“Agnes Miegel”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Agnes Miegel (9 March 1879 in Königsberg, East Prussia – 26 October 1964 in Bad Salzuflen, West Germany) was a German author, journalist, and poet. She is best known for her poems and short stories about East Prussia, but also for the support she gave to the Nazi Party.

Biography

Agnes Miegel was born on 9 March 1879 in Königsberg into a Protestant family. Her parents were the merchant Gustav Adolf Miegel and Helene Hofer.

Miegel attended the Girls' High School in Königsberg and then lived between 1894 and 1896 in a guest house in Weimar, where she wrote her first poems. In 1898 she spent three months in Paris. In 1900 she trained as a nurse in a children's hospital in Berlin. Between 1902 and 1904 she worked as an assistant teacher in a girls' boarding school in Bristol, England. In 1904 she attended teacher training in Berlin, which she had to break off because of illness. She also did not complete a course at an agricultural college for girls near Munich. In 1906 she had to return to Königsberg to care for her sick parents, especially her father, who had become blind. Her mother died in 1913, her father in 1917.^[1]

As early as 1900 her first publications had drawn the attention of the writer Börries von Münchhausen. Her first bundle of poems was published thanks to his financial support. In later years he was still an untiring promoter of her work.

She lived in Königsberg until just before it was captured in 1945, and wrote poems, short stories and journalistic reports. She also made a few journeys. During the Third Reich she revealed herself as an ardent supporter of the regime. She signed the Gelöbnis treuester Gefolgschaft, the 1933 declaration in which 88 German authors vowed faithful allegiance to Adolf Hitler. In the same year she joined the NS-Frauenschaft, the women's wing of the Nazi Party. In 1940 she joined the Nazi party itself.^[2] In August 1944, in the final stages of World War II, she was named by Adolf Hitler as an "outstanding national asset" in the special list of the most important German artists who were freed from all war obligations.^[3]

In February 1945 she fled by ship from the approaching Red Army and reached Denmark. After Denmark's liberation on 5 May 1945 she stayed in the Oksbøl Refugee Camp until November 1946. In 1946 she returned to Germany, where she was under a publication ban until 1949. In that year a denazification committee issued a declaration of no objection.

At first she stayed in Apelern with relations of her former patron Börries von Münchhausen, who had committed suicide in 1945. In 1948, being a refugee, she was assigned a house in Bad Nenndorf, where she kept writing until her death.

Agnes Miegel now mainly wrote poems and short stories about East Prussia, the land of her youth. She was considered the voice of the Heimatvertriebene, the German-speaking people who had lived before the war in Czechoslovakia and Poland and in parts of Germany annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union after the war, who had to leave when Nazi Germany was defeated. Miegel received the honorary title Mutter Ostpreußen ("Mother East Prussia") from her admirers.^[4]^[5]

Literary career

Miegel's first bundle of poems appeared in 1901 and was called Gedichte. By 1945 she had published 33 books of poems, short stories and plays. She also regularly wrote for newspapers (especially the Ostpreußische Zeitung) and magazines. In her early career she mainly wrote about universal themes like man's course of life, nature, life in the countryside, the relationship with God and the past (especially the German past). A minority of these poems and stories were set in East Prussia, and these became her most popular works. Her most famous early poem was Die Frauen von Nidden ("The Women of Nidden", 1907), in which the village of Nidden (present-day Nida in Lithuania) falls victim to a bubonic plague epidemic. The seven women who survive the plague let themselves be buried alive by the drifting sand dunes near the village.^[6]

During the Third Reich National Socialist themes appear in her work: complaints about the "heavy yoke" borne by cities like Memel and Danzig, which had been separated from Germany after the First World War;^[7] glorification of the war;^[8] glorification of the mothers who bear German children.^[9] But as early as her 1920 poem "Über der Weichsel drüben" ("On the other side of the Vistula") (republished in Ostland)^[10] she propagated fear of the Poles, who, she suggested, wanted to overrun East Prussia.^[11] She wrote two odes to Adolf Hitler. The first of these, Dem Führer, was published in 1936 and cited in Werden und Werk (1938), a study of Miegel's life and works.^[12] The second poem, An den Führer, is, in Tauber's words, an "hysterical adulation" of Hitler,^[13] published as a kind of preface in Ostland. In the Soviet occupation zone in Germany after the Second World War both Werden und Werk and Ostland were forbidden books. To her credit it may be said that her works were free from antisemitism, although by no means free from the Nazis' Blut und Boden ideology.^[14]

