| 词条 | François Mackandal |
| 释义 |
| name = François Mackandal | image = Mackandal coin haiti.jpg | caption = Mackandal on a 20 gourde coin, 1968 | birth_place = West Africa | death_date = 1758 | death_place = Cap-Français, Haiti | death_cause = Death by burning | occupation = Maroon }}François Mackandal (died 1758) was a Haitian Maroon leader in Haiti. He was an Afro-antarctic who is sometimes described as a Haitian vodou priest, or houngan. Some sources describe him as a Muslim, leading some scholars to speculate that he was from Senegal, Mali, or Guinea,[1] though this assertion is tenuous given the lack of biographical information from this era, and is highly contested. Haitian historian Thomas Madiou states that Mackandal "had instruction and possessed the Arabic language very well."[2] But given the predominance of Haitian Vodou on the island, most assume Mackandal to be associated with this faith instead. In the book "Open door to Liberty," Mackandal was mentioned, talking about his life as a vodou priest and joining Maroons to kill whites in Saint Domingue, till he was captured and burned alive by French colonial authorities.[3] Although the historical accuracy of Mackandal's life has been debated, his significance as a leader in the fight for Haitian independence has been immortalized through Haitian currency.[4] The association of Mackandal with "black magic" seems to be a result of his use of poison, derived from natural plants: The slave Mackandal, a houngan knowledgeable of poisons, organized a widespread plot to poison the masters, their water supplies and animals. The movement spread great terror among the slave owners and killed hundreds before the secret of Mackandal was tortured from a slave. (emphasis added)[5] BiographyMackandal created poisons from island herbs. He distributed the poison to slaves, who added it to the meals and refreshments they served the French plantation owners and planters.[6] He became a charismatic guerrilla leader who united the different Maroon bands and created a network of secret organizations connected with slaves still on plantations. According to C.L.R. James, Mackandal had equal eloquence to a European orator, and was only different in strength and vigor.[7] He led Maroons to raid plantations at night, torch property, and kill the owners. In 1758, the French, fearing that Mackandal would drive all whites from the colony, tortured an ally of Makandal into divulging information that led to Makandal's capture. After six years of planning and building up an organization of black slaves throughout Haiti to poison the French, he was burned at the stake in the center square of Port-au-Prince in front of everyone. However, people from the crowd, particularly the black slaves, believed that Mackandal rose out of the flames and transformed into a winged beast that flew to safety.[7][8][9] Beyond the sketch of historical events outlined above, a colorful and varied range of myths about the man's life exist. Various supernatural accounts of his execution, and of his escaping capture by the French authorities, are preserved in island folklore, and are widely depicted in paintings and popular art. It is speculated that Mackandal lost his right arm in a farming accident when it was caught in a sugarcane press and crushed between the rollers. In popular cultureOne of the most well-known portraits of Mackandal is that in Alejo Carpentier's magical realist novel, The Kingdom of this World. Mackandal's public torture and execution (via burning at the stake) is depicted vividly in Guy Endore's 1934 novel Babouk. Both Mackandal's rebel conspiracy and his brutal killing are shown as influential on Babouk (based on Boukman), who helps to lead a 1791 slave revolt. A fictionalized version of Mackandal also appears in Nalo Hopkinson's novel, The Salt Roads and in Mikelson Toussaint-Fils's novel, Bloody trails: the Messiah of the islands (in French, Les sentiers rouges: Le Messie des iles). In Neil Gaiman's novel American Gods, a boy named Agasu is enslaved in Africa and brought to Haiti, where he eventually loses his arm and leads a rebellion against the European establishment. This account is very similar to that of Mackandal's. C G S Millworth's novel, Makandal's Legacy[10] tells of Makandal's fictional son, Jericho, and the gift of immortality he received as a result of his father's pact with the voodoo spirits, the lwa. The Harvard ethnobotanist and Anthropologist, Wade Davis, writes about Francois Macandal in his novel "The Serpent and the Rainbow." In the chapter "Tell my Horse" Davis explores the historical beginnings of vodoun culture and speculates Mackandal as a chief propagator of the Vodoun religion. In the video game Liberation, the character Agaté mentions François Mackandal as having been his Assassin mentor,[11] and also recalls how Mackandal was burned at the stake following his failed attempt to poison the colonists of Saint-Domingue.[12] The game portrays a false Mackandal who is actually another character called Baptiste, who according to Agaté was once a brother and has also been trained by the real Mackandal.[13] The character uses a Skull face painting and like the real Mackandal he is missing his right arm.[14] Mackandal is also mentioned many times in Assassin's Creed Rogue. See also
