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词条 Geordie
释义

  1. Geographical coverage

  2. Etymology

  3. Phonology

     Consonants  Vowels 

  4. Vocabulary

  5. In popular culture

  6. References

  7. Additional references

  8. External links

{{About|the people and dialect of Tyneside}}Geordie ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ɔːr|d|i}}) is a nickname for a person from the Tyneside area of North East England,[1] and the dialect used by its inhabitants. The term is also used to refer to anyone from North East England.[2]

Geordie is a continuation and development of the language spoken by Anglo-Saxon settlers, initially employed by the ancient Brythons to fight the Pictish invaders after the end of Roman rule in Britain in the 5th century.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}} The Angles, Saxons and Jutes who arrived became ascendant politically and culturally over the native British through subsequent migration from tribal homelands along the North Sea coast of mainland Europe. The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms that emerged in the Dark Ages spoke largely mutually intelligible varieties of what is now called Old English, each varying somewhat in phonology, morphology, syntax and lexicon. This linguistic conservatism means that poems by the Anglo-Saxon scholar the Venerable Bede translate more successfully into Geordie than into Standard English.[3]

In Northern England and the Scottish borders, then dominated by the kingdom of Northumbria, there developed a distinct Northumbrian Old English dialect. Later Irish migrants influenced Geordie phonology from the early 19th century onwards.[4][5]

The word "Geordie" can refer to a supporter of Newcastle United.[6] The Geordie Schooner glass was traditionally used to serve Newcastle Brown Ale.[7]

The Geordie dialect and identity are primarily associated with those of a working-class background. A 2008 newspaper survey found the Geordie accent the "most attractive in England".[8]

Geographical coverage

When referring to the people, as opposed to the dialect, dictionary definitions of a Geordie typically refer to a native or inhabitant of Newcastle upon Tyne, England, or its environs,[10] an area that encompasses Blyth, Ashington, North Tyneside, Newcastle, South Tyneside and Gateshead.[11][12] This area has a combined population of around 700,000, based on 2011 census-data.

The term itself, according to Brockett, originated from all the North East coal mines.[13]

The catchment area for the term "Geordie" can include Northumberland and County Durham[14][15] or be confined to an area as small as the city of Newcastle upon Tyne and the metropolitan boroughs of Tyneside.[1]

People from Sunderland differentiate themselves as "Mackems". The earliest known {{em|recorded}} use of the term found by an Oxford English Dictionary word hunt occurred as recently as 1988.[13][14]

Just as a Cockney is often colloquially defined as someone "born within the sound of the Bow bells", the term "Geordie" is sometimes defined in terms of "within spitting distance of the Tyne"[15]

and thus the area more associated with the Geordie accent could be thought of{{by whom?|date=October 2018}} as the watershed and bioregion of the River Tyne, and Geordies as its inhabitants. Academic journals refer to the Geordie dialect as "Tyneside English".[16][17][18][19]

Etymology

A number of rival theories explain how the term came about, though all accept that it derives from a familiar diminutive form of the name George,[20] "a very common name among the pitmen"[21][22] (coal miners) in North East England; indeed, it was once the most popular name for eldest sons in the region.{{citation needed|date=July 2011|reason=Details NOT actually provided by cited Brockett sources.}}

One explanation is that it was established during the Jacobite Rebellion of 1715. The Jacobites declared that the natives of Newcastle were staunch supporters of the Hanoverian kings, in particular of George I during the 1715 rebellion. This contrasted with rural Northumberland, which largely supported the Jacobite cause. If true, the term may have derived from the popular anti-Hanoverian song "Cam Ye O'er Frae France?",[23] which calls the first Hanoverian king "Geordie Whelps", a play on "George the Guelph".

Another explanation for the name is that local miners in the northeast of England used Geordie safety lamps, designed by George Stephenson, known locally as "Geordie the engine-wright",[24] in 1815[25] rather than the competing Davy lamps, designed by Humphry Davy, used in other mining communities. Using the chronological order of two John Trotter Brockett books, Geordie was given to North East pitmen; later he acknowledges that the pitmen also christened their Stephenson lamp Geordie.[21][22]

Alternatively; Geordie could also have been a derivative or continuation of the North Sea Germanic name Jordanes; which in-turn itself also derives from an Old Norse root word- jord ("land, earth") and possibly may have been brought over to the Eastern coast of Britain by Germanic or Nordic tribes; during Migration Period. Moreover, Roman bureaucrat and historian Jordanes bore this name; and consequently was believed to be a Romanised German author of Gothic background. Further supporting this hypotheses is that the Geordie dialect of English still retains the accent as well as many ancient words of Old English and Norse origin; which are usually not found in the other spoken regional dialects of Modern English.{{or|date=April 2018}}

Linguist Katie Wales[26] also dates the term earlier than does the current Oxford English Dictionary; she observes that Geordy (or Geordie) was a common name given to coal mine pitmen in ballads and songs of the region, noting that such usage turns up as early as 1793. It occurs in the titles of two songs by songwriter Joe Wilson (1841–1875): "Geordy, Haud the Bairn" and "Keep your Feet Still, Geordie". Citing such examples as the song "Geordy Black", written by Rowland Harrison of Gateshead, she contends that, as a consequence of popular culture, the miner and the keelman had become icons of the region in the 19th century, and "Geordie" was a label that "affectionately and proudly reflected this," replacing the earlier ballad emblem, the figure of Bob Crankie.

In the English Dialect Dictionary of 1900, Joseph Wright gave the definition A man from Tyneside; a miner; a north-country vessel, quoting two sources from Northumberland, one from East Durham and one from Australia. The source from Durham stated, "In South Tyneside even, this name was applied to the Lower Tyneside men."[27]

Newcastle publisher Frank Graham's Geordie Dictionary states:

{{quote|The origin of the word Geordie has been a matter of much discussion and controversy. All the explanations are fanciful and not a single piece of genuine evidence has ever been produced.}}

In Graham's many years of research, the earliest record he found of the term's use was in 1823 by local comedian Billy Purvis. Purvis had set up a booth at the Newcastle Races on the Town Moor. In an angry tirade against a rival showman, who had hired a young pitman called Tom Johnson to dress as a clown, Billy cried out to the clown:

{{quote|Ah man, wee but a feul wad hae sold off his furnitor and left his wife. Noo, yor a fair doon reet feul, not an artificial feul like Billy Purvis! Thous a real Geordie! gan man an hide thysel! gan an' get thy picks agyen. Thou may de for the city, but never for the west end o' wor toon.{{cite quote|date=July 2011}} }}
(Rough translation: "Oh man, who but a fool would have sold off his furniture and left his wife? Now, you're a fair downright fool, not an artificial fool like Billy Purvis! You're a real Geordie! Go on, man, and hide yourself! Go on and get your picks [axes] again. You may do for the city, but never for the west end of our town!")

