| 词条 | Gateway of India | |||||||||||
| 释义 |
| building_name = Gateway of India | native_building_name= | former_names = | alternate_names = | image = File:Gateway of India (16124305123).jpg | caption = GATEWAY OF INDIA MUMBAI | map_type = India Mumbai#India Maharashtra#India | altitude = {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} | building_type = Triumphal arch | architectural_style = Indo-Saracenic | structural_system = | cost = {{INR}} 2.1 million (1911) | ren_cost = | location = Mumbai, Maharashtra | address = | owner = Archaeological Survey of India | coordinates = {{coord|18.9219|72.8346|display=inline}} | start_date = 31 March 1911 | completion_date = 1924 | inauguration_date = 4 December 1924 | renovation_date = | demolition_date = | destruction_date = | height = {{convert|26|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} | diameter = {{convert|15|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} | other_dimensions = | floor_count = | floor_area = | main_contractor = | architect = George Wittet | architecture_firm = Gammon India[1] | structural_engineer = | services_engineer = | civil_engineer = | other_designers = | quantity_surveyor = | awards = | ren_architect = George Wittet | ren_firm = | ren_str_engineer = | ren_serv_engineer = | ren_civ_engineer = | ren_oth_designers = | ren_qty_surveyor = | ren_awards = | references = }} The Gateway of India is an arch monument built during the 20th century in Mumbai, India.[2] The monument was erected to commemorate the landing of King George V and Queen Mary at Apollo Bunder on their visit to India in 1911. Built in Indo-Saracenic style, the foundation stone for the Gateway of India was laid on 31 March 1911. The structure is an arch made of basalt, {{convert|26|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} high. The final design of George Wittet was sanctioned in 1914 and the construction of the monument was completed in 1924. The Gateway was later used as a symbolic ceremonial entrance to India for Viceroys and the new Governors of Bombay.[3] It served to allow entry and access to India.[4] The Gateway of India is located on the waterfront at Apollo Bunder area at the end of Chatrapathi Shivaji Maharaj Marg in South Mumbai and overlooks the Arabian Sea.[5][5][6] The monument has also been referred to as the Taj Mahal of Mumbai,[7] and is the city's top tourist attraction.[9] HistoryThe Gateway of India was built to commemorate the visit of King George V and Queen Mary to Mumbai, prior to the Delhi Durbar in December 1911. However, they only got to see a cardboard model of the monument, since the construction did not begin until 1915. {{citation needed|date=July 2017}} The foundation stone was laid on March 31, 1913 by the governor of Bombay, Sir George Sydenham Clarke with the final design of George Wittet sanctioned on March 31, 1914. The land on which the Gateway was built on was previously a crude jetty, used by the fishing community which was later renovated and used as a landing place for British governors and other prominent people. In earlier times, it would have been the first structure that visitors arriving by boat in Mumbai would have seen.[10][8] Between 1915 and 1919, work proceeded at Apollo Bundar (Port) to reclaim the land on which the gateway and the new sea wall would be built. The foundations were completed in 1920 and construction was finished in 1924.[9] The gateway was opened on December 4, 1924 by the Viceroy, the Earl of Reading.[10] The [https://thedraftworld.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-last-of-british-left-from-gateway.html last British troops] to leave India following the country's independence, the First Battalion of the Somerset Light Infantry, passed through the Gateway on their way out in a ceremony on February 28, 1948, signalling the end of British rule.[10][10] Architectural Layout{{unsourced section|date=December 2018}}The structural design of the Gateway of India is constituted of a large arch, with a height of 26m. The monument is built in yellow basalt and indissoluble concrete. The structural plan of Gateway of India is designed in the Indo-Saracenic style. One can also find traces of Muslim architectural styles incorporated in the structure of the grandiose edifice. The central dome of the monument is about 48 feet in diameter, with a total height of 83 feet. Designed with intricate latticework, the 4 turrets are the prominent features of the entire structure of the Gateway of India. There are steps constructed behind the arch of the Gateway that leads to the Arabian Sea. Design and architectureThe Scottish architect George Wittet combined the elements of the Roman triumphal arch and the 16th-century architecture of Gujarat.[11] The monument's design is a combination of Hindu and Muslim architectural styles. The arch is of Muslim style while the decorations are of Hindu style.[12] The Gateway of India is built from yellow basalt and reinforced concrete.[13] The stone was locally obtained, and the perforated screens were brought from Gwalior.[14] The gateway faces out to Mumbai Harbour from the tip of Apollo Bunder.[15] The central dome is {{convert|48|ft|m|0|abbr=off}} in diameter and {{convert|83|ft|m|0|abbr=off}} above the ground at its highest point.