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词条 Allied airmen at Buchenwald concentration camp
释义

  1. Background

  2. Buchenwald

  3. Members

  4. References

  5. Bibliography

Between 20 August and 19 October 1944, 168 allied airmen who were held prisoner at Buchenwald concentration camp. Colloquially, they described themselves as the KLB Club (for Konzentrationslager Buchenwald).[1]{{Page needed |date=August 2014}}[2] 166 airmen survived Buchenwald, while two died of sickness at the camp.[3][4]

Background

As allied air forces took control of the skies over Europe in the summer of 1944, Adolf Hitler ordered the immediate execution of allied flyers accused of committing certain acts.[3] The most common act was to be captured in civilian clothing and/or without their dog tags by the Gestapo or Secret Police.[4]{{Page needed |date=August 2014}} These airmen had been shot down mainly over France, but also over Belgium and the Netherlands and were turned over to the Gestapo and Secret Police – by traitors within the French Resistance – while attempting to reach England along escape routes such as the Comet and Pat Line.[5] A notable traitor within the French Resistance was Jacques Desoubrie, who was responsible for betraying a significant number of allied airmen to the German authorities.[6]{{Page needed |date=August 2014}}[4]{{Page needed |date=August 2014}}[10]

These captured airmen were given the name "Terrorflieger" (terror flyers), and were not given a trial.[3][12] The German Foreign Office however, expressed concern about shooting prisoners of war (POWs) and suggested that enemy airmen suspected of such offenses not be given the legal status of POWs. Following this advice, the Gestapo and Security Police informed these captured allied airmen that they were criminals and spies.[2][3] Using this justification, 168 allied airmen from Great Britain, United States, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and Jamaica were taken by train – in overcrowded cattle boxcars – from Fresnes Prison outside Paris, to Buchenwald concentration camp.[7]{{Page needed |date=August 2014}} After five days in the boxcars, they arrived at Buchenwald on 20 August 1944.[1][6]{{Page needed |date=August 2014}}[8]{{Page needed |date=August 2014}}

Buchenwald

{{Main |Phil Lamason}}
Nationalities of the 168 airmen[1][9][10]
US}} 82 American
UK}} 48 British
Canada|1921}} 26 Canadian
Australia}} 9 Australian
New Zealand}} 2 New Zealander
Jamaica|variant=1906}} 1 Jamaican

Buchenwald was a forced labour camp of about 60,000 inmates of mainly Russian POWs, but also common criminals, religious prisoners (including Jews), and various political prisoners from Germany, France, Poland, and Czechoslovakia.[11] For the first three weeks at Buchenwald, the prisoners were totally shaven, denied shoes and forced to sleep outside without shelter in one of Buchenwald's sub-camps, known as 'Little Camp'.[11] Most airmen doubted they would ever get out of Buchenwald because their documents were stamped with the acronym "DIKAL" (Darf in kein anderes Lager), or "not to be transferred to another camp".[12]{{Page needed |date=August 2014}} After the war some of the airmen recounted that officers of the German Air Force had visited Buchenwald a few days after an Allied air raid on Weimar in late August 1944 to assess the damage inflicted upon the armament factory adjacent to the camp. According to these recollections the German officers talked to the airmen and saw after it that they were transferred to the POW camp.[13] Years later veterans identified Johannes Trautloft from photos as one of the officers and credited him with saving their lives.[14]

Until now it was not possible to verify this story with archival records. In his war diary Trautloft does not mention the events.[14] The Gedenkstätte Buchenwald stated that a visit by Trautloft or other officers might have happened and that this might have influenced the decision making process what to do with the airmen. On the other hand, there might have been no connection whatsoever, because the decisions were not made by a single officer like Trautloft.[14]

To address the constant stress, long appells (roll calls), boredom, insecurity and apprehension, it was decided amongst the 168 airmen to hold formal meetings to give them a sense of purpose and order.[6] Thus, the exclusive KLB Club came into existence with several chapters; Canada, United States, Great Britain, and Australia/New Zealand.[2] Elected representatives of each nationality held separate meetings to collate the previously scattered efforts of those who had proposed address lists, meetings after the war and other pursuits. The meetings at Buchenwald displayed the 168 airmen's militariness and solidarity, forming a bond that brings them together more than 60 years after the liberation of Buchenwald.[2][6]

At one meeting, it was agreed to design a club pin. The winning design, put forward by Bob Taylor from Great Britain, showed a naked, winged foot, symbolising the airmen's barefoot condition while in the concentration camp. The foot is chained to a ball bearing the letters KLB, with the whole mounted on a white star, which was the crest of the Allied invasion forces.[6] Canadian airman, Willie Walderam, also wrote the poem titled, A Reflection, about Buchenwald[1] (see below). On the night of 19 October 156 of the 168 airmen were transferred from Buchenwald to Stalag Luft III by the Luftwaffe. Two airmen died from sickness at Buchenwald, while the remaining 10 were transported in small groups, over a period of several weeks.[1]

In the book 168 Jump Into Hell, the purpose of the KLB Club was described as being to perpetuate the comradeship already shown by the flying personnel of Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand, United States and Canada, by the interchanging of pamphlets, ideas and visits.[1] More than 30 years later, in 1979, 4 Canadian KLB members made the first serious attempt to trace all club members.[15] Of the original 168 members, only 28 have not been located or accounted for.[1]

Members

References

1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{Harvnb | Kinnis | Booker | 1999}}.
2. ^1 2 3 4 {{Citation | last = McDonald | first = Joanne | year = 2005 | url = http://www.flamboroughreview.com/news/article/43662 | title = POW survives horrors of Buchenwald concentration camp | newspaper = The Flamborough Review | accessdate = 18 August 2010}}.
3. ^1 2 3 {{Citation | url = http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=15151 | title = Army Air Forces Victims of the Holocaust | publisher = National Museum of the US Air Force | accessdate = 29 July 2010 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121015121919/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=15151 | archivedate = 15 October 2012 | df = dmy-all }}.
4. ^1 {{Citation | last = Childers | first = Thomas | year = 2004 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DbyjREeuE78C&dq | title = In the Shadows of War | publisher = Henry Holt & Co | place = New York |OCLC=50559805 | ISBN = 0-8050-5752-8}}.
5. ^{{Citation | url = http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/remembers/sub.cfm?source=history/secondwar/fact_sheets/pow | title = Prisoners of War in the Second World War | publisher = Veterans Affairs Canada | accessdate = 29 July 2010}}.
6. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Harvnb | Burgess | 1995}}.
7. ^{{Harvnb | Moser | Baron | 2009}}.
8. ^1 Moser, Joe (2008). Buchenwald Flyboy: Chapter 8. Retrieved on 24 July 2010.
9. ^{{Citation | url = http://bulk.resource.org/gpo.gov/bills/105/hc95ih.txt.pdf | publisher = 105th Congress | year = 1997 | title = Recognizing and commending American airmen held as political prisoners at the Buchenwald concentration camp | accessdate = 11 January 2009 | format = PDF | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100508192749/http