Graham is backed up historically by John Camden Hotten, who wrote in 1869: "Geordie, general term in Northumberland and Durham for a pitman, or coal-miner. Origin not known; the term has been in use more than a century."[28] Using Hotten[28] as a chronological reference, Geordie has been documented for at least {{age|1769|1|1}} years as a term related to Northumberland and County Durham.

Bad-weather Geordy was a name applied to cockle sellers:

{{quote|As the season at which cockles are in greatest demand is generally the most stormy in the year – September to March – the sailors' wives at the seaport towns of Northumberland and Durham consider the cry of the cockle man as the harbinger of bad weather, and the sailor, when he hears the cry of 'cockles alive,' in a dark wintry night, concludes that a storm is at hand, and breathes a prayer, backwards, for the soul of Bad-Weather-Geordy.|S. Oliver, Rambles in Northumberland, 1835}}

Travel writer Scott Dobson used the term "Geordieland" in a 1973 guidebook to refer collectively to Northumberland and Durham.[29]

Phonology

{{IPA notice|section}}

The phonemic notation used in this article is based on the set of symbols used by {{Harvcoltxt|Watt|Allen|2003}}. Other scholars may use different transcriptions.

Consonants

Geordie consonants generally follow those of Received Pronunciation, with these unique characteristics as follows:

  • {{IPA|/ɪŋ/}} appearing in an unstressed final syllable of a word (such as in reading) is pronounced as {{IPA|[ən]}} (thus, reading is {{IPA|[ˈɹiːdən]}}).
  • Geordie is characterised by a unique type of glottal stops. {{IPA|/p, t, k/}} can all be glottalised in Geordie, both at the end of a syllable and sometimes before a weak vowel.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=374}}
    • T-glottalisation, in which {{IPA|/t/}} is realised by {{IPA|[ʔ]}} before a syllabic nasal (e.g., button as {{IPA|[ˈbʊʔn̩]}}), in absolute final position (get as {{IPA|[ɡɛʔ]}}), and whenever the {{IPA|/t/}} is intervocalic so long as the latter vowel is not stressed (pity as {{IPA|[ˈpɪʔi]}}).
    • Glottaling in Geordie is often perceived as a full glottal stop {{IPA|[ʔ]}} but it is in fact more often realised as 'pre-glottalisation', which is 'an occlusion at the appropriate place of articulation and 'glottalisation', usually manifested as a short period of laryngealised voice before and/or after and often also during the stop gap'.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=268}} This type of glottal is unique to Tyneside English.[30]
  • Other voiceless stops, {{IPA|/p, k/}}, are glottally reinforced in medial position, and preaspirated in final position.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=268}}
  • The dialect is non-rhotic, like most British dialects, most commonly as an alveolar approximant {{IPAblink|ɹ}}, although a labiodental realisation {{IPAblink|ʋ}} is also growing for younger females (this is also possible by older males, albeit rarer). Traditionally, intrusive R was not present, instead glottalising between boundaries, however is present in newer varieties.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=268}}
  • Yod-coalescence in both stressed and unstressed syllables (so that dew becomes {{IPA|[dʒuː]}}).
  • {{IPA|/l/}} is traditionally clear in all contexts, meaning the velarised allophone is absent. However, modern accents may periodically use {{IPA|[ɫ]}} in syllable final positions, sometimes it may even be vocalised (as in bottle {{IPA|[ˈbɒʔʊ]}}).{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=268}}

