, (FAI Record File Number 121.16) three speed records and one for long-distance flying between Moscow and Aktyubinsk (in Kazakhstan) together with Marina Raskova.^[3]

On September 24–25, 1938, as the commander and along with Marina Raskova and Polina Osipenko, she completed the 5,908.61 kilometers (3,671.44 miles) flight of the Rodina (Russian for "Motherland") on the Antonov ANT-37, setting an international women's record for a straight-line distance flight (FAI Record File Number 10444). She had already accumulated 5.000 hours' flight before her historic flight,^[3] and together with her crew members became one of the first women to be appointed a Hero of the Soviet Union on 2 November 1938, also receiving a reward of 25,000 rubles.^[3]

German-Soviet War

Since March 1942 she took part in the German-Soviet War. She was appointed commanding officer of the 101st Long-Range Air Regiment, formed in May 1942, which consisted of about three-hundred men: pilots, navigators, engineers and ground support personnel.^[4] Her unit was equipped with Lisunov Li-2, transport aircraft (Douglas DC-3 built under license) and the pilots were conscripted by Civil Air Fleet.^[4]

Grizodubova's Li-2s had a crew of six aviators: pilot, co-pilot, navigator, flight-technician, radio operator and air gunner. The unit had initially the task of bombing enemy troops, to fly to partisans and - in June 1942 - to help supply the besieged Leningrad. Subsequently, 101st Long-Range Bomber Air Regiment was ordered to bomb Wehrmacht units that had broken Bryansk and South-Westerns Fronts and were heading for Voronezh. Grizodubova led her regiment almost every night, overcoming strong flak defences and Luftwaffe night fighters in Kursk, Orel and L'gov areas.^[5]

In September 1942, 101st Long-Range Air Regiment was placed at disposal of the Central HQ of the Partisan Movement. The unit flew more than 1,850 sorties to partisan-held areas, delivering about 1,500 tons of arms and ammunition and hundreds of tons of radio equipment, printing presses, film cameras and reading matter, for Soviet partisan leaders. The Regiment evacuated 2,500 wounded partisans and homeless orphans too.^[6] However, poor airstrips and enemy fighters were a constant threat to the Li-2s and their crews. On Grizodubova's initiative, by March 1943, partisans built an improved airstrip on the right bank of the Dnieper, where up to a dozen aircraft could be parked in daytime.^[7] On 27 May 1944 her regiment was awarded the honorific title Krasnosel'skiy for participating to break the siege of Leningrad. By the time Grizodubova was recalled to Moscow, in June 1944, she had flown about 200 sorties. Two months later, on 30 August, the 101st Long-Range Air Regiment was awarded the Order of the Red Banner and, later, the honorific of "Guards".^[7]

Post war

In the 1940s she served as the sole female member of the "Extraordinary State Commission for Ascertaining and Investigating Crimes Perpetrated by the German-Fascist Invaders and their Accomplices" (Chrezvychainaia gosudarstvennaia komissiia or Чрезвычайная Государственная Комиссия; ChGK),^[8] appointed to investigate Nazi war crimes in the Soviet Union and compensate the state for damages.^[9] She also assisted the future cosmonaut Svetlana Savitskaya in becoming a test pilot.^[10]

Legacy

Grizodubova was an Honorary Citizen of Penza. A monument in Moscow is dedicated to Valentina Grizodubova.

Awards

See also

References

1. ^{{cite book |last= Milanetti |first= Gian Piero |title= Le streghe della notte |edition= first |date= April 2011 |publisher= Istituto Bibliografico Napoleone |location= Rome |language= Italian |isbn= 88-7565-100-0 |pages= 117–120}}
2. ^Cottam 1998-Selected Biographies, p. 4.
3. ^¹²Milanetti, page 117.
4. ^¹Cottam 1998-Selected Biographies, p. 5.
5. ^Cottam 1998-Selected Biographies, p. 6.
6. ^Cottam 1998-Selected Biographies, p. 7.
7. ^¹Cottam 1998-Selected Biographies, p. 8.
8. ^{{cite book |title=The Nuremberg Trials: International Criminal Law Since 1945 |author=Lawrence Raful |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2006 |ISBN=3110944847 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=5h_8dxXEIPsC&q=Ascertaining#v=snippet&q=Ascertaining&f=false |page=47 |via=Google Books}}
9. ^Kolasa, Ingo. 1996. [https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/41981 “Where Have all the Volumes Gone? A Contribution to the Discussion of `captured government property’ and ‘trophy commissions.”] College & Research Libraries. 11. Volume 57, Issue 6, Page 503. Die Deutsche Bibliothek in Frankfurt, Germany: [https://web.archive.org/web/20141221031348/https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/41981/crl_57_06_501_opt.pdf PDF file, direct download from the Wayback Machine.]
10. ^{{cite book|last1=Pennington|first1=Reina|last2=Higham|first2=Robin|title=Amazons to fighter pilots : a biographical dictionary of military women / Vol. 1, A-Q.|date=2003|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, CT |oclc=773504359 |page=187}}

Bibliography

External links