| 词条 | German submarine U-28 (1936) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
German submarine U-28 was a Type VIIA U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. Her keel was laid down on 2 December 1935, by DeSchiMAG AG Weser of Bremen. She was launched on 14 July 1936, and commissioned into Kriegsmarine on 12 September 1936, with Kapitänleutnant Wilhelm Ambrosius in command. Ambrosius was succeeded by nine other commanding officers over the next eight years.[1] U-28 conducted seven war patrols between 19 August 1939 and 15 November 1940, all under the command of Kapitänleutnant Günter Kuhnke, sinking 13 ships totaling {{GRT|56,272|disp=long}} and damaging two others totaling {{GRT|10,067}}.[1]After her third patrol, U-28 became a training vessel and was used to bring new U-boat crews up to standard. She was later sunk in an accident on 17 March 1944 and stricken on 4 August 1944.[1] Construction and designConstructionU-28 was ordered by the Kriegsmarine on 1 April 1935 as part of the German Plan Z and in violation of the Treaty of Versailles. Her keel was laid down in the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen as yard number 909 on 2 December 1935. After about ten months of construction, she was launched on 14 July 1936 and commissioned into the Kriegsmarine as the third Type VIIA submarine on 12 September 1936 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Wilhelm Ambrosius.[1]Design{{main article|German Type VII submarine}}Like all Type VIIA submarines, U-28 displaced {{convert|626|t|LT|0}} while surfaced and {{convert|745|t|LT|0|abbr=on}} when submerged. She was {{convert|64.51|m|ftin|abbr=on}} in overall length and had a {{convert|45.50|m|ftin|abbr=on}} pressure hull. U-28{{'}}s propulsion consisted of two MAN 6-cylinder 4-stroke M 6 V 40/46 diesel engines that totaled {{convert|2100|–|2310|PS|kW bhp|abbr=on}}. Her maximum rpm was between 470 and 485. The submarine was also equipped with two Brown, Boveri & Cie GG UB 720/8 electric motors that totaled {{convert|750|PS|kW shp|abbr=on}}. Their maximum rpm was 322. These power plants gave U-28 a maximum speed of {{convert|17|kn|lk=in}} while surfaced and {{convert|8|kn}} when submerged. She had a range of {{convert|6,200|nmi|abbr=on|lk=on}} while traveling at {{convert|10|kn}} on the surface and {{convert|73|–|94|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|4|kn}} when submerged. The U-boat's test depth was {{convert|220|m|ft|abbr=on}} but she could go as deep as {{convert|230|–|250|m|ft|abbr=on}} without having her hull crushed. U-28{{'}}s armament consisted of five {{convert|53.3|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} torpedo tubes, (four located in the bow and one in the stern). She could have up to eleven torpedoes on board or 22 TMA mines or 33 TMB mines. U-28 was also equipped with a C35 88 mm gun/L45 deck gun with 220 rounds. Her anti-aircraft defenses consisted of one {{convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on}} anti-aircraft gun.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43–44}} Service historyFirst patrolU-28{{'}}s first war patrol took place from 19 August to 29 September 1939. On 14 September, while sailing around the mouth of St George's Channel, U-28 sank a 5,000 ton freighter, which was her only success of the patrol.[3]Second patrolU-28{{'}}s second war patrol took place from 8 November to 12 December 1939. For this effort she was instructed to lay a minefield near the port city of Swansea. En route to Bristol, U-28 sank two ships; the 5,000 ton Dutch tanker MV Sliedrecht and the 5,100 ton British freighter SS Royston Grange. U-28 then laid her minefield and returned to port in Germany. While the minefield was not an immediate success, it sank the 9,600 ton British freighter Protesilaus">SS Protesilaus 60 days after it was laid.[4]Third patrolU-28{{'}}s third sortie took place from 18 February to 25 March 1940. She was instructed to lay mines off the British Naval Base at Portsmouth. After U-28 laid the minefield, she went on to sink two ships for 11,200 tons.[5]Fourth patrolU-28{{'}}s fourth war patrol took place from 8 June to 7 July 1940. She was sent to the Western Approaches and turned in an average performance of sinking three ships totalling 10,300 tons.[6] The Irish government sought an explanation from Germany for the sinking of the neutral Greek ship Adamandios Georgandis: "the entire cargo of which comprised grain for exclusive consumption in Éire"[7] She was sailing from Rosario (in Argentina) to Cork with a cargo of wheat when she was torpedoed and sunk[8] south-west of Ireland at {{coord|43|35|N|11|15|W}}. Fifth patrolU-28{{'}}s fifth war patrol took place from 11 August to 17 September 1940 and was one of Kuhnke's most productive. In August, she sank two ships for 5,500 tons. On 10 September, U-28 found and tracked Convoy OA 210. In the darkness of early morning on 11 September, U-28 attacked the convoy and claimed two large freighters (13,000 tons each) sunk and caused damage to a 10,000 ton tanker, bringing Kuhnke's total for the patrol to five ships for 30,000 tons. However, during the postwar analysis, he was only credited with sinking a 2,000 ton Dutch freighter and damaging a 4,700 ton British freighter; which, combined with his earlier sinkings, brought his total to four ships for 9,945 tons. On his return to Lorient Kuhnke was awarded the Knight's Cross for his work.[9]Sixth patrolU-28{{'}}s sixth and final war patrol took her from Lorient back to Germany; because of the heavy seas and foul weather, U-28 sank only half a ship for 2,694 tons. (U-28 and {{GS|U-31|1936|2}} shared credit for the sinking of the SS Matina). On 15 November 1940, she returned to Germany and was turned over to the training command. Günter Kuhnke proceeded to command {{GS|U-125|1940|2}}.[10]FateU-28 sank by accident on 17 March 1944, at the U-boat pier in Neustadt. During a training exercise, the boat had passed under a dummy freighter used for target practice. The commander-in-training failed to note the position of the stationary freighter, and the U-boat's conning tower was ripped off. Water flooded the control room, but the other compartments remained intact. The crew escaped by slowly equalizing the water pressure in the boat and swimming to the surface. The boat was raised in March 1944, but was stricken on 4 August. The submarine's crew suffered no casualties during her career.[1]WolfpacksU-28 took part in one wolfpack, namely:
Summary of raiding history
ReferencesNotes1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/boats/u28.htm |title=The Type VIIA boat U-28 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=18 December 2009}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/boats/patrols/u28.html |title=War Patrols by German U-boat U-28 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=18 December 2009}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_196.html |title=Patrol info for U-28 (First patrol) |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=18 December 2009}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_197.html |title=Patrol of U-boat U-28 (Second patrol) |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=18 December 2009}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_198.html |title=Patrol info for U-28 (Third patrol) |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=18 December 2009}} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_199.html |title=Patrol info for U-28 (Fourth patrol) |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=18 December 2009}} 7. ^{{cite book |last=Duggan |first=John P |title=Herr Hempel |publisher=Irish Academic Press |year=2003 |page=111 |isbn=0-7165-2757-X}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ships/363.html |title=Adamandios Georgandis |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=2009-08-26}} 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_200.html |title=Patrol info for U-28 (Fifth patrol) |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=18 December 2009}} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_202.html |title=Patrol info for U-28 (Sixth patrol) |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=18 December 2009}} 11. ^Merchant ship tonnages are in gross register tons. Military vessels are listed by tons displacement. 12. ^{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/boats/successes/u28.html |title=Ships hit by U-28 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=8 December 2014}} Citations{{reflist}}Bibliography{{Refbegin}}
|last1=Busch |first1=Rainer |last2=Röll |first2=Hans-Joachim |title=Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945 |trans-title=German U-boat losses from September 1939 to May 1945 |work=Der U-Boot-Krieg |volume=IV |publisher=Mittler |location=Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn |year=1999 |isbn=3-8132-0514-2 |language=German |ref=harv }}
|last1=Gröner |first1=Erich |author-link1= |author-mask1= |last2=Jung |first2=Dieter |display-authors= |last-author-amp= |last3=Maass |first3=Martin |translator-last1=Thomas |translator-first1=Keith |translator-last2=Magowan |translator-first2=Rachel |year=1991 |title=U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels |volume=2 |work=German Warships 1815–1945 |location=London |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |isbn=0-85177-593-4 |ref=CITEREFGr.C3.B6ner1991 }}
|last=Edwards |first=Bernard |title=Dönitz and the Wolf Packs - The U-boats at War |year=1996 |isbn=0-304-35203-9 |pages=23, 42, 47 |ref={{sfnRef|Edwards}} }}{{Refend}} External links
|url=http://uboat.net/boats/u28.htm |title=The Type VIIA boat U-28 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=8 December 2014 }}
|url=http://www.u-boot-archiv.de/dieboote/u0028.html |title=U 28 |last=Hofmann |first=Markus |website=Deutsche U-Boote 1935-1945 - u-boot-archiv.de |language=German |accessdate=7 December 2014 }}{{German Type VII submarines}}{{March 1944 shipwrecks}}{{Subject bar | portal1=Military of Germany | portal2=Submarine | portal3=World War II }}{{coord|54|07|N|10|50|E|type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=title}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}{{DEFAULTSORT:U0028}} 10 : 1936 ships|German Type VIIA submarines|Military units and formations of Nazi Germany in the Spanish Civil War|Ships built in Bremen (state)|U-boats sunk in collisions|U-boat accidents|U-boats commissioned in 1936|U-boats sunk in 1944|World War II submarines of Germany|Maritime incidents in March 1944 |
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