| 词条 | Friedrich Bergius |
| 释义 |
|name = Friedrich Karl Rudolf Bergius |image = Friedrich Bergius.jpg | image_size = |birth_date = {{Birth date|1884|10|11|df=y}} |birth_place = Breslau, Germany (now Wrocław, Poland) |nationality = Germany |death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1949|3|30|1884|10|11}} |death_place = Buenos Aires, Argentina |field = Chemistry |work_institution = University of Hanover |alma_mater = University of Breslau, University of Leipzig |doctoral_advisor = Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch{{cn|date=August 2017}} | academic_advisors = Richard Abegg |doctoral_students = |known_for = Bergius process |prizes = Nobel Prize for Chemistry (1931) Wilhelm Exner Medal (1937) }}{{Commonscat | Friedrich Bergius: Geobiography| Geobiography of Friedrich Bergius}}Friedrich Karl Rudolf Bergius (11 October 1884 – 30 March 1949) was a German chemist known for the Bergius process for producing synthetic fuel from coal, Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1931, together with Carl Bosch) in recognition of contributions to the invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods. Having worked with IG Farben during World War II, his citizenship came into question following the war, causing him to ultimately flee to Argentina, where he acted as adviser to the Ministry of Industry.[1][2] Bergius was born near Breslau (Wrocław), within the German Empire's Prussian Province of Silesia. Academic careerBefore studying chemistry, Bergius was sent to work for 6 months at the Friedrich Wilhelms steel works in Mülheim. His studies started at the University of Breslau in 1903 and ended with a PhD in chemistry at the University of Leipzig in 1907, after only 4 years. His thesis on sulfuric acid as solvent was supervised by Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch.{{cn|date=August 2017}} In 1909 Bergius worked for one semester with Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch at the University of Karlsruhe in the development of the Haber-Bosch Process. On the same year he was invited to work at the University of Hanover with Max Bodenstein, who developed the idea of chemical kinetics and held a position as professor. WorkSynthetic fuel from coalDuring his habilitation, techniques for the high-pressure and high-temperature chemistry of carbon-containing substrates were developed, yielding a patent on the Bergius process in 1913. In this process liquid hydrocarbons used as synthetic fuel are produced by hydrogenation of lignite (brown coal). He developed the process well before the commonly known Fischer-Tropsch process. Theodor Goldschmidt invited him to build an industrial plant at his factory the Th. Goldschmidt AG in 1914. The production began only in 1919, after the World War I ended, when the need for fuel was already declining. The technical problems, inflation and the constant criticism of Franz Joseph Emil Fischer, which changed to support after a personal demonstration of the process, made the progress slow and Bergius sold his patent to BASF, where Carl Bosch worked on it. Before World War II several plants were built with an annual capacity of 4 million tons of synthetic fuel. Sugar from woodThe hydrolysis of wood to produce sugar for industrial use became a hard task for Bergius. After he moved to Heidelberg he started to improve the process and planned an industrial scale production. The high costs and technical problems nearly led him to bankruptcy. A bailiff followed Bergius to Stockholm to get the money from his Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1931. The autarky movement before the World War II boosted the process and several plants were built. Bergius moved to Berlin where he was only marginally involved in the development. While he was in Bad Gastein Austria, his laboratory and his house were destroyed by an air raid. The rest of the war he stayed in Austria. International engagementAfter the war his citizenship was called into question because of his collaboration with IG Farben, resulting in his departure from Germany to work as an adviser in Italy, Turkey, Switzerland and Spain. He emigrated to Argentina, where he worked as an adviser to the Ministry of Industry. He died in Buenos Aires on 30 March 1949, and buried in the Cementerio Alemán next to La Chacarita Cemetery. AwardsHe and Carl Bosch won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1931 in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods. In 1937, he was awarded the Wilhelm Exner Medal. References1. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=MTKOu5j39yMC&pg=PA63 "New Scientist"], Vol. 104, No. 1426. 18 October 1984. ISSN 0262-4079. 2. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=GcWxhlQVnHIC&pg=PA294 "After the Reich: The Brutal History of the Allied Occupation"], Giles MacDonogh. Public Affairs, 2009. p. 294. {{ISBN|0-465-00338-9}}, {{ISBN|978-0-465-00338-9}}. Further reading
| last = Kerstein | first = Gunther | title = Bergius, Friedrich | encyclopedia = Dictionary of Scientific Biography | volume = 2 | pages = 3–4 | publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons | location = New York | year = 1970 | isbn = 0-684-10114-9
| author= Anthony N. Stranges | title = Friedrich Bergius and the Rise of the German Synthetic Fuel Industry | journal = Isis | year = 1984 | volume = 75 | issue = 4 | pages = 642–667 | doi = 10.1086/353647 | jstor=232411}}
| author = Dietrich Stoltzenberg | title = Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch und Friedrich Bergius – Protagonisten der Hochdrucksynthese | journal = Chemie in unserer Zeit | year = 1999 | volume = 33 | issue = 6 | pages = 359–364 | doi = 10.1002/ciuz.19990330607 | url= }}
| author = Robert Haul | title = Das Portrait: Freidrich Berguis (1884–1949) | journal = Chemie in unserer Zeit | year = 1985 | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = 59–67 | doi = 10.1002/ciuz.19850190205 | url= }} External links
13 : 1884 births|1949 deaths|Nobel laureates in Chemistry|German Nobel laureates|German chemists|German emigrants to Argentina|German scientists|People from the Province of Silesia|People from Wrocław|University of Breslau alumni|Leipzig University alumni|University of Hanover faculty|Burials at La Chacarita Cemetery |
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