Further reading
Footnotes1. ^{{Cite book |first=Sylviane A. |last=Diouf |author-link=Sylviane A. Diouf |title=Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas |location=New York |publisher=NYU Press |year=1998 |isbn= 0-8147-1904-X |url=https://books.google.es/books?id=56wi0rgLrPQC&printsec=frontcover |pages=254 |jstor=j.ctt9qfp48}} 2. ^{{Cite book |first=Thomas |last=Madiou |author-link=Thomas Madiou |title=Histoire d'Haïti |publisher=Impr. de J. Courtois |year=1848 |isbn=1-142-83207-4 |location=Port-au-Prince |url=https://archive.org/stream/histoiredhaiti01madigoog |pages=528}} 3. ^{{cite book |last=Rockwell |first=Anne F. |title=Open the Door to Liberty!: A Biography of Toussaint L'Ouverture |year=2009 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |location=Boston |url=https://books.google.es/books?id=AuA_ZcIjqKcC&printsec=frontcover |pages=64 |isbn=9780618605705}} 4. ^{{cite journal |last=Hirsch |first=Sarah |title=Specters of Slavery and the Corporeal Materiality of Resurrection in George Washington Cable’s THE GRANDISSIMES and Octavia Butler’s KINDRED |journal=The South Carolina Review |year=2015 |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=93 |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/49384458/scr-47n2.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1521470353&Signature=ZL8ewTTrAU4oyULWhu4G4Ntrsz8%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DThe_Spectral_South_themed_issue_of_South.pdf#page=93 |access-date=19 March 2018 |format=PDF}} 5. ^{{Cite book |title=The Haitian Revolution of 1791-1803, An Historical Essay in Four Parts |first=Bob |last=Corbett |url=http://www.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/history/revolution/revolution1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104084850/http://www.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/history/revolution/revolution1.htm |archive-date=4 January 2007}} 6. ^{{Cite book |last=Bryan |first=Patrick E. |title=The Haitian Revolution and its Effects |year=1984 |isbn=0-435-98301-6 |publisher=Heinemann |url=https://books.google.es/books?id=q9owdkOc0wgC&printsec=frontcover |pages=56 |oclc=15655540}} 7. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Cheuse |first=Alan |author-link=Alan Cheuse |title=Hamlet in Haiti: Style in Carpentier's the Kingdom of this World |magazine=Caribbean Quarterly |volume=21 |issue=4 |year=1975 |pages=13–29 |jstor=23050346 |doi=10.1080/00086495.1975.11829260 |publisher=Taylor & Francis}} 8. ^{{Cite book |first=Carolyn E. |last=Fick |title=The Making of Haiti: The Saint Domingue Revolution from Below |publisher=Univ. of Tennessee Press |location=Knoxville |year=1990 |pages=60–74 |isbn=0-87049-667-0 |url=https://books.google.es/books?id=7AfPEIPHBCIC&pg=PA60 |quote=Fick provides the translated testimony of one the slaves who confessed to being involved in Makandal's plot. See pages 251-259}} 9. ^{{Cite book |first=Karol Kimberlee |last=Weaver |title=Medical Revolutionaries: The Enslaved Healers of Eighteenth-Century Saint-Domingue |location=Urbana, IL |publisher=University of Illinois Press |year=2006 |pages=77–97 |isbn=0-252-03085-0 |url=https://books.google.es/books?id=sa5wJr_JIM4C&pg=PA77 |jstor=25613122 |oclc=62430871 |pmid=12486913 |doi=10.1086/JAAHv92n4p576}} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cgsmillworth.co.uk |title=The world according to C G S Millworth |work=C G S Millworth's website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912042138/http://www.cgsmillworth.co.uk/ |archive-date=12 September 2011 |year=2011 |access-date=24 April 2018}} 11. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.usgamer.net/articles/2014-recap-the-year-of-assassins-creed |title=2014 Recap: The Year of Assassin's Creed |first=Mike |last=Williams |date=12 November 2014 |access-date=25 July 2018 |work=US Gamer |publisher=Gamer Network}} 12. ^{{cite book |last=Golden |first=Christie |author-link=Christie Golden |title=Assassin's Creed: The Official Film Tie-In |url=https://books.google.es/books?id=W2d9DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT247 |publisher=Penguin UK |date=21 December 2016 |page=247 |isbn=9781405931533}} 13. ^{{cite journal |url=http://smallaxe.net/sxarchipelagos/assets/issue02/playing-haiti.pdf |title=Digital Saint-Domingue: Playing Haiti in Videogames |first=Sarah Juliet |last=Lauro |work=SX Archipielagos |issue=2 |date=July 2017 |access-date=25 July 2018 |format=PDF |pages=21}} 14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.accesstheanimus.com/ACI_the_liberator_aveline_story.html#18 |title=17 - Louisiana Bayou // New France // 1765-06-23 - Eve of Saint John |work=Access the Animus |access-date=25 July 2018 |year=2012}} External links
11 : Year of birth unknown|1758 deaths|Haitian Vodou practitioners|Haitian rebel slaves|Executed Haitian people|18th-century executions by France|People from Cap-Haïtien|People of Saint-Domingue|People executed by France by burning|Maroons (people)|People of the Haitian Revolution |
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