Vowels

Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}}
FrontCentralBack
{{small|unrounded{{small|rounded
shortlongshortlong
Closeɪ}}iː}}ʊ}}uː}}
Close-mideː}}øː}}{{IPA link|ə}}oː}}
Open-midɛ}}ɛː}}ɔː}}
Opena}}aː}})ɒ}}ɒː}}
Length
  • For some speakers, vowel length alternates with vowel quality in a very similar way to the Scottish vowel length rule.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}}
  • Vowel length is phonemic for many speakers of Geordie and there is often no other phonetic difference between {{IPA|/ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/ɛː/}} on one hand and {{IPA|/ɒ/}} and {{IPA|/ɒː/}} on the other.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}} If traditional dialect forms are considered, {{IPA|/a/}} also has a phonemic long counterpart ({{IPA|/aː/}}), but they contrast only before voiceless consonants. There are minimal pairs such as tack {{IPA|/tak/}} vs. talk {{IPA|/taːk/}} (normal Geordie pronunciation: {{IPA|/tɔːk/}}). If they are disregarded, this {{IPAblink|aː}} is best regarded as a phonetic realisation of {{IPA|/ɔː/}} in certain words (roughly, those spelt with a). It occurs only in broad Geordie. Another {{IPAblink|aː}} appears as an allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} before final voiced consonants in words such as lad {{IPA|[laːd]}}.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=360, 375}}
Phonetic quality and phonemic incidence
  • {{IPA|/iː, uː/}} are typically somewhat closer than in other varieties; {{IPA|/uː/}} is also less prone to fronting than in other varieties of BrE and its quality is rather close to the cardinal {{IPAblink|u}}. However, younger women tend to use a central {{IPAblink|ʉː}} instead.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}}
  • {{IPA|/iː, uː/}} are monophthongs {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|iː}}, {{IPAplink|uː}} ~ {{IPAplink|ʉː}}]}} only in morphologically closed syllables. In morphologically open syllables, they are realised as closing diphthongs {{IPA|[ei, ɵʊ]}}. This creates minimal pairs such as freeze {{IPA|[fɹiːz]}} vs. frees {{IPA|[fɹeiz]}} and bruise {{IPA|[bɹuːz ~ bɹʉːz]}} vs. brews {{IPA|[bɹɵʊz]}}.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}}{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=375}} For simplicity, the monophthongal allophone of {{IPA|/uː/}} is transcribed with {{IPA|[uː]}} throughout the article.
  • The {{sc2|HAPPY}} vowel is tense {{IPAblink|i}} and is best analysed as belonging to the {{IPA|/iː/}} phoneme.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=362, 376}}
  • As other Northern English varieties, Geordie lacks the {{sc2|FOOT}}-{{sc2|STRUT}} split, so that words like cut, up and luck have the same {{IPA|/ʊ/}} phoneme as put, sugar and butcher. The typical phonetic realisation is unrounded {{IPAblink|ɤ}}, but it may be hypercorrected to {{IPAblink|ə}} among middle-class (especially female) speakers.{{sfnp|Beal|2004|pp=121–122}}
  • The long close-mid vowels {{IPA|/eː, oː/}} may be realised as monophthongs {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|eː}}, {{IPAplink|oː}}]}} or as opening diphthongs {{IPA|[ɪə, ʊə]}}. Alternatively, {{IPA|/eː/}} can be a closing diphthong {{IPA|[eɪ]}} and {{IPA|/oː/}} can be centralised to {{IPAblink|ɵː}}.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}} The opening diphthongs are recessive, as younger speakers reject them in favour of the monophthongal {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|eː}}, {{IPAplink|oː}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɵː}}]}}.{{sfnp|Beal|2004|pp=123–124}}
  • Other, now archaic, realisations of {{IPA|/oː/}} include {{IPAblink|aː}} in snow {{IPA|[snaː]}} and {{IPA|[aʊ]}} in soldiers {{IPA|[ˈsaʊldʒɐz]}}.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}}
  • Geordie does not always adhere to the same distributional patters of vowels found in Received Pronunciation or even the neighbouring accents. Examples of that include the words no and stone, which may be pronounced {{IPA|[niː]}} and {{IPA|[stɪən]}}, so with vowels that are best analysed as belonging to the {{IPA|/iː/}} and {{IPA|/eː/}} phonemes.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}}
  • Many female speakers merge {{IPA|/oː/}} with {{IPA|/ɔː/}}, but the exact phonetic quality of the merged vowel is uncertain.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}}
  • {{IPA|/øː/}} may be phonetically {{IPAblink|øː}} or a higher, unrounded vowel {{IPAblink|ɪː}}.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}} An RP-like vowel {{IPAblink|ɜ̝ː}} is also possible.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=375}}
  • In broad Geordie, {{IPA|/øː/}} merges with {{IPA|/ɔː/}} to {{IPAblink|ɔː}} under the influence of a uvular {{IPAblink|ʁ}} that once followed it (when Geordie was still a rhotic dialect).{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=375}}{{sfnp|Beal|2004|p=126}} The fact that the original {{IPA|/ɔː/}} vowel is never hypercorrected to {{IPAblink|øː}} or {{IPAblink|ɜ̝ː}} suggests that either this merger was never categorical, or that speakers are unusually successful in sorting those vowels out again.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=375}}
  • The schwa {{IPA|/ə/}} is often rather open ({{IPAblink|ɐ}}). It also tends to be longer in duration than the preceding stressed vowel, even if that vowel is phonologically long. Therefore, words such as water and meter are pronounced {{IPA|[ˈwɔd̰ɐː]}} and {{IPA|[ˈmid̰ɐː]}}.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}} This feature is shared with the very conservative (Upper Crust) variety of Received Pronunciation.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=283}}
  • Words such as voices and ended have {{IPA|/ə/}} in the second syllable (so {{IPA|/ˈvoesəz, ˈɛndəd/}}), rather than the {{IPA|/ɪ/}} of RP. That does not mean that Geordie has undergone the weak vowel merger because {{IPA|/ɪ/}} can still be found in some unstressed syllables in place of the more usual {{IPA|/ə/}}. An example of that is the second syllable of seven {{IPA|/ˈsɛvɪn/}}, but it can also be pronounced with a simple schwa {{IPA|/ə/}} instead. Certain weak forms also have {{IPA|/ɪ/}} instead of {{IPA|/ə/}}; these include at {{IPA|/ɪt/}}, of {{IPA|/ɪv/}}, as {{IPA|/ɪz/}}, can {{IPA|/kɪn/}} and us {{IPA|/ɪz/}}.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=376}}
  • As in other Northern English dialects, the {{sc2|BATH}} vowel is short {{IPA|/a/}} in Geordie. There are very few exceptions to this rule; for instance, master, plaster and sometimes also disaster are pronounced with {{IPA|/ɒː/}}.{{sfnp|Beal|2004|pp=122–123}}
  • Some speakers unround {{IPA|/ɒː/}} to {{IPAblink|ɑː}}.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}} Regardless of the rounding, the difference in backness between {{IPA|/ɒː/}} and {{IPA|/a/}} is very pronounced, a feature which Geordie shares with RP and some northern cities such as Stoke-on-Trent and Derby, but not with the accents of the middle north.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=360, 375}}
Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}}
Endpoint
FrontCentralBack
Start pointFrontai}}iɐ}}æu}}
Backoe}}uɐ}}
  • As the transcription indicates, the second elements of {{IPA|/iɐ, uɐ/}} are commonly as open as the typical Geordie realisation of {{IPA|/ə/}} ({{IPAblink|ɐ}}).{{sfnp|Beal|2004|p=126}}
  • The first element of {{IPA|/æu/}} is phonetically {{IPAblink|ä}} or {{IPAblink|ɛ}}{{sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=375–376}} or an intermediate {{IPAblink|æ}}.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=268}} Traditionally, this vowel was a monophthong {{IPAblink|uː}} and this pronunciation can still be heard, as can a narrower diphthong {{IPA|[əu]}}.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=376}}
  • {{IPA|/ai/}} is phonetically {{IPA|[äi]}}, but the Scottish vowel length rule applied by some speakers of Geordie creates an additional allophone {{IPA|[ɛi]}} that has a shorter, higher and more front onset than the main allophone {{IPA|[äi]}}. {{IPA|[ɛi]}} is used in words such as knife {{IPA|[nɛif]}}, whereas {{IPA|[äi]}} is used in e.g. knives {{IPA|[näivz]}}.{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=269}} For simplicity, both of them are written {{IPA|[ai]}} in this article.

