| 词条 | Gambella National Park |
| 释义 |
| name = Gambella National Park | alt_name = | iucn_category = | photo = | photo_width = | photo_alt = | photo_caption = | map = Ethiopia | map_width = | map_alt = | map_caption = Location in Ethiopia | relief =1 | label = | label_position = | mark = | marker_size = | location = Gambela Region, Ethiopia | nearest_city = | nearest_town = | coordinates = {{coords|7|52|N|34|0|E|display=inline, title}} | coords_ref = | length = | length_mi = | length_km = | width = | width_mi = | width_km = | area = | area_ha = | area_acre = | area_km2 = 4,575 | area_sqmi = | area_ref = | elevation = | elevation_avg = | elevation_min = | elevation_max = | dimensions = | designation = | authorized = | created = | designated = | established = 1974–1975 | named_for = | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | visitation_ref = | governing_body = | administrator = | operator = | owner = | world_heritage_site = | website = | url = }}Gambella National Park, or Gambela National Park, is a {{Convert|4575|km2|sqmi|adj=on}} national park in Ethiopia,[1] near the South Sudanese border. It is the nation's largest national park.[2] Gambella is located several hundred kilometers from Addis Ababa,[2] Gambella was established in 1974,[3] but is not fully protected and has not been effectively managed for much of its history.[4][5] Fauna and floraGambella National Park has one of the highest concentrations of wildlife in Ethiopia.[6] 69 mammal species occur in the protected area including African elephant, African buffalo, White-eared kob bushpig, common warthog, giraffe, hippopotamus, kéwel, Nile lechwe, sable, tiang, topi, and waterbuck, cheetah, leopard, lion, mantled guereza, olive baboon, patas monkey, and spotted hyena.[2][7][8] The park also hosts herds of Bohor reedbuck, bushbuck, Lelwel hartebeest, oribi, reedbuck, roan antelope, and white-eared kob.[2][7][8] The white-eared kob migration is Africa's second largest mammal migration.[9][10] In 2015, African Parks and the Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority surveyed the park's giraffe population for the first time, and estimated there were between 100 and 120 giraffes. Gambella's giraffes were once thought to belong to the Nubian subspecies.[11][12][13] 327 bird species, including seasonal migrants, have been recorded, including the African skimmer, black-faced firefinch, Carmine bee-eater, cisticolas, crowned cranes, Egyptian plover, exclamatory paradise whydah, green bee-eater, pelicans, approximately 40 species of raptors, red-necked buzzard, red-throated bee-eater, storks, warblers, and vultures.[2][8] Plant species along the Akobo and Baro rivers include: Acacia victoriae, Arundo donax, shenkorageda (Saccharum officinalis), and temba (Pennisetum petiolare). The invasive Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) has also been reported.[7] Since 2005, the protected area is considered a Lion Conservation Unit.[14] Efforts to reduce poaching doubled the number of wild animals in the park between 2008 and 2012.[2] HistoryGambella was established during 1974–1975 to protect habitat and wildlife, especially the Nile lechwe and white-eared kob, two endangered antelope species.[7][8] Animal populations in the park have declined because of agriculture,[15] cotton farming, hunting, poaching, and the creation of refugee camps, especially following the 1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia and by displaced Sudanese.[8][10][16] Illegal deforestation by local communities has also led to conflict.[17] In 2012, Bantayehu Wasyihun, head of the park's office, said infrastructure development was underway to make Gambella more accommodating to tourists.[2] The conservation organization African Parks and Addis Ababa University's Horn of Africa Research Centre worked with park officials to draft plans to improve Gambella's security and structure.[1][18] See also
References1. ^1 {{cite web|title=African Parks Annual Report: 2015|url=https://www.african-parks.org/sites/default/files/uploads/resources/2017-05/APN_AnnualReport_2015.pdf|publisher=African Parks|accessdate=29 November 2017|page=80|date=2015}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web|title=Ethiopia: Number of Wild Animals on Rise in Gambella National Park|url=https://www.africanconservation.org/wildlife-news/ethiopia-number-of-wild-animals-on-rise-in-gambella-national-park-2|publisher=African Conservation Foundation|accessdate=25 September 2017|date=18 April 2012}} 3. ^{{cite book|title=The Global Land Grab: Beyond the Hype|date=13 February 2014|publisher=Zed Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ag5kDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT31&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=29 September 2017|first1=Annelies|last1=Zoomers|first2=Mayke|last2=Kaag|isbn=9781780328973}} 4. ^{{cite book|last1=Rahmato|first1=Dessalegn|title=Land to Investors: Large-scale Land Transfers in Ethiopia|date=2011|publisher=African Books Collective|page=27|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D3eRfgLGmQQC&pg=PA27&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=29 September 2017|isbn=9789994450404}} 5. ^"... Gambella National Park has virtually ceased to exist as a conservation area..."* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GAtfSkr1q6sC&pg=PT100&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|title= Protected Areas of the World: Afrotropical|page=100|publisher=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|date=1991|accessdate=29 September 2017|isbn= 9782831700922}}* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rYCipEVWF-kC&pg=PA100&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Land Governance Assessment Framework: Identifying and Monitoring Good Practice in the Land Sector|page=100|publisher=World Bank Publications|date=2012|first1=Klaus|last1=Deininger|first2=Harris|last2=Selod|first3=Anthony|last3=Burns|accessdate=29 September 2017|isbn=9780821387580}}* {{cite book|last1=Plummer|first1=Janelle|title=Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia: Perceptions, Realities, and the Way Forward for Key Sectors|date=6 July 2012|publisher=World Bank Publications|page=297|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I8tOvtFSafgC&pg=PA297&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=29 September 2017|isbn=9780821395325}} 6. ^{{cite book |author=IUCN|title=The IUCN Sahel Studies 1989|date=1989|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature Regional Office for Eastern Africa |page=105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jRmxGZhSt4C&pg=PA105&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=29 September 2017|isbn=9782880329778}} 7. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|last1=Kebbede|first1=Girma|title=Environment and Society in Ethiopia|date=4 October 2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=172|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6z4lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA172&lpg=PA172&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=27 September 2017|isbn=9781315464282}} 8. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|title=Ethiopia|date=2009|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|page=581|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QFb6pacaczsC&pg=PA581&lpg=PA581&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=26 September 2017|first1=Philip|last1=Briggs|first2=Brian|last2=Blatt|isbn=9781841622842}} 9. ^{{cite book|title=Protecting the Wild: Parks and Wilderness, the Foundation for Conservation|date=19 February 2015|publisher=Island Press|page=173|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGt7BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA173&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=29 September 2017|first1=George|last1=Wuerthner|first2=Eileen|last2=Crist|first3=Tom|last3=Butler|isbn=9781610915489}} 10. ^1 {{cite book|last1=East|first1=Rod|title=African Antelope Database 1998|date=1999|page=167|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59Ci3C8BCmEC&pg=PA167&lpg=PA167&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=26 September 2017|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature|isbn=9782831704777}} 11. ^{{cite journal|last1=Morell|first1=Virginia|title=Inside the Fight to Stop Giraffes' 'Silent Extinction'|journal=National Geographic|date=25 June 2015|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/06/150625-giraffes-animals-science-conservation-africa-endangered/|accessdate=26 September 2017}} 12. ^{{cite web|title=Petition to Lift the Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) Under the Endangered Species Act|date=19 April 2017|url=http://www.ifaw.org/sites/default/files/default/Giraffe_ESA_Petition_final.pdf|accessdate=27 September 2017|page=15|publisher=International Fund for Animal Welfare}} 13. ^{{cite book|last1=Shorrocks|first1=Bryan|title=The Giraffe: Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour|date=9 August 2016|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|page=317|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=747RDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT317&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=29 September 2017}} 14. ^{{cite book |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion West and Central Africa |publisher=IUCN |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |year=2006 |location=Yaounde, Cameroon}} 15. ^{{cite book|last1=Negm|first1=Abdelazim M.|title=The Nile River|date=2017|publisher=Springer|page=324|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGsmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA324&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=29 September 2017}} 16. ^{{cite book|last1=Woube|first1=Mengistu|title=Effects of Resettlement Schemes on the Biophysical and Human Environments: The Case of the Gambela Region, Ethiopia|date=2005|publisher=Universal-Publishers|page=133|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Glti5O1XMJ0C&pg=PA133&lpg=PA133&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=27 September 2017|isbn=9781581124835}} 17. ^{{cite journal|last1=Anwar|first1=Mohammad Amir|title=The lesser known story of India's role in Ethiopian land grabs|url=http://www.theecologist.org/blogs_and_comments/Blogs/2892711/the_lesser_known_story_of_indias_role_in_ethiopian_land_grabs.html|journal=The Ecologist|accessdate=27 September 2017|issn=0012-9631|oclc=263593196|date=15 June 2015}} 18. ^{{cite book|last1=Briggs|first1=Philip|date=22 October 2015|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|page=605|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gU_fCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA605&lpg=PA605&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=27 September 2017|title=Ethiopia|isbn=9781841629223}} Further reading
External links{{Portal|Ethiopia}}
3 : 1974 establishments in Ethiopia|National parks of Ethiopia|Protected areas established in 1974 |
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