“Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Saint Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows C.P (born Francesco Possenti March 1, 1838 – February 27, 1862) was an Italian Passionist clerical student. Born to a professional family, he gave up ambitions of a secular career to enter the Passionist Congregation. His life in the monastery was not extraordinary, yet he followed the rule of the congregation perfectly and was known for his great devotion to the sorrows of the Virgin Mary. He died from tuberculosis at the age of 23 in Isola del Gran Sasso, in the province of Teramo. He was canonized by Pope Benedict XV in 1920.

Early life

Francesco Possenti was born on March 1, 1838, in Assisi, Italy, the eleventh of thirteen children born to his mother, Agnes, and his father, Sante. The family were then resident in the town of Assisi where Sante worked for the local government. Possenti was baptised on the day of his birth in the same font in which Saint Francis of Assisi had been baptised.^[1] Shortly after Francis' birth Sante Possenti was transferred to a post at Montalta and thence to Spoleto where, in 1841, he was appointed legal assessor. In Spoleto the family was struck with a number of bereavements: the deaths of a baby girl, Rosa, in December 1841; of seven-year-old Adele in January 1842; and of Francis’ mother, Agnes, in 1842.^[2]

As a child and young man, Francis Possenti was well liked by his peers and had a reputation for great charity and piety. He was also known for the great care he took with regard to his appearance and would spend hours in preparing himself for parties. Francis could be a difficult child and was liable to bouts of anger. Francis was deeply involved with the social scene of Spoleto and soon earned for himself the nickname of "the dancer".^[3] He was a ladies man, and had several romantic involvements and on the night he left for the monastery there were still hopes that he might become engaged to a local girl. He was educated first by the Christian Brothers and then by the Jesuits in the town’s college and there excelled, particularly in Latin. In 1851 Francis became desperately ill and promised to enter religious life if he recovered. Once he had recovered, his promise was soon forgotten. The same thing happened when he narrowly escaped a stray bullet during a hunting expedition with friends.^[4] His brother Paul had died in 1848 and his brother Lawrence committed suicide in 1853. In 1853 Francis again fell ill, this time afflicted with a throat abscess. He attributed his healing to the recently beatified Andrew Bobola, SJ. Once more he had promised to enter religious life upon his recovery and this time actually set the process in motion. He applied to join the Jesuits, but for some unknown reason never proceeded. Tragedy struck again when his sister, Mary Louisa, who had cared for Francis after their mother’s death, died of cholera.

Vocation

After the cholera epidemic that killed Gabriel's sister ended, Spoleto clergy and civic authorities organised a procession of the ancient icon of the Virgin Mary in Spoleto’s cathedral. Francis attended the procession and as the image passed by him, he felt an interior voice asking why he remained in the world. This event was the galvanising force behind the first serious steps in Francis’ religious vocation.^[5] After the procession he sought the advice of a priest and resolved to enter the Passionist Congregation. As there was no Passionist house near Spoleto, it is most likely that Francis’ choice was based on a personal devotion to the Passion of Christ.^[6] His father refused to give him permission to leave for the Passionists and enlisted several relatives to dissuade Francis from his course. Their attempts were unsuccessful and soon his father was convinced that Francis' intentions were sincere and not capricious.

Passionist

Accompanied by his brother Aloysius, a Dominican friar, Francis set out for the novitiate of the Passionists at Morrovalle. During their journey they visited several relatives who had been enlisted by Sante to encourage Francis to return to Spoleto, but this was to no avail. He arrived at the novitiate on September 19, 1856.

Two days later he received the habit of the Passionists and the name "Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows". The following year Gabriel pronounced his vows. During this time, and indeed until his death, Gabriel’s spiritual life was under the care of his director, Father Norbert of Holy Mary.

In June 1858 Gabriel and the other students moved to Pietvetorina to continue their studies. Local disturbances meant they would stay only a year and, in July 1859, the group moved to the monastery of Isola del Gran Sasso in the province of Teramo.^[7]

Gabriel proved an excellent student and his excellence in academic life was only outdone by the great progress he was making in his spiritual life. At the same time Gabriel began to display the first symptoms of tuberculosis. The news did not worry Gabriel, who was, in fact, joyful; he had prayed for a slow death so as to be able to prepare himself spiritually. Throughout his illness he remained cheerful and kept up all his usual practises. He was a source of great edification and inspiration to his fellow students, who sought to spend time with him at his deathbed. Gabriel had proved himself an exemplary religious and a perfect follower of the Passionist Rule, being especially devoted to the Virgin Mary.