Vocabulary

{{Wiktionary category |category=Geordie English |type=the Geordie dialect}}

The Geordie dialect shares similarities with other Northern English dialects, as well as with the Scots language (See Rowe 2007, 2009).

In her column for the South Shields Gazette, Dorothy Samuelson-Sandvid attests many samples of Geordie language usage, such as the nouns bairn ("child")[31] and clarts ("mud");[39] the adjectives canny ("pleasant")[32] and clag ("sticky");[33] and the imperative verb phrase howay ("hurry up!"; "come on!")[42]

Howay is broadly comparable to the invocation "Come on!" or the French "Allez-y!" ("Go on!"). Examples of common use include Howay man!, meaning "come on" or "hurry up", Howay the lads! as a term of encouragement for a sports team for example (the players' tunnel at St James' Park has this phrase just above the entrance to the pitch), or Ho'way!? (with stress on the second syllable) expressing incredulity or disbelief.[43] The literal opposite of this phrase is haddaway ("go away"); although not as common as howay, it is perhaps most commonly used in the phrase "Haddaway an' shite" (Tom Hadaway, Figure 5.2 Haddaway an' shite; 'Cursing like sleet blackening the buds, raging at the monk of Jarrow scribbling his morality and judgement into a book.'[34]).

Another word, divvie or divvy ("idiot"), seems to come from the Co-op dividend,[35] or from the two Davy lamps (the more explosive Scotch Davy[36] used in 1850, commission disapproved of its use in 1886 (inventor not known, nicknamed Scotch Davy probably given by miners after the Davy lamp was made perhaps by north east miners who used the Stephenson Lamp[25][37]), and the later better designed Davy designed by Humphry Davy also called the Divvy.[38]) As in a north east miner saying 'Marra, ye keep way from me if ye usin a divvy.' It seems the word divvie then translated to daft lad/lass. Perhaps coming from the fact one would be seen as foolish going down a mine with a Scotch Divvy when there are safer lamps available, like the Geordie, or the Davy.

The Geordie word netty,[39] meaning a toilet and place of need and necessity for relief[39][40][41] or bathroom,[39][40][41] has an uncertain origin,[42] though some have theorised that it may come from slang used by Roman soldiers on Hadrian's Wall,[58] which may have later become gabinetti in the Romanic Italian language[58] (such as in the Westoe Netty, the subject of a famous painting from Bob Olley[43][44]). However, gabbinetto is the Modern Italian diminutive of gabbia, which actually derives from the Latin cavea ("hollow", "cavity", "enclosure"), the root of the loanwords that became the Modern English cave,[45] cage,[46] and gaol.[47] Thus, another explanation would be that it comes from a Modern Romanic Italian form of the word gabinetti,[42] though only a relatively small number of Italians have migrated to the North of England, mostly during the 19th century.[48]

Some etymologists connect the word netty to the Modern English word needy. John Trotter Brockett, writing in 1829 in his A glossary of north country words...,[41] claims that the etymon of netty (and its related form neddy) is the Modern English needy[49] and need.[50]

Bill Griffiths, in A Dictionary of North East Dialect, points to the earlier form, the Old English níd; he writes: "MS locates a possible early ex. "Robert Hovyngham sall make... at the other end of his house a knyttyng" York 1419, in which case the root could be OE níd 'necessary'".[40] Another related word, nessy is thought (by Griffiths) to derive from the Modern English "necessary".[40]

A poem called "Yam" narrated by author Douglas Kew, demonstrates the usage of a number of Geordie words.[51][52]

{{Collapsible list
|title=Vocabulary usage
|bullets=yes
|aa/aye/ai, yes[53]
|aall, all[75]
|aalwiz, always[54]
|aboot, about[75]
|alang, along[55]
|alreet, alright[56]
|an, and[75]
|baccy, tobacco[57]
|bairn, child[31]
|cannit, cannot[58]
|canny, pleasant[32]
|childhud, childhood[59]
|clag, sticky[33]
|clarts, mud[33]
|dee, do[57][60]
|dinnor, dinner[57]
|divvn't, don't[61][62]
|divvy, idiot
|doilum, idiot
|Frida, Friday[63]
|fud, food[64]
|gan hyem, go home
|gan on, go on[65]
|gan, go[66]
|gan't, gone to[67]
|geet, very, really
|guzzlin, eating[57]
|haad, hold (e.g. keep a haad is 'keep a hold' and had yer gob becomes 'keep quiet'.)[43]
|haadaway, get away, (disbelief)[68]
|heor, hear[65]
|hinny, honey (a term of endearment)[43][69]
|hoose, house[57]
|hooswife, Housewife[57]
|hord, heard[70]
|howay, hurry up, come on[71]
|hoy, to throw[72]
|hyem-myed, home made[73]
|ivry, every[74]
|lang, long[73]
|larns, learns[75]
|larnt, taught[113]
|ma/mar/mam, mother[57]
|mesel, myself[57]
|Monda, Monday[76]
|neebody, nobody[77]
|neet, night[66]
|noo, now[78]
|nooadays, nowadays[66]
|nowt, nothing[72][57]
|oot, out[79]
|owt, anything
|pianna, piano[66]
|reelise, realise[57]
|reet, right[80]
|roond, around or round[81]
|smaall, small[82]
|stotty-cyek, stotty cake (bread)[65]
|summack or summit, something[66]
|Sunda, Sunday[73]
|taak, talk[65]
|thor's, there's[68]
|Thorsda, Thursday[76]
|waarms, warms[65]
|watt, what[83]
|wawd, word[65]
|wesh, wash[84]
|wheor, where[66]
|wor, our[65]
|worsel's, ourselves[85]
|y'kin, you can[86]
}}

In popular culture

{{Geordie sidebar}}

The musicians Brian Johnson, Sting, and Bryan Ferry are Geordies.[87]

Brendan Foster[88] and Sid Waddell[89] have both worked as television sports commentators.

Cheryl is a musical artist also from Newcastle upon Tyne. Notable for her time in Girls Aloud, judging on X Factor and solo singing career.

