| 词条 | 1964 United States presidential election in Alabama | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| election_name = United States presidential election in Alabama, 1964 | country = Alabama | type = presidential | ongoing = no | previous_election = United States presidential election in Alabama, 1960 | previous_year = 1960 | next_election = United States presidential election in Alabama, 1968 | next_year = 1968 | election_date = {{Start date|1964|11|03}} | image1 = | nominee1 = Barry Goldwater | party1 = Republican Party (United States) | home_state1 = Arizona | running_mate1 = William E. Miller | electoral_vote1 = 10 | popular_vote1 = 479,085 | percentage1 = 69.5% | image2 = | nominee2 = Unpledged electors | party2 = Democratic Party (United States) | home_state2 = — | running_mate2 = — | electoral_vote2 = 0 | popular_vote2 = 210,732 | percentage2 = 30.5% | map_image = Alabama presidential election results 1964.svg | map_size = 200px | map_caption = County Results{{col-start}}{{col-2}}Goldwater{{legend|#e27f90|50-60%}}{{legend|#cc2f4a|60-70%}}{{legend|#d40000|70-80%}}{{legend|#aa0000|80-90%}}{{legend|#800000|>90%}}{{col-2}}Unpledged{{legend|#ffdc43|50-60%}}{{legend|#f4c200|60-70%}}{{col-end}} | title = President | before_election = Lyndon B. Johnson | after_election = Lyndon B. Johnson | before_party = Democratic Party (United States) | after_party = Democratic Party (United States) }}{{ElectionsAL}} The 1964 United States presidential election in Alabama was held on November 3, 1964. Alabama voters chose ten representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice-President. BackgroundThe early 1960s had seen Alabama as the epicenter of the Civil Rights Movement, highlighted by numerous black church bombings by the Ku Klux Klan in "Bombingham" (the city of Birmingham),[1] Birmingham city official Eugene "Bull" Connor's use of attack dogs against protesters opposed to racial discrimination in residential land use, and first-term Governor George Wallace's "stand in the door" against the desegregation of the University of Alabama. During the primaries for selecting Democratic presidential electors, there was bitter fighting in all five Deep South states; however, Louisiana, Mississippi, Georgia and South Carolina all chose electors pledged to President Lyndon B. Johnson.[2] However, in Alabama, the May 5, 1964 primary chose a set of unpledged Democratic electors,[2] by a margin of five-to-one,[3] whilst Governor George Wallace refused totally President Johnson's civil rights and desegregation legislation via the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[4] Unlike in Mississippi with the MFDP, no effort to challenge this Wallace-sponsored slate with one loyal to the national party was attempted.[5] Consequently, Johnson would become the third winning president-elect to not appear on the ballot in Alabama, following on from Abraham Lincoln in 1860 and Harry S. Truman in 1948. Under Wallace's guidance the Alabama Democratic Party placed this slate of unpledged Democratic electors on the ballot,[6][7] against the advice of some legal scholars,[8] but after planning to run for president himself (as he would do in 1968) decided against this in July. Initially it was expected that this slate – the only option for mainstream Democrats in Alabama – would be pledged to Wallace himself, but the Governor released them from pledges to vote for him if elected.[9] Once campaigning began, Wallace supported Republican nominee Barry Goldwater[10] and did nothing to support the unpledged slate against the Arizona Senator, although he did campaign for Democratic candidates for state and local offices.[11] Popularity of Goldwater among white votersRepublican Barry Goldwater, viewed as a dangerous right-wing extremist in the older Northeastern heartland of the Republican Party,[12] was thrashed there as had been uniformly predicted before the poll, with Texas Governor John Connally saying Goldwater would win only Alabama and Mississippi.[13] Nevertheless, his opposition to the pending Civil Rights Act and Medicare[14] plus his ability to unite white Alabamians of different classes meant Goldwater could capture the "black belt" counties[15] that were historically the basis of Alabama's limited-suffrage single-party politics, at a time when 77 percent of blacks still had not registered to vote.[16] Goldwater did equally well in those Appalachia counties where Republicans had been competitive in presidential elections even at the height of the "Solid South".[15] Only in the North Alabama counties of Lauderdale, Colbert, Limestone, Jackson and Cherokee – hostile to Goldwater's proposal to privatize the Tennessee Valley Authority[17] – and in Macon County, home of Tuskegee University, did Goldwater not obtain a majority. Even with powerful opposition to TVA privatization, those northern counties voting against Goldwater did so by no more than twelve percent in Limestone County.