[16] The whole harbour front was realigned in order to come in line with a planned esplanade which would sweep down to the centre of the town. On each side of the arch, there are large halls with the capacity to hold 600 people.[13] The cost of the construction was {{INRConvert|2|m}}, borne mainly by the Imperial Government of India. Due to a paucity of funds, the approach road was never built and so the gateway stands at an angle to the road leading up to it.[17][16] Location and significanceThe Gateway of India is considered as a "symbolic monument" that represents the city of Mumbai, India. Located opposite the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower hotel.[25] For the British arriving to India, the gateway was a symbol of the "power and majesty" of the British Empire.[18] Though built as a welcome to King George V for his visit of 1911, then an event of grand significance for British India and the British Empire, today serves as a "monumental memento" of British colonial rule over India.[4] Opposite the gateway, stands the statue of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, the Maratha king who used guerilla warfare to establish the Maratha empire in the Sahyadri mountain range in the 17th century,[19] as a symbol of Maratha "pride and courage".[20] The statue was unveiled on 26 January 1961 on the occasion of India's Republic Day.[21][22] The other statue in vicinity of the monument is that of Swami Vivekananda, made by an Indian sculptor, Sitaram S. Arte.[23] There are five jetties located around the gateway monument.[24] The first jetty is exclusive to the Atomic Research Centre while the second and third are used for commercial ferry operations, the fourth one is closed and the fifth is exclusive to the Royal Bombay Yacht Club. The second and third jetties are the starting point for tours of Elephanta Caves, which is a 50-minute boat ride away by ferry.[25][26] Other routes from the Gateway include ferry rides to Rewas, (Alibaug) and Mandwa, (Alibaug). These ferries are said to carry passengers above their certified capacity due to their popularity.[27] TourismThe Gateway of India is a major tourist destination in Mumbai and a popular gathering spot for locals, street vendors and photographers.[15] In 2012, Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation moved the "Elephanta Festival of music and dance" from its original location at Elephanta Caves (where it had been celebrated for 23 years) to the Gateway due to the increased capacity offered by the venue. The Gateway can host 2,000 to 2,500 people, whereas Elephanta Caves could host only 700 to 800 people.[28][29] Events and incidentsThe monument witnessed a terrorist attack on August 25, 2003, when a bomb blast left trails of blood in front of the Gateway. The taxi containing the bomb was parked outside the Taj Mahal Hotel, one of the city's oldest luxury hotels, where windows were shattered and cars damaged. The force of the explosion is reported to have thrown several people into the sea.[30] A mentally disturbed man stabbed two young girls from Manipur at the Gateway of India on August 13, 2005.[31] A woman was groped on New Year Eve 2007 by a rowdy mob at the Gateway of India.[32] After the 2008 Mumbai attacks, there had been a proposal to close all the jetties and replace them with two newer ones to be built near the Bombay Presidency Radio Club.[33] Following the 26/11 terror attack on the Taj Mahal Hotel, public access to the area around the Gateway was restricted.[34] GallerySee also
References1. ^{{cite web|title=Which company built the Gateway of India?|url=http://inhome.rediff.com/money/2007/may/04quiz.htm|date=4 May 2007|publisher=Rediff.com|accessdate=30 April 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054255/http://inhome.rediff.com/money/2007/may/04quiz.htm|archivedate=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}} 2. ^{{cite web|title=National Portal of India, Monuments|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/culture_heritage.php?id=34|publisher=National Informatics Centre (NIC)|accessdate=23 April 2012|author=National Portal Content Management Team|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426071046/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/culture_heritage.php?id=34|archivedate=26 April 2012|df=dmy-all}} 3. ^{{cite book|last=Chapman|first=Kenneth|title=Peace, War and Friendships|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGNL0aT7EZ8C&pg=PA151|accessdate=16 April 2012|publisher=Roxana Chapman|isbn=978-0-9551881-0-7|page=151|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103085145/http://books.google.com/books?id=lGNL0aT7EZ8C&pg=PA151|archivedate=3 January 2014|df=dmy-all}} 4. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Simon|first1=Sherry|last2=St-Pierre|first2=Paul|title=Changing the Terms: Translating in the Postcolonial Era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cmJ5O0ZOwqsC&pg=PA245|accessdate=22 April 2012|date=27 November 2000|publisher=University of Ottawa Press|isbn=978-0-7766-0524-1|page=245|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103092951/http://books.google.com/books?id=cmJ5O0ZOwqsC&pg=PA245|archivedate=3 January 2014|df=dmy-all}} 5. ^{{cite news|title=Walk amid a wealth of heritage in Mumbai|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_walk-amid-a-wealth-of-heritage-in-mumbai_1679827|accessdate=24 April 2012|newspaper=DNA India|date=24 April 2012|author=DNA|place=Mumbai|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525080217/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_walk-amid-a-wealth-of-heritage-in-mumbai_1679827|archivedate=25 May 2012|df=dmy-all}} 6. ^{{cite news|last=Holloway|first=James|title=Gateway of India; 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Duiker|author2=Jackson J. Spielvogel|title=World History: From 1500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWTBUX10gaQC&pg=PA582|accessdate=3 April 2012|date=3 January 2006|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-05054-4|page=582|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231070259/http://books.google.com/books?id=ZWTBUX10gaQC&pg=PA582|archivedate=31 December 2013|df=dmy-all}} 19. ^{{cite web|title=300-feet Shivaji statue in Mumbai's Arabian Sea!|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jun/03shivaji.htm|work=3 June 2008|publisher=Rediff.com|accessdate=16 April 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124023330/http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jun/03shivaji.htm|archivedate=24 January 2012|df=dmy-all}} 20. ^{{cite book|author=B.K. 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February 2011 |df= }} 25. ^1 {{cite book|author1=Pippa De Bruyn|author2=Keith Bain|author3=David Allardice|author4=Shonar Joshi|title=Frommer's India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HlqM2CR4vfUC&pg=PA125|accessdate=3 April 2012|date=12 February 2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-60264-5|page=125|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707074532/http://books.google.com/books?id=HlqM2CR4vfUC&pg=PA125|archivedate=7 July 2014|df=dmy-all}} 26. ^{{cite news|author=DNA|title=Mumbai heritage week: Revisiting a lost culture in the city of caves|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_mumbai-heritage-week-revisiting-a-lost-culture-in-the-city-of-caves_1677368|accessdate=18 April 2012|newspaper=Daily News and Analysis|date=18 April 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627181825/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_mumbai-heritage-week-revisiting-a-lost-culture-in-the-city-of-caves_1677368|archivedate=27 June 2012|df=dmy-all}} 27. ^{{cite news|title=Disaster floats at gateway|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2011/oct/021011-Disaster-floats-at-gateway.htm|accessdate=30 April 2012|newspaper=Mid Day|date=2 October 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308164442/http://www.mid-day.com/news/2011/oct/021011-Disaster-floats-at-gateway.htm|archivedate=8 March 2012|df=dmy-all}} 28. ^{{cite news|last=Tembhekar|first=Chittaranjan|title=Elephanta festival ‘moves’ to Gateway of India|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-05/mumbai/31123371_1_elephanta-island-gateway-elephanta-festival|accessdate=30 April 2012|newspaper=The Times of India|date=5 March 2012|last2=Jaisinghani|first2=Bella}} 29. ^{{cite news|title=Festival weaves magic|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/festival-weaves-magic/928956/|accessdate=30 November 2012|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=27 March 2012|agency=Express news service|location=Mumbai}} 30. ^1 {{cite web|title=2003: Bombay rocked by twin car bombs|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/25/newsid_3921000/3921475.stm|date=25 August 2003|accessdate=16 April 2012|publisher=BBC|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410202413/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/25/newsid_3921000/3921475.stm|archivedate=10 April 2012|df=dmy-all}} 31. ^{{cite news|title=Maniac stabs girl to death at Gateway|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Maniac-stabs-girl-to-death-at-Gateway/articleshow/1200458.cms|accessdate=14 August 2005|newspaper=The Times of India|date=14 August 2005|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118121653/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Maniac-stabs-girl-to-death-at-Gateway/articleshow/1200458.cms|archivedate=18 January 2018|df=dmy-all}} 32. ^{{cite news|title=Gateway groping shocks Mumbai|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Gateway-groping-shocks-Mumbai/articleshow/1028075.cms|accessdate=3 January 2007|newspaper=The Times of India|date=3 January 2007|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129014412/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Gateway-groping-shocks-Mumbai/articleshow/1028075.cms|archivedate=29 November 2010|df=dmy-all}} 33. ^{{cite news|title=5 jetties may be shut|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_5-jetties-may-be-shut_1225849|accessdate=30 April 2012|newspaper=Daily News and Analysis|date=29 January 2009}} 34. ^{{cite news|last=Clara Lewis|first=Times News Network|title=Gateway not quite a getaway|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-18/mumbai/31207283_1_intach-alternate-plan-indian-national-trust|accessdate=4 April 2012|newspaper=The Times of India|date=18 March 2012}} External links{{commons category}}
6 : Triumphal arches in India|Buildings and structures in Mumbai|Monuments and memorials in Maharashtra|Tourist attractions in Mumbai|Gates in India|Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture |
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