Dorfy, real name Dorothy Samuelson-Sandvid, was a noted Geordie dialect writer who once wrote for the South Shields Gazette.[90][91]

In the BBC Radio drama series The Archers, the character Ruth Archer is played as a Geordie.[92]

The MTV reality show Geordie Shore, first broadcast in 2011, is based in Newcastle upon Tyne.[93]

References

1. ^1 {{cite web|url= http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/geordie?view=uk|title= AskOxford.com – a person from Tyneside|accessdate= 1 September 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929145559/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/geordie?view=uk |archivedate = 29 September 2007}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/GeordieOrigins.html|title=Geordie Accent and Dialect Origins|accessdate=19 August 2017 |publisher=englandsnortheast.co.uk|year=2016}}
3. ^{{cite web|last = Simpson|first = David|title = Venerable Bede|quote = Bede's Latin poems seem to translate more successfully into Geordie than into modern day English!|year = 2009|url = http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/GeordieOrigins.html|accessdate = 6 August 2010}}
4. ^{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xhOzSXmrrR0C&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=%22irish+in+tyneside%22&source=bl&ots=4VxOjKvVP0&sig=9nABLjmt7srZoue92ZdGuEceA4U&hl=en&sa=X&ei=tjuDUu_ENM_PigLAtYGwBw&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22irish%20in%20tyneside%22&f=false|title= A Source Book for Irish English|publisher= |accessdate= 27 October 2014}}
5. ^{{cite web|url= http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~tynesidehistory/irishmigration.html|title= Migration of Irish to Newcastle upon Tyne and Weetslade Northumberland|publisher= |accessdate= 27 October 2014}}
6. ^Andy Gray & Richard Keys: EPL predictions
7. ^{{cite news| title= Meet The Geordie Schooner| url= https://blogs.forbes.com/booze/2010/05/17/meet-the-geordie-schooner/ | work= Forbes | first= David M. | last= Ewalt}}
8. ^{{cite web|author= Published on 24/09/2008 22:31 |url= http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/uk/Scots-accent-is-UK39s-second.4525816.jp |title= Scots accent is UK's second favourite - UK - Scotsman.com |publisher= Thescotsman.scotsman.com |date= 2008-09-24 |accessdate= 2013-06-15}}
9. ^{{cite news|title= Ac/Dc's Brian Johnson To Receive Honorary Doctorate From U.K.'S Northumbria University|url= http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/acdcs-brian-johnson-to-receive-honorary-doctorate-from-u-k-s-northumbria-university/|publisher= Blabbermouth|date= 12 December 2016}}
10. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Geordies | title = Geordie | last = freedictionary | website = thefreedictionary.com | access-date = 7 October 2018 | quote = }}
11. ^{{cite web|title= Jarrow Song| publisher= allyrics.net| url= https://web.archive.org/liveweb/http://www.allyrics.net/Alan-Price/lyrics/The-Jarrow-Song/| accessdate= 7 October 2008}}
12. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.tomorrows-history.com/CommunityProjects/PE0100050001/Blaydon%20Races.htm |title= Blaydon Races| accessdate= 29 September 2007| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071106024755/http://www.tomorrows-history.com/CommunityProjects/PE0100050001/Blaydon%20Races.htm |archivedate= 6 November 2007 }}
13. ^{{cite web|title= New Entry for OED Online: Mackem, n. (Draft Entry Jan. 2006) |publisher= OED.com |pages= "OED News: BBC Balderdash and Piffle (Series One)" section |author= |date= 11 January 2006 |url= http://www.oed.com/bbcwords/mackem.html |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090419190125/http://www.oed.com/bbcwords/mackem.html |archivedate= 19 April 2009 |accessdate= 31 July 2011 |deadurl= yes |df= dmy }}
14. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wear/content/articles/2005/06/21/wordhunt_feature.shtml|pages= "Wear > Voices 2005" section|title= The Mackem Wordhunt!|publisher= BBC News |date= 21 June 2005|author= }}
15. ^{{cite web| url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/northeast/series7/geordie_dialect.shtml| title= Geordie Dialect – BBC| publisher= | accessdate= 27 October 2014}}
16. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Keuchler|2010}}
17. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Simmelbauer|2000|p=27}}
18. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Watt|2000|pp=69–101}}
19. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Watt|Allen|2003|pp=267–271}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/geordie?view=uk|title=AskOxford.com – from the given name George|accessdate=1 September 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929145559/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/geordie?view=uk |archivedate = 29 September 2007}}
21. ^1 2 {{cite book|last=Brockett|first=John Trotter|title=A Glossary of North Country Words in Use with Their Etymology and Affinity to Other Languages, and Occasional Notices of Local Customs and Popular Superstitions|publisher=E. Charnley|quote=GEORDIE, George-a very common name among the pitmen. "How! Geordie man! how is't"|year=1829|page=131|isbn=}}
22. ^1 {{cite book|last=Brockett|first=John Trotter|title=A Glossary of North Country Words|edition=revised|quote=GEORDIE, George – a very common name among the pitmen. 'How! Geordie man! How is't' The Pitmen have given the name of Geordie to Mr George Stephenson's lamp in contra-distinction of the Davy, or Sir Humphry Davy's Lamp.|year=1846|page=187}}
23. ^Recorded by the folk group Steeleye Span on their album Parcel of Rogues, 1973.
24. ^{{cite book|first=Samuel|last=Smiles|title=The lives of the engineers|volume=III|year=1862|chapter=chapter 8}}
25. ^1 {{cite book|last=Smiles|first=Samuel|title=The Life of George Stephenson, Railway Engineer|quote=As to the value of the invention of the safety lamp, there could be no doubt; and the colliery owners of Durham and Northumberland, to testify their sense of its importance, determined to present a testimonial to its inventor.|year=1859|page=120}}
26. ^{{cite book|title=Northern English: A Cultural and Social History|author=Katie Wales|pages=134–136|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-86107-6}}
27. ^{{cite book |last=Wright |first=Joseph |date=1900 |title=English Dialect Dictionary Volume 2: D-G |url=https://archive.org/stream/englishdialectdi02wrig#page/596/mode/2up |page=597 |location=London |publisher=Henry Frowde}}
28. ^1 2 {{cite book |last= Camden Hotten |first=John |authorlink=John Camden Hotten |title= The Slang Dictionary: Or Vulgar Words, Street Phrases and Fast Expressions of High and Low Society | quote = Geordie, general term in Northumberland and Durham for a pitman, or coal-miner. Origin not known; the term has been in use more than a century | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=o0EqAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false |page=142 |origyear=1869|year=2004|edition=reprint|accessdate=2007-10-11}}