On his deathbed he ordered his spiritual writings to be burnt for he feared they would tempt him to pride. Only his letters survive, alongside his ‘Resolutions’^[8] which map the spiritual progress he made in his few years as a Passionist.^[9]

Before he could be ordained a priest, Gabriel died in the retreat at Isola del Gran Sasso the early hours of February 27, 1862, in the presence of the community, holding close an image of Our Lady of Sorrows and smiling peacefully. Those who were with Gabriel when he died reported that at the moment of death, he sat up in bed and his face became radiant as he reached out to an otherwise unseen figure that was entering the room. It was the opinion of Father Norbert that Saint Gabriel had seen the Virgin Mary at the very moment of his death.^[4]

Canonization

Gabriel was buried the day of his death. His companion in the novitiate, Bernard Mary of Jesus exclaimed:

Immediately thereafter Father Norbert wrote a biography of his life. In 1866, four years after the death of Gabriel, the Passionists were forced to abandon the monastery of Isola del Gran Sasso, and the church where Gabriel lay buried went deserted for 30 years. Since his death, the fame of Gabriel’s sanctity had spread through the local area, as well as amongst the Passionists.^[11] In 1891 the Congregation decided to formally open proceedings for Gabriel’s canonisation and, a year later, a committee visited his grave to examine his remains. Upon the arrival of the committee at Isola del Gran Sasso, the townspeople surrounded the church, determined not to have the body of Gabriel taken from their midst.^[12] Two years later the Passionist returned to resume their life at Isola del Gran Sasso near the city of Teramo.

The two miracles presented for the beatification of Gabriel were the inexplicable healings of Maria Mazzarella from pulmonary tuberculosis and periostitus, and the instantaneous cure of Dominic Tiber from an inoperable hernia.^[13] Gabriel was beatified by Pope Pius X on May 31, 1908. Present at the ceremony were his brother Michael, his companion Brother Sylvester, and his director, Father Norbert. The outbreak of the First World War delayed Gabriel’s canonisation for a while, but on May 13, 1920, he was raised to the altars by Pope Benedict XV.^[14]

Patronage

At the canonization of Saint Gabriel, Pope Benedict XV declared him a patron saint of Catholic youth, of students, and of those studying for the priesthood. In 1959, Pope John XXIII named him the patron of the Abruzzi region, where he spent the last two years of his life.

Millions of pilgrims visit St. Gabriel's shrine in Isola del Gran Sasso d'Italia near Teramo each year to see the saint's burial place and the monastic house in which he lived out his final years. The shrine of Saint Gabriel at Isola, is particularly popular. There's an ongoing tradition every March, when thousands of high school students from the Abruzzo and the Marche regions of Italy visit his tomb 100 days before their expected graduation day and pray him in order to achieve good scores on their final. Every two years from mid-July to the beginning of October, the Italian Staurós ONLUS foundation hosts at the Sanctuary of Saint Gabriel a celebrated exposition of contemporary religious arts. With average of 2 million visitors per year is one of the 15 most visited sanctuaries in the world.^[15]

The cult of Saint Gabriel is especially popular amongst Italian youth; Italian migrants have spread the cult to areas such as the United States, Central America and South America. The Passionist Congregation also spreads devotion to the saint wherever they have monasteries. Many miracles have been attributed to the saint’s intercession; Saint Gemma Galgani held that it was St Gabriel who had cured her of a dangerous illness and led her to a Passionist vocation.

Saint Gabriel Possenti Society

The Saint Gabriel Possenti Society is a U.S. organization promoting the public recognition of Gabriel and lobbying for his designation by the Vatican as the "patron saint of hand gunners". The society was founded by gun lobbyist John M. Snyder, who began his effort in 1987.^[16]

According to the society, Gabriel's marksmanship and proficiency with handguns allegedly saved the village of Isola del Gran Sasso from a band of 20 Garibaldi Red Shirts in 1860. In 1860, Garibaldi's soldiers entered the mountain village of Isola, Italy. They began to burn and pillage the town, terrorizing its inhabitants. Possenti, with his seminary rector’s permission, walked into the center of town, unarmed, to face the terrorists. One of the soldiers was dragging off a young woman he intended to rape when he saw Possenti and made a snickering remark about such a young monk being all alone.

Possenti quickly grabbed the soldier’s revolver from his belt and ordered the marauder to release the woman. The startled soldier complied, as Possenti grabbed the revolver of another soldier who came by. Hearing the commotion, the rest of the soldiers came running in Possenti’s direction, determined to overcome the rebellious monk.

