| 词条 | Frederick I of Denmark |
| 释义 |
| name = Frederick I | succession = King of Denmark and Norway | moretext = (more...) | image = Frederik 1-detail.jpg | reign = 1523 – 10 April 1533 | coronation = 7 August 1524 Copenhagen Cathedral | predecessor = Christian II | successor = Christian III | spouse = Anna of Brandenburg Sophie of Pomerania | issue = Christian III of Denmark Dorothea, Duchess of Prussia John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev Elizabeth, Duchess of Mecklenburg Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Anna Dorothea, Duchess of Mecklenburg Frederick, Bishop of Hildesheim and Schleswig | house = Oldenburg | father = Christian I of Denmark | mother = Dorothea of Brandenburg | birth_date = 7 October 1471 | birth_place = Haderslevhus | death_date = {{Death date and age|1533|4|10|1471|10|7|df=y}} | death_place = Gottorp castle | burial_place= Schleswig Cathedral | religion = Roman Catholic }} Frederick I (7 October 1471 – 10 April 1533) was the King of Denmark and Norway. His name is also spelled Frederik in Danish and Norwegian, Friedrich in German and Fredrik in Swedish. He was the last Roman Catholic monarch to reign over Denmark, when subsequent monarchs embraced Lutheranism after the Protestant Reformation. As King of Norway, Frederick is most remarkable in never having visited the country and was never crowned King of Norway. Therefore, he was styled King of Denmark, the Vends and the Goths, elected King of Norway.[1][2]BackgroundFrederick was the younger son of the first Oldenburg King Christian I of Denmark, Norway and Sweden (1426–81) and of Dorothea of Brandenburg (1430–95). Soon after the death of his father, the underage Frederick was elected co-Duke of Schleswig and Holstein in 1482, the other co-duke being his elder brother, King John of Denmark. In 1490 at Frederick's majority, both duchies were divided between the brothers.[3] In 1500 he had convinced his brother King John to conquer Dithmarschen. A great army was called from not only the duchies, but with additions from all of the Kalmar Union for which his brother briefly was king. In addition, numerous German mercenaries took part. The expedition failed miserably, however, in the Battle of Hemmingstedt, where one third of all knights of Schleswig and Holstein lost their lives.[4] ReignWhen his brother, King John died, a group of Jutish nobles had offered Frederick the throne as early as 1513, but he had declined, rightly believing that the majority of the Danish nobility would be loyal to his nephew prince Christian. In 1523 Christian II, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, was forced by disloyal nobles to abdicate, and Frederick took the throne as King Frederick I. It is not certain that Frederick ever learned to speak Danish. After becoming king, he continued spending most of his time at Gottorp, a castle and estate in the city of Schleswig.[5] In 1524 and 1525 Frederick had to suppress revolts among the peasants in Jutland and Scania who demanded the restoration of Christian II. The high point of the rebellion came in 1525 when Søren Norby, the governor (statholder) of Gotland, invaded Blekinge in an attempt to restore Christian II to power. He raised 8000 men who besieged Kärnan (Helsingborgs slott), a castle in Helsingborg. Frederick's general, Johann Rantzau, moved his army to Scania and defeated the peasants soundly in April and May 1525.[6] Frederick played a central role in the spread of Lutheran teaching throughout Denmark. In his coronation charter, he was made the solemn protector (værner) of Roman Catholicism in Denmark. In that role, he asserted his right to select bishops for the Roman Catholic dioceses in the country. Christian II had been intolerant of Protestant teaching, but Frederick took a more opportunist approach. For example, he ordered that Lutherans and Roman Catholics share the same churches and encouraged the first publication of the Bible in the Danish language. In 1526, when Lutheran Reformer Hans Tausen was threatened with arrest and trial for heresy, Frederick appointed him his personal chaplain to give him immunity.[7] Starting in 1527, Frederick authorized the closure of Franciscan houses and monasteries in 28 Danish cities. He used the popular anti-establishment feelings that ran against some persons of the Roman Catholic hierarchy and nobility of Denmark as well as keen propaganda to decrease the power of bishops and Roman Catholic nobles.[8] During his reign, Frederick was skillful enough to prevent all-out warfare between Protestants and Roman Catholics. In 1532 he succeeded in capturing Christian II who had tried to make a political come-back in Norway. Frederick died on 10 April 1533 in Gottorp, at the age of 61, and was buried in Schleswig Cathedral. Upon Frederick's death, tensions between Roman Catholics and Protestants rose to a fever pitch which would result in the Count's Feud (Grevens Fejde).[9] Family and childrenOn 10 April 1502, Frederick married Anna of Brandenburg (1487–1514), the daughter of John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg and Margaret of Thuringia. The couple had two children:
Frederick's wife Anna died on 5 May 1514, 26 years old. Four years later on 9 October 1518 at Kiel, Frederick married Sophie of Pomerania (20 years old; 1498–1568), a daughter of Bogislaw "the Great", Duke of Pomerania. Sophie and Frederick had six children:
Ancestry{{ahnentafel|collapsed=yes |align=center |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe; |1= 1. Frederick I of Denmark |2= 2. Christian I of Denmark |3= 3. Dorothea of Brandenburg |4= 4. Dietrich, Count of Oldenburg |5= 5. Helvig of Schauenburg |6= 6. John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach |7= 7. Barbara of Saxe-Wittenberg |8= 8. Christian V, Count of Oldenburg |9= 9. Agnes of Hohnstein-Heringen |10= 10. Gerhard VI, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg |11= 11. Catherine Elisabeth of Brunswick-Lüneburg |12= 12. Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg |13= 13. Elisabeth of Bavaria |14= 14. Rudolf III, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg |15= 15. Barbara of Legnica |16= 16. Conrad I, Count of Oldenburg |17= 17. Ingeborg of Itzehoe |18= 18. Dietrich V, Count of Hohnstein-Heringen |19= 19. Sophie of Brunswick |20= 20. Henry II, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg |21= 21. Ingeborg of Mecklenburg-Schwerin |22= 22. Magnus II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg |23= 23. Catherine of Anhalt-Bernburg |24= 24. Frederick V, Burgrave of Nuremberg |25= 25. Elisabeth of Meissen |26= 26. Frederick, Duke of Bavaria |27= 27. Maddalena Visconti |28= 28. Wenceslas I, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg |29= 29. Cecilia of Carrara |30= 30. Rupert I of Legnica |31= 31. Hedwig of Sagan }} References1. ^{{citation | language = Danish | place = DK | url = http://www.gravsted.dk/person.php?navn=frederik1 | title = Frederik 1 | publisher = Gravsted}}. 2. ^Frederik'>1 – utdypning (Store norske leksikon) 3. ^{{citation | publisher = Runeberg | language = Danish | url = http://runeberg.org/salmonsen/2/8/0865.html | contribution = Frederik I, Konge i Danmark og Norge | title = Salmonsens konversationsleksikon}}. 4. ^{{cite web|url= http://runeberg.org/salmonsen/2/6/0247.html|title= Ditmarsken (Dithmarschen, »de tyske Marsklande«) |publisher = Salmonsens konversationsleksikon |accessdate= August 15, 2016}} 5. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.dokpro.uio.no/perl/middelalder/diplom_vise_tekst.prl?b=5595&s=n&str=Hanss%20met%20gudz%20nade|title= Kong Hans|publisher =Diplomatarium Norvegicum|accessdate= August 15, 2016}} 6. ^{{citation | publisher = Runeberg | url = http://runeberg.org/dbl/5/0285.html | contribution = Frederik I, 1471–1533 | title = Konge (Dansk biografisk Lexikon)}}. 7. ^{{cite web|url= http://denstoredanske.dk/Sprog%2C_religion_og_filosofi/Religion_og_mystik/Danske_folkekirke/Hans_Tausen|title= Hans Tausen|publisher = Den Store Danske |accessdate= August 15, 2016}} 8. ^{{citation | language = Danish | title = Krønike om Gråbrødrenes Udjagelse}}. 9. ^{{cite web|url= http://runeberg.org/salmonsen/2/10/0125.html|title= Grevens Fejde|publisher = Salmonsens konversationsleksikon|accessdate= August 15, 2016}} 10. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.gravsted.dk/person.php?navn=christian3|title= Christian 3|publisher = gravsted.dk|accessdate= August 15, 2016}} 11. ^{{cite web|url= http://runeberg.org/dbl/4/0309.html|title= Dorothea, Hertuginde af Preussen, 1504–47|publisher = Dansk biografisk Lexikon|accessdate= August 15, 2016}} 12. ^{{cite web|url= http://img.kb.dk/tidsskriftdk/pdf/hto/hto_4rk_0006-PDF/hto_4rk_0006_77079.pdf|title= Hertug Hans den ældre i Haderslev |publisher = Historisk Tidsskrift|accessdate= August 15, 2016}} 13. ^{{cite web|url= http://runeberg.org/dbl/4/0499.html|title= Elisabeth, 1524–86, Hertuginde af Meklenborg|publisher =Dansk biografisk Lexikon |accessdate= August 15, 2016}} 14. ^{{cite web|url= https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/ADB:Adolf_I._(Herzog_von_Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf)|title= Adolf I. (Herzog von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf) |publisher = Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie |accessdate= August 15, 2016}} 15. ^{{cite web|url= http://runeberg.org/dbl/4/0308.html|title= Dorothea, Hertuginde af Meklenborg, 1528–75 |publisher = Dansk biografisk Lexikon|accessdate= August 15, 2016}} External links{{commons category|Frederick I of Denmark}}
|-{{s-bef|rows=1|before=Christian I}}{{s-ttl|rows=1|title=Duke of Holstein and Schleswig|years=1490–1533|regent1=John I|years1=1490–1513|regent2=Christian II|years2=1513–1523|regent3=Christian III|years3=1523–1533}} |-{{s-end}}{{Monarchs of Denmark}}{{Monarchs of Norway}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Frederick 01 Of Denmark}} 12 : 1471 births|1533 deaths|Danish monarchs|Roman Catholic monarchs|Norwegian monarchs|Dukes of Schleswig|Dukes of Holstein|House of Oldenburg|People of the Swedish War of Liberation|16th-century monarchs in Europe|15th-century Danish people|16th-century Danish people |
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