29. ^1 {{cite book|last=Dobson|first=Scott|title=A Light Hearted Guide to Geordieland|publisher=Graham|year=1973|quote=Plus Geordieland means Northumberland and Durham|isbn=978-0-902833-89-0}}
30. ^{{Cite book|title=Glottal variants of (t) in the Tyneside variety of English: an acoustic profiling study|last=Docherty & Foulkes|first=|last3=|work=A Figure of Speech – a Festschrift for John Laver|publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum|year=2005|isbn=|editor-last=Hardcastle & Mackenzie Beck|location=London|pages=173–199}}
31. ^1 {{cite web| title = Dorfy looking fondly back on her youth |quote = Aa wuz a bairn. |publisher = South Shields Gazette |date =29 July 2009 |url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-looking-fondly-back-on.5504984.jp |accessdate = 13 May 2012}}
32. ^1 {{cite web |title = Here's a word from Dorfy |quote = Is canny, friendly, hyemly wawds that waarms aall Geordie hearts. |publisher = South Shields Gazette |date =17 March 2009 |url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Here39s-a-word-from-Dorfy.5080123.jp |accessdate = 13 May 2012}}
33. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |title = Here's a word from Dorfy |quote = Wor Geordie taalk is hyemly taalk; an wawds like 'clag' and 'clarts' |publisher = South Shields Gazette |date =17 March 2009 |url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Here39s-a-word-from-Dorfy.5080123.jp |accessdate = 13 May 2012}}
34. ^{{cite book|last=Colls|first=Robert| author-link =| last2 =Lancaster| first2 =Bill| author2-link =| last3 =Bryne| first3 =David| author3-link =| last4 =Carr| first4 =Barry| author4-link =| last5 =Hadaway| first5 =Tom| author5-link =| last6 =Knox| first6 =Elaine| author6-link =| last7 =Plater| first7 =Alan| author7-link =| last8 =Taylor| first8 =Harvey| author8-link =| last9 =Williamson| author9-link =| last10 =Younger| first10 =Paul| author10-link =|title=Geordies|quote=Hadaway an' shite; 'Cursing like sleet blackening the buds, raging at the monk of Jarrow scribbling his morality and judgement into a book.'| place=|page=90|publisher=Northumbria University Press|year=2005| edition =|isbn=978-1-904794-12-7}}
35. ^{{cite book| title=IMS: Customer Satisfaction: BIP2005 (Integrated Management Systems)| quote=An early example, which may be remembered by older readers was the Co-op dividend or 'divvie'. On paying their bill, shoppers would quote a number recorded ...| place=| publisher=BSI Standards| year=2003| page=10| edition =| url=| isbn=978-0-580-41426-8}}
36. ^{{cite web| last=Henderson| first=Clarks| title=NEIMME: Lamps – No. 14. SCOTCH DAVY LAMP.| quote=CONSTRUCTION. Gauzes. Cylindrical, 2 ins diameter. 41/2" high with conical top, a double gauze 1 ins. in depth at the peak. 24 mesh iron. Light. Candle.| url=http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk/lamps/Davy.html| accessdate=2 December 2007| postscript=}}
37. ^{{cite web| last=Henderson| first=Clarks| title=NEIMME: Lamps – No. 16. STEPHENSON (GEORDIE) LAMP.| url=http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk/lamps/Stephenson.html| accessdate=2 December 2007| postscript=}}
38. ^{{cite web| last=Henderson| first=Clarks| title=NEIMME: Lamps – No. 1 – DAVY LAMP.| url=http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk/lamps/Davy.html| accessdate=2 December 2007| postscript=}}
39. ^1 2 {{cite book |last=Graham |first=Frank | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = |title=The Geordie Netty: A Short History and Guide | place= |publisher=Butler Publishing; New Ed edition |date=November 1986|location= |volume= | edition = |doi= |isbn=978-0-946928-08-8 }}
40. ^1 2 3 {{cite book| last = Griffiths| first = Bill| title = A Dictionary of North East Dialect| quote = Netty outside toilet, Ex.JG Annfield Plain 1930s. "nessy or netty" Newbiggin-in-Teesdale C20/mid; "outside netties" Dobson Tyne 1972; 'lavatory' Graham Geordie 1979. EDD distribution to 1900: N'd. NE 2001: in circulation. ?C18 nessy from necessary; ? Ital. cabinette; Raine MS locates a possible early ex. "Robert Hovyngham sall make... at the other end of hys house knyttyng" York 1419, in which case root could be OE nid 'necessity'. Plus "to go to the Necessary" (public toilet) Errington p.67 Newcastle re 1800s: "lav" Northumbrian III C20/2 re Crawcrook; "oot back" G'head 2001 Q; "larty – toilet, a children's word, the school larties'" MM S.Shields C20/2 lavatory| publisher = Northumbria University Press| date = 1 December 2005| page = 122| url =| isbn =978-1-904794-16-5}}
41. ^1 2 {{cite book | last = Trotter Brockett | first = John | authorlink = | title = A glossary of north country words, in use. From an original manuscript, with additions. | quote = NEDDY, NETTY, a certain place that will not bear a written explanation; but which is depleted to the very life in a tail-piece in the first edition of Bewick's Land Birds, p. 285. In the second edition a bar is placed against the offending part of this broad display of native humour. Etymon needy, a place of need or necessity. | publisher = Oxford University | year = 1829 | location = | page = 214 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=m-8IAAAAQAAJ | doi = | id = | isbn = }}
42. ^1 {{cite web| title = Netty| quote = although some theories suggest it is an abbreviation of Italian gabbinetti, meaning 'toilet'| url = http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/geordie/lexis/}}
43. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/art/news/story/0,,2049601,00.html|title=Urinal finds museum home|quote= the urinals have linguistic distinction: the Geordie word "netty" for lavatory derives from Roman slang on Hadrian's Wall which became "gabinetto" in Italian|accessdate=8 October 2007 | work=The Guardian | location=London | first=Martin | last=Wainwright | date=4 April 2007}}
44. ^{{cite news | author-link = | author2-link = |title=Famed Geordie netty is museum attraction | newspaper =The Northern Echo |date=31 March 2007 |url=http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/topstories/display.var.1299982.0.famed_geordie_netty_is_museum_attraction.php}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cave |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |date= |accessdate=2013-06-15}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cage |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |date= |accessdate=2013-06-15}}
47. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=jail |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |date= |accessdate=2013-06-15}}