At that moment a small lizard ran across the road between Possenti and the soldiers. When the lizard briefly paused, Possenti took careful aim and struck the lizard with one shot. Turning his two handguns on the approaching soldiers, Possenti commanded them to drop their weapons. Having seen his handiwork with a pistol, the soldiers complied. Possenti ordered them to put out the fires they had set, and upon finishing, marched the whole lot out of town, ordering them never to return. The grateful townspeople escorted Possenti in triumphant procession back to the seminary, thereafter referring to him as "the Savior of Isola".

This is a story mentioned in one biography of the Saint,^[17]{{rp|93}} though the author admitted that some of the accounts in his book were invented to "enliven" the story.^[17]{{rp|3}} In 2015, Patrick Toner, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Wake Forest University, who specializes in analytic metaphysics and the thought of St. Thomas Aquinas, wrote in Crisis Magazine (A Voice for the Catholic Faithful Laity) on the subject of Gabriel Francis Possenti in the context of evaluation of the concept of Patron Saint of Handgunners, and Professor Toner suggested that G.K. Chesterton also should be considered a candidate for the Patron Saint of Handgunners.^[18] At the time of the alleged incident, in 1860, Gabriel was reported to be in the later stages of tuberculosis.^[19]{{rp|37}}

References

1. ^Burke C.P., E., “Happy Was My Youth – Saint Gabriel – Passionist”, page 2. Gill and Son, 1961
2. ^St. Gabriel, Passionist - Biography
3. ^Cingolani, C.P., G., “Saint Gabriel Possenti, Passionist: A Young Man in Love”, page 24. Alba House, 1997
4. ^¹Mead C.P., J. “St. Gabriel: A Youthful Gospel Portrait”, page 42. L’Eco di S. Gabriele, 1985
5. ^Cingolani, C.P., G., “Saint Gabriel Possenti, Passionist: A Young Man in Love”, page 50. Alba House, 1997
6. ^Mead C.P., J. “St. Gabriel: A Youthful Gospel Portrait”, page 29. L’Eco di S. Gabriele, 1985
7. ^Mead C.P., J. “St. Gabriel: A Youthful Gospel Portrait”, page 37. L’Eco di S. Gabriele, 1985
8. ^Gabriel’s Resolutions
9. ^Cingolani, C.P., G., “Saint Gabriel Possenti, Passionist: A Young Man in Love”, page 147. Alba House, 1997
10. ^{{cite book|last=Cingolani|first= C.P.|title=Saint Gabriel Possenti, Passionist: A Young Man in Love|page =126|publisher=Alba House|year=1997}}
11. ^Ward C.P., N. “Life of Venerable Gabriel C.P.”, page 246. Burns and Oates, 1904
12. ^Ward C.P., N. “Life of Venerable Gabriel C.P.”, page 249. Burns and Oates, 1904
13. ^Mead C.P., J. “St. Gabriel: A Youthful Gospel Portrait”, page 48. L’Eco di S. Gabriele, 1985
14. ^{{cite book|last=Burke |first=C.P.|title=Happy Was My Youth – Saint Gabriel – Passionist| page =257|publisher=Gill and Son|year=1961}}
15. ^{{cite web |author= |year=2007 |title=Shrine of Saint Gabriele dell’Addolorata – Isola del Gran Sasso |url=http://turismo.provincia.teramo.it/art-and-culture/churches/shrine-of-saint-gabriele-dell92addolorata-96-isola-del-gran-sasso/?set_language=en |website=Teramo Turismo |publisher= |accessdate=January 31, 2015}}
16. ^{{cite journal |last=Murphy |first=Tim |date=February 27, 2013 |title=The Quest to Make This Lizard-Sniping Italian the Patron Saint of Handguns |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2013/02/gabriel-possenti-patron-saint-handguns |journal=Mother Jones |publisher= |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |access-date=January 31, 2015}}
17. ^¹{{cite book |last=Poage |first=Godfrey |year=1977 |title=Son of the Passion: The Story of Gabriel Francis Possenti, the New Patron of Catholic Youth for the Universal Church |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gaLRPQAACAAJ |location= |publisher=St. Paul Editions |page= |isbn=9780819804587 |access-date=}}
18. ^{{cite journal |last=Toner |first=Patrick |date=March 23, 2015 |title=Chesterton: Patron Saint of Handgunners |url=https://www.crisismagazine.com/2015/chesterton-patron-saint-handgunners |journal=Crisis Magazine, A Voice for the Catholic Faithful Laity |publisher= |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |access-date=June 16, 2018}}
19. ^{{cite book |last=Jude Mead |first=John Carberry |year=1985 |title=St. Gabriel Passionist: A Youthful Gospel Portrait |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWRbYgEACAAJ |location= |publisher=Editrice l'eco di S. Gabriele |page= |isbn= |oclc=15505231 |access-date=}}