[18] Milestones{{As of|2016|11|alt=As of the 2016 presidential election}}, this is the last election in which Sumter County, Greene County, Wilcox County, Lowndes County, and Bullock County voted for the Republican candidate, as well as the last time that Macon County did not vote for the national Democratic candidate.This was the third occasion when a Republican nominee carried Alabama, but the first outside of Reconstruction elections in 1868 and 1872, when Ulysses S. Grant carried the state. Despite Johnson's landslide victory that year, winning 61.1 percent of the popular vote, the highest percentage to date, he also lost to Goldwater in four other previously solidly Democratic Southern states – Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina and Georgia. With 69.45% of the popular vote, Alabama would prove to be Goldwater's second strongest state in the 1964 election after neighboring Mississippi.[19] Results{{start U.S. presidential ticket box}}{{U.S. presidential ticket box row|name=Barry Goldwater|party=Republican|state=Arizona| pv=479,085 | pv_pct=69.45% | ev=10 | vp_name=William E. Miller| vp_state=New York}}{{U.S. presidential ticket box row|name=Unpledged electors|party=Unpledged Democratic|state=—|pv=210,732|pv_pct=30.55%|ev=0|vp_name=—| vp_state=—}}{{end U.S. presidential ticket box| pv=689,817 |pv_pct=100.00% | ev=10| to_win=270}}Results by county
External links
References1. ^Bullock, Charles S. and Gaddie, Ronald Keith; The Triumph of Voting Rights in the South, pp. 41-42 {{ISBN|0806185309}} {{State Results of the 1964 U.S. presidential election}}{{United States elections}}2. ^1 Congressional Quarterly, Incorporated; CQ Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, vol. 25 (1967), p. 1121 3. ^McDannald, Alexander Hopkins; Yearbook of the Encyclopedia Americana (1965), p. 63 4. ^Frederick, Jeff; Stand Up for Alabama: Governor George Wallace; pp. 96-99 {{ISBN|0817315748}} 5. ^Cleghorn, Reece; 'Who Speaks for Mississippi' The Reporter, August 13, 1944, pp. 31-33 6. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/03/alabama-expected-to-choose-electors-backed-by-wallace.html|title=Alabama Expected To Choose Electors Backed by Wallace|date=1964-05-03|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-09|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1964/10/21/flowers-attacks-wallace-democrats-prichmond-flowers/|title=Flowers Attacks Wallace Democrats|last=Denton|first=Herbert H.|date=October 21, 1964|website=The Harvard Crimson|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-12-09}} 8. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/14/unpledged-votes-are-held-illegal.html|title=Unpledged Votes Are Held Illegal|date=1964-06-14|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-09|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}} 9. ^Carlson, Jody; George C. Wallace and the Politics of Powerlessness: The Wallace Campaigns for the Presidency, 1964-76, p. 41 {{ISBN|1412824494}} 10. ^Grimes, Roy; 'Look Away, Look Away...', The Victoria Advocate, October 11, 1964, p. 4A 11. ^Cleghord, Reece; 'Aftermath in Alabama'; The Reporter, December 3, 1964, p. 34 12. ^Leopold, Les; The Man Who Hated Work and Loved Labour; {{ISBN|1933392630}} 13. ^'At Southern Governors' Meet: Approval of Wallace Proposal Is Unlikely'; The Dispatch, October 14, 1964, p. 1 14. ^{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19641013&id=xWocAAAAIBAJ&sjid=L08EAAAAIBAJ&pg=7056,4910656|title=Medicare Vote Hurt Goldwater|last=Lubell|first=Samuel|date=October 13, 1964|work=The Pittsburgh Press|access-date=December 9, 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}} 15. ^1 Havard, William C. (editor); The Changing Politics of the South; pp. 440-441 {{ISBN|0807100463}} 16. ^Havard (editor); The Changing Politics of the South; p. 21 17. ^McMahon, Kevin J.; Rankin, David M.; Beachler, Donald W. and White, John Kenneth; Winning the White House, 2008, p. 107 {{ISBN|0230607683}} 18. ^David Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections; 1964 Presidential General Election Data Graphs – Alabama 19. ^{{cite web|url=https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/stats.php?year=1964&f=0&off=0&elect=0|title=1964 Presidential Election Statistics|publisher=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections|date= |accessdate=2018-03-05}} 3 : United States presidential elections in Alabama|1964 United States presidential election by state|1964 Alabama elections |
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