48. ^{{cite web| last = Saunders| first = Rod| title = Italian Migration to Nineteenth Century Britain: Why and Where, Why?| quote = They were never in great numbers in the northern cities. For example, the Italian Consul General in Liverpool, in 1891, is quoted as saying that the majority of the 80–100 Italians in the city were organ grinders and street sellers of ice-cream and plaster statues. And that the 500–600 Italians in Manchester included mostly Terrazzo specialists, plasterers and modellers working on the prestigious, new town hall. While in Sheffield 100–150 Italians made cutlery.| publisher = anglo-italianfhs.org.uk| url = http://www.anglo-italianfhs.org.uk/articles/immigration.htm| accessdate = 3 September 2008}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=needy |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |date= |accessdate=2013-06-15}}
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=need |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |date= |accessdate=2013-06-15}}
51. ^{{cite video|people =|date = 29 July 2007|title = YAM narrated by author Douglas Kew|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1kKTaOCJROc|medium =|accessdate=2 January 2008|time =|isbn =}}
52. ^{{cite book|first1=Douglas|last1=Kew|title=A Traveller's Tale|publisher=Trafford Publishing|date=7 February 2001|isbn=978-1-55212-552-6}}
53. ^{{cite news | author-link = | title = A taste of domestic service for Dorfy | newspaper = South Shields Gazette | date = 1 July 2009 | url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-taste-of-domestic-service.5417503.jp | postscript = }}
54. ^{{cite web| title = A housewife's lot, according to Dorfy| quote = Aa aalwiz...| publisher = South Shields Gazette| date =22 July 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-housewife39s-lot-according-to.5483030.jp| accessdate = 13 May 2012}}
55. ^{{cite web| title = Dorfy looking fondly back on her youth| quote = Aa gan alang the streets... | publisher = South Shields Gazette| date =29 July 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-looking-fondly-back-on.5504984.jp| accessdate = 13 May 2012}}
56. ^{{cite web| title = Dorfy always found something to say| quote = It larnt us alreet...| publisher = South Shields Gazette| date =27 May 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-always-found-something-to.5305029.jp| accessdate = 13 May 2012}}
57. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{cite news | author-link = | title = A housewife's lot, according to Dorfy | newspaper = South Shields Gazette | date = 22 July 2009 | url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-housewife39s-lot-according-to.5483030.jp | postscript = }}
58. ^{{cite web| title = Dorfy loses her bus ticket| quote = when y' cannit produce a ticket?| publisher = South Shields Gazette| date =30 April 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-loses-her-bus-ticket.5224047.jp| accessdate = 13 May 2012}}
59. ^{{cite web| title = Dorfy's school days, with just pennies for uniforms| quote = the whole o' me childhud| publisher = South Shields Gazette| date =5 August 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy39s-school-days-with-just.5526876.jp| accessdate = 13 May 2012}}
60. ^{{cite web| title = A taste of domestic service for Dorfy| quote = Aa cud dee aall these things.| publisher = South Shields Gazette| date =1 July 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-taste-of-domestic-service.5417503.jp| accessdate = 13 May 2012}}
61. ^{{cite web | title = Dorfy on the stress of Christmas shopping | quote = Y' divvent see onny salt so... | publisher = South Shields Gazette | date =2009-12-16 | url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/community/cookson-country/dorfy-on-the-stress-of-christmas-shopping-1-2033631 | format = | doi =| accessdate = 2013-10-01}}
62. ^{{cite web | title = We divvn't want ta gan... | quote = | publisher = Evening Chronicle | date =2004-02-06 | url = http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/divvnt-want-ta-gan-doon-1605825 | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2013-10-01}}
63. ^{{cite web| title = Dorfy always found something to say| quote = that on Frida's..| publisher = South Shields Gazette| date =27 May 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-always-found-something-to.5305029.jp| accessdate = 13 May 2012}}
64. ^{{cite web| title = Here's a word from Dorfy| quote = wor fud.| publisher = South Shields Gazette| date =17 March 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Here39s-a-word-from-Dorfy.5080123.jp| accessdate = 13 May 2012}}
65. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web| title = Here's a word from Dorfy| publisher = South Shields Gazette| date =17 March 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Here39s-a-word-from-Dorfy.5080123.jp| accessdate = 13 May 2012}}
66. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web| title = Dorfy looking fondly back on her youth| publisher = South Shields Gazette| date =29 July 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-looking-fondly-back-on.5504984.jp| accessdate = 13 May 2012}}
67. ^{{cite web| title = Dorfy loses her bus ticket| quote = Wheor d' the' gan t'?| publisher = South Shields Gazette| date =30 April 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-loses-her-bus-ticket.5224047.jp| accessdate = 13 May 2012}}
68. ^1 {{cite web| title = Here's a word from Dorfy| quote = Thor's music in the hyemly soond o' 'howk,' or 'haadaway.'| publisher = South Shields Gazette| date =17 March 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Here39s-a-word-from-Dorfy.5080123.jp| accessdate = 13 May 2012}}
69. ^{{cite web|title=Here's a word from Dorfy|publisher=South Shields Gazette|date =17 March 2009|url=http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Here39s-a-word-from-Dorfy.5080123.jp|accessdate=13 May 2012}}
70. ^{{cite web| title = Dorfy looking fondly back on her youth| quote = an' w' had nivvor hord o'...| publisher = South Shields Gazette| date =29 July 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-looking-fondly-back-on.5504984.jp| accessdate = 13 May 2012}}
71. ^1 {{cite web| title = Here's a word from Dorfy| quote = wawds y've nigh forgot – ""Howay!"" ""Gan on!""| publisher = South Shields Gazette| date =17 March 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Here39s-a-word-from-Dorfy.5080123.jp| accessdate = 13 May 2012}}
72. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |title=Dorphy dialog |url=http://website.lineone.net/~d.ord/Dorphy.htm |accessdate=4 November 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20030413133406/http://website.lineone.net/~d.ord/Dorphy.htm|archivedate = 13 April 2003}}