After her publication ban had been lifted in 1949, she mainly wrote about East Prussia as she remembered it. The title of her first bundle of poems after the war is characteristic: Du aber bleibst in mir ("You however stay within me"). Her best known stories and poems are melancholic reflections on her Heimat (homeland) that had been destroyed and was now forever out of reach. This is certainly true of her most famous poem, Es war ein Land ("That was a country", 1949). Blackbourn shows that this was "exactly the idealized image that the expellee organisations cultivated – as if all had been pastoral harmony until the Red Army marched west, as if the mass flight of Germans had fallen out of a clear blue sky."^[15]

She was not vindictive towards the Russians and Poles who had taken possession of East Prussia.^[16] In a poem from 1951 she urged her readers nichts als den Haß zu hassen ("to hate nothing but hate").^[17]

She refused to account for her doings during the Nazi era. The only thing she was willing to say was: Dies habe ich mit meinem Gott alleine abzumachen und mit niemand sonst ("I have to settle this with my God and with no one else").

Publications of her works in Germany after 1945 usually omit her works between 1933–45, propagating the myth of an apolitical author.^[18]

Miegel's poems usually consist of lines of unequal length, some rhyming and some not.

Marcel Reich-Ranicki included three of her poems (Die Schwester, Die Nibelungen and Die Frauen von Nidden) in his anthology of exemplary German literature Kanon lesenswerter deutschsprachiger Werke (Part Gedichte, 2005).{{cn|date=February 2016}}

Reputation

During her lifetime Agnes Miegel received several marks of honour. In 1916 she received the Kleist Prize for lyrics and in 1924 was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Königsberg.

During the Nazi era she was overloaded with marks of honour. In 1933 she joined the writers' section of the Akademie der Künste in Berlin, together with prominent Nazis such as Hanns Johst. They filled the vacancies that had arisen because some members, amongst them Alfred Döblin and Thomas Mann, had to give up their seats for not being loyal to the Nazi regime. In 1935 she received the "honorary ring" of the Allgemeiner Deutscher Sprachverein and in 1936 the Johann-Gottfried-von-Herder-Preis (the predecessor of the Herder Prize). In 1939 she was made an honorary citizen of Königsberg; in the same year she received the Golden Decoration of the Hitlerjugend (Hitler Youth). In 1940 she received the Goethe Prize of the city of Frankfurt. In 1944 Adolf Hitler and Joseph Goebbels put together a "Gottbegnadeten-Liste" of the most important artists of the Third Reich. A separate list, the Sonderliste der Unersetzlichen Künstler ("special list of irreplaceable artists"), put together by Hitler himself, mentioned those 25 people whom the Nazi leaders considered as the Third Reich's greatest artists. Agnes Miegel was (with Gerhart Hauptmann and Hanns Johst, among others) ranked as one of the six greatest German writers. The artists on the special list were freed from all war obligations.

After the Second World War she received, inter alia, the Westfälischer Kulturpreis (1952), the Großer Literaturpreis of the Bayerische Akademie der Schönen Künste (Bavarian academy of fine arts) (1959) and the Kulturpreis der Landsmannschaft Westpreußen (1962). In 1954 she became an honorary citizen of Bad Nenndorf, her place of residence.

After her death her house in Bad Nenndorf was rechristened the Agnes-Miegel-Haus. It is now a museum, dedicated to her life and works, and situated in the Agnes-Miegel-Platz ("Agnes Miegel Square").^[19] In several places in Germany, streets received the name Agnes-Miegel-Straße. A few schools were named Agnes-Miegel-Schule. In 1979 the Deutsche Bundespost issued a postage stamp in honour of her 100th birthday.

There is a monument dedicated to Agnes Miegel in Wunstorf. A monument in Bad Nenndorf has been removed in 2015. In Filzmoos near Salzburg there is a plaque dedicated to the Hofers, Miegel's mother's family, who had their roots there. On 26 October 1992 a plaque was put on her former dwelling house in Königsberg, now Kaliningrad, with texts in German and Russian.

