| 词条 | Gaheris |
| 释义 |
| series = Matter of Britain | image = | caption = | first = Perceval, the Story of the Grail | creator = Chrétien de Troyes | occupation = Knight of the Round Table | title = Prince, Sir | family = Lot, Morgause, Agravain, Gawain, Gareth, Mordred | spouse = Lynette }} Gaheris {{IPAc-en|ɡ|ə|ˈ|h|ɛr|ᵻ|s}} or Gaheries (Old French: Gaheriet, Gaheriés, Gahariés, Gaheriez[1]) is a character in the Arthurian legend, a nephew of King Arthur and a knight of the Round Table, the third son of Arthur's sister or half-sister Morgause and her husband Lot, King of Orkney and Lothian. He is the younger brother of Gawain and Agravain, and the older brother of Gareth and half-brother of Mordred.[2] Gaheris is little more than a supporting character to Gawain and Gareth in Le Morte d'Arthur, with the murder of Morgause an odd exception. Gaheris and Gareth are both killed by Lancelot during his rescue of Guinevere. OriginIt is likely that Gaheris and Gareth were actually the same character in origin, as their names in French sources are easy to confuse Guerrehet (Gareth) and Gaheriet (Gaheris), and adventures ascribed to the brothers are often interchangeable. Furthermore, only one brother is ever named for Gwalchmai ap Gwyar, the character from Welsh mythology traditionally identified with Gawain. This character (Gwalchafed, Gwalhafed, Gwalhavet, Old Welsh for "Hawk of Summer") is a likely source for Gaheris and Gareth, if Gawain was indeed derived from Gwalchmai.[3] In medieval literatureSeveral of his adventures are narrated in the Lancelot-Grail (Vulgate Cycle). In the Prose Lancelot, Gaheris (Gaheriet) is described as valiant, agile, and handsome (even as "his right arm was longer than the left"[4]), but reticent in speech and prone to excess when angered. As such, he "was the least well spoken of all his peers." In the Vulgate Merlin, he is described as the best of the brothers and the Prose Tristan notes him as a far better knight than Gawain but all the brothers are knighted at once; he is the first to be knighted among his brothers in the Post-Vulgate Cycle. In the Post-Vulgate, when Gaheris is given flowers sent by the Queen of the Fairy Isle, it is prophesied that he would surpass in goodness and valor all the Knights of the Round Table save for two (presumably Galahad and Lancelot) were it not for the death of his mother which Gaheris will cause through his sin. The young knight sets out in quest of Gawain and Morholt, is attacked by his envious brother Agravain and defeats him, and eventually rescues both Gawain and Morholt, later accompanying the latter to Ireland. In Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur, based on the Post-Vulgate, Gaheris is squire to his elder brother Gawain, whose fiery temper he helps moderate, before being knighted himself. Gaheris later marries the sister of his brother Gareth's wife Lyonors, the haughty damsel Lynette. The Lancelot and the Mort Artu (Death of Arthur) sections of the Lancelot-Grail cycle differ in their characterization of Gaheris. In the Lancelot, his younger brother Gareth is Gawain's most cherished brother. In the Mort Artu, Gaheris is represented as the most cherished, and his death anguishes Gawain profoundly.[5] In the Post-Vulgate tradition, Gaheris participates in the revenge killing of King Pellinore, his father's slayer (killed by Gawain). More notorious is his beheading of his own mother Morgause after catching her in flagrante delicto with the youthful and handsome Lamorak, Pellinore's son, who meanwhile escapes. Lamorak is hunted down by all of the brothers except Gareth, believing him to be their mother's murderer, and Mordred stabs him in the back. Lamorak is greater than any knight except Lancelot and Tristan, so the Orkney brothers' act of revenge is deemed cowardly and a blot on their honour. When Arthur and the brothers discover that Gaheris is Morgause's slayer, he is banished from court. He is also nearly beheaded in revenge for their mother's death by Mordred and Agravain when Gareth convinces Gawain to order them to stop. Despite being exiled, Gaheris appears later in the narrative as a companion of Percival. His death during Lancelot's rescue of Queen Guinevere from being burned at the stake is related in the Mort Artu, the final volume of the Vulgate and Post-Vulgate prose cycles.[6] While Gawain and Gareth will have nothing to do with Agravain and Mordred's plot to entrap Lancelot and Guinevere (in the English Stanzaic Morte Arthur, Gaheris also sides with them), Arthur asks the all brothers of Mordred to help guard the queen's execution. Gaheris and Gareth reluctantly agree, though Gawain refuses. When Lancelot rushes to save the woman whom he loves, he cuts down the Orkney princes (in the Vulgate Mort Artu, Gaheris' helmet is first knocked off by Hector de Maris and then his head is split by Lancelot). The surviving brother Gawain's fury is terrible and the resulting feud leads to the destruction of Arthur's kingdom. Gaheris of CarhaixGaheris, the brother of Gawain, should not be confused with a different character in the Mort Artu, Gaheris of Carhaix (Gaheris de Karaheu), brother of Mador de la Porte. This Gaheris dies from eating a poisoned fruit that was destined for Gawain by the knight named Avarlan and was offered to him unknowingly by Guinevere.[7] Previously, in the Vulgate Lancelot, Gawain saves him from Galehaut, while the White Knight (Lancelot) rescues him from the Dolorous Prison near Dolorous Gard and also from the Vale of No Return. The story is also included in Stanzaic Morte Arthur and in Le Morte d'Arthur (where the victim is either an unnamed visiting Scottish knight or a knight named Patrise, respectively), and might have been inspired by account of the poisoning death of Gawain (Walwen) as told in the chronicle Gesta Regum Anglorum. In modern stories
Notes and references1. ^Spelling varies according to sources and declension. In the Old French La Mort le roi Artu: "Gaheriet" in the oblique case, "Gaheriez" in the nominative case (Jean Frappier, ed., La Mort le roi Artu, Paris: Droz, 1996, p.291. {{ISBN|2600001832}}). 2. ^An enumeration of the four brothers (excluding Mordred) can be found in Chrétien de Troyes's Perceval, the Story of the Grail when Gawain tells the "white-haired queen" (his grandmother Igraine) the names of the four brothers ("Gawain is the oldest, the second Agravain the Proud [...], Gaheriet and Guerehet are the names of the following two." (verses 8139-8142 in the Dufournet edition; verses 8056-8060 in the Méla edition)); a brief portrait of the five brothers (including Mordred) can be found in the prose Lancelot (see: Norris J. Lacy, ed., Lancelot-Grail: Lancelot Parts III and IV, Volume 4 of Lancelot-Grail: The Old French Arthurian Vulgate and Post-Vulgate in Translation, Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2010, pp. 392-4. {{ISBN|9781843842354}}.) 3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannia.com/bios/ebk/gwalchgn.html|title=Britannia EBK Biographies: Sir Gwalchafed, Prince of Gododdin|last=|first=|date=|website=www.britannia.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-12-05}} 4. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=aQSkzRstpJYC&pg=PA393|title=Lancelot-Grail: Lancelot, pt. III|last=Lacy|first=Norris J.|date=2010|publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd|language=en}} 5. ^Norris J. Lacy, ed., Lancelot-Grail: Lancelot Parts III and IV, pp. 393-4. 6. ^Norris J. Lacy, ed. and trans., Lancelot-Grail: The Death of Arthur, Volume 7 of Lancelot-Grail: The Old French Arthurian Vulgate and Post-Vulgate in Translation, Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2010, p. 69-70. {{ISBN|9780859917704}}. 7. ^Frappier, pp 75-6, 291. External links
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