73. ^1 2 {{cite web| title = Dorfy's school days, with just pennies for uniforms| publisher = South Shields Gazette| date =5 August 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy39s-school-days-with-just.5526876.jp| accessdate = 13 May 2012}}
74. ^{{cite web| title = Dorfy looking fondly back on her youth| quote = o' ivry parent wuz t' own...| publisher = South Shields Gazette| date =29 July 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-looking-fondly-back-on.5504984.jp| accessdate = 13 May 2012}}
75. ^{{cite web| title = Dorfy looking fondly back on her youth| quote = one 'musical' bairn that wuz sent t' larn music.| publisher = South Shields Gazette| date =29 July 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-looking-fondly-back-on.5504984.jp| accessdate = 13 May 2012}}
76. ^1 2 {{cite web| title = Dorfy always found something to say| publisher = South Shields Gazette| date =26 May 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-always-found-something-to.5305029.jp| accessdate = 13 May 2012}}
77. ^{{cite web| title = A housewife's lot, according to Dorfy| quote = NEEBODY seems t' reelise that a hooswife aalwiz...| publisher = South Shields Gazette| date =22 July 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-housewife39s-lot-according-to.5483030.jp| accessdate = 13 May 2012}}
78. ^{{cite web| title = Dorfy loses her bus ticket| publisher = South Shields Gazette| date =30 April 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-loses-her-bus-ticket.5224047.jp| accessdate = 13 May 2012}}
79. ^{{cite web| title = Dorfy always found something to say| quote = that had been shifted oot..| publisher = South Shields Gazette| date =27 May 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-always-found-something-to.5305029.jp| accessdate = 13 May 2012}}
80. ^{{cite web| title = Dorfy loses her bus ticket| quote = y' warn't reet.| publisher = South Shields Gazette| date =30 April 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-loses-her-bus-ticket.5224047.jp| accessdate = 13 May 2012}}
81. ^{{cite web| title = Dorfy always found something to say| quote = come roond an’...| publisher = South Shields Gazette| date =27 May 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-always-found-something-to.5305029.jp| accessdate = 13 May 2012}}
82. ^{{cite web| title = A taste of domestic service for Dorfy| quote = a bucket o' smaall coal t’...| publisher = South Shields Gazette| date =1 July 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-taste-of-domestic-service.5417503.jp| accessdate = 13 May 2012}}
83. ^{{cite web| title = A taste of domestic service for Dorfy| quote = o' watt sh'...| publisher = South Shields Gazette| date =1 July 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-taste-of-domestic-service.5417503.jp| accessdate = 13 May 2012}}
84. ^{{cite web| title = A taste of domestic service for Dorfy| quote = Cud Aa wesh?| publisher = South Shields Gazette| date =1 July 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/A-taste-of-domestic-service.5417503.jp| accessdate = 13 May 2012}}
85. ^{{cite web| title = Dorfy always found something to say| quote = w' got worsel's interested...| publisher = South Shields Gazette| date =27 May 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-always-found-something-to.5305029.jp| accessdate = 13 May 2012}}
86. ^{{cite web| title = Dorfy always found something to say| quote = y' kin set doon as...| publisher = South Shields Gazette| date =27 May 2009| url = http://www.shieldsgazette.com/cookson/Dorfy-always-found-something-to.5305029.jp| accessdate = 13 May 2012}}
87. ^{{cite news | last = Welford | first = Gary | title = Geordie stars Sting, Mark Knopfler and Brian Johnson in music’s rich list | newspaper = Shields Gazette | location = Shields | language = English | publisher = shieldsgazette.com | date = 26 April 2012 | url = https://www.shieldsgazette.com/whats-on/music/geordie-stars-sting-mark-knopfler-and-brian-johnson-in-music-s-rich-list-1-4484189 | access-date = }}
88. ^{{cite web| last = Smith| first = Graeme| title = The long road well taken; Graeme Smith FACE TO FACE with Brendan Foster | work = The Herald (Glasgow)| date = 17 April 2000| url = http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/the-long-road-well-taken-graeme-smith-face-to-face-with-brendan-foster-1.239906}}
89. ^{{cite web| last = Walters| first = Mike| title = Darts commentary legend Sid Waddell hopes he discovered the next Doctor Who| work = Daily Mirror| date = 18 December 2008| url = https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/more-sport/2008/12/18/darts-commentary-legend-sid-waddell-hopes-he-discovered-the-next-doctor-who-115875-20979257/}}
90. ^{{cite web|title=Dorphy, Dorothy Samuelson-Sandvid. Dorphy's Geordie dialog, South Shields Gazette|url=http://website.lineone.net/~d.ord/Dorphy.htm|accessdate=4 November 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20030413133406/http://website.lineone.net/~d.ord/Dorphy.htm |archivedate = 13 April 2003}}
91. ^{{cite book|last=Sandvid|first=D| author-link =| author2-link =|title=Basinful o' Geordie: Tyneside Readings| place=|publisher=H Hill|year=1970| edition =|url=|isbn=978-0-900463-11-2|postscript= }}
92. ^{{cite news | last = Staff | title = 60 things you never knew you wanted to know about The Archers | newspaper = Independent | location = London | language = English | publisher = independent.co.uk | date = 1 January 2011 | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/60-things-you-never-knew-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-archers-2173365.html | access-date = 31 July 2018}}
93. ^https://variety.com/2011/biz/news/u-k-shore-lifts-mtv-1118037576/

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  • {{Accents of English|hide1=y|hide3=y|mode=cs2}}

External links

{{Wiktionary|Geordie}}
  • Newcastle English (Geordie)
  • Sounds Familiar?– Listen to examples of Geordie and other regional accents and dialects of the UK on the British Library's 'Sounds Familiar' website
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20100322212013/http://www.soundcomparisons.com/Eng/Direct/Englishes/SglLgTynesideTrad.htm 'Hover & Hear' Geordie pronunciations], and compare side by side with other accents from the UK and around the World.
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20110716004838/http://howaythelads.com/introduction/geordieland/geordies/ The Geordie Directory] – Find out about & learn the Geordie accent
{{English dialects by continent}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2013}}

7 : Articles with inconsistent citation formats|Culture in Tyne and Wear|Languages of the United Kingdom|English language in England|British regional nicknames|People from Tyne and Wear|North East England
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