Miegel's reputation was badly damaged when her poems to Hitler were rediscovered and published on the internet in the 1990s. Much discussion arose about her Nazi past. As a result, all the schools and many streets that had been named after her have been renamed. For instance, Agnes-Miegel-Schule in Willich was renamed Astrid-Lindgren-Schule in 2008^[20] and the Agnes-Miegel-Straße in St. Arnold in the Steinfurt district was renamed Anne-Frank-Straße in 2010.^[21] After a lengthy dispute about whether the Miegel monument in Bad Nenndorf should be kept or removed, it was removed in February 2015.^[22]

Works

Poems, short stories, plays

Selections and collected works

Books about Agnes Miegel

References

1. ^Werden und Werk, page 209.
2. ^Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945, Edition Fischer, Frankfurt am Main, 2009, pages 369-370.
3. ^Oliver Rathkolb: Führertreu und gottbegnadet. Künstlereliten im Dritten Reich, Österreichischer Bundesverlag, Wien 1991, {{ISBN|3-215-07490-7}}, page 176.
4. ^The Agnes Miegel Gesellschaft about the honorary title Mutter Ostpreußen.
5. ^Mutter Ostpreußen now controversial {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219012308/http://www.muensterschezeitung.de/staedte/steinfurt/Soll-die-Agnes-Miegel-Strasse-umbenannt-werden%3Bart1005%2C828682 |date=December 19, 2013 }}.
6. ^About Miegel and "Die Frauen von Nidden".
7. ^In her poems Nachtgespräch ("Night talk", 1935) and Sonnenwendreigen ("Solstice dance", 1939), both published in her book Ostland (1940).
8. ^In her poem An Deutschlands Jugend ("To Germany's youth", 1939), also published in Ostland.
9. ^In her poem An die Reichsfrauenführerin Scholtz-Klink (1939).
10. ^Pages 22-24.
11. ^Über der Weichsel drüben has been analysed by Frank Bodesohn in Ostexpansion und deutsche Literatur: Verbreitung der Blut-und-Boden-Ideologie aus Hitlers "Mein Kampf" in der NS-Literatur, GRIN Verlag, Munich, 2012, pages 46-48.
12. ^Pages 79/80. Dem Führer was reprinted under the title Dem Schirmer des Volkes in Dem Führer: Gedichte für Adolf Hitler, a bundle of poems by several authors on the occasion of Hitler's 50th birthday on 20 April 1939.
13. ^Kurt P. Tauber, German Nationalism Since 1945, Volume 2, 1967, Page 1255: 'For Agnes Miegel's hysterical adulation of Hitler, see her poem, "To the Fuhrer", on Hitler's birthday, April 20, 1940.'
14. ^Horst Matzerath about Agnes Miegel's role in Nazi Germany.
15. ^David Blackbourn, The Conquest Of Nature: Water, Landscape, and the Making of Modern Germany, W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 2007, pages 302-303.
16. ^Miegel's thoughts about the reconstruction of the Kaliningrad region.
17. ^She wrote this poem, Spruch, on the occasion of the opening of the Gedenkstätte des Deutschen Ostens und der Vertreibung (Memorial for Deportation and the Memorial of the German Eastern Provinces) in Burg Castle in Solingen.
18. ^Peter Davies: Myth, Matriarchy and Modernity: Johann Jakob Bachofen in German Culture 1860–1945, Walter de Gruyter, 2010, page 364.
19. ^The Agnes-Miegel-Haus on the website of the city of Bad Nenndorf {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213152655/http://www.badnenndorf.de/Agnes-Miegel-Haus.44.0.html |date=December 13, 2013 }}.
20. ^‘Lindgren statt Miegel?’, January 2008.
21. ^‘Schilderwechsel in St. Arnold: Anne Frank statt Agnes Miegel’, December 2010 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213151005/http://www.mv-online.de/Region-Rheine/Neuenkirchen/2010/12/Neuenkirchen-Schilderwechsel-in-St.-Arnold-Anne-Frank-statt-Agnes-Miegel |date=December 13, 2013 }}.
22. ^‘Miegel-Tage im Zeichen des Abschieds’, March 2015.
23. ^One of the four short stories in this collection, Die Fahrt der sieben Ordensbrüder, has been published as a separate book in 1933 and reprinted many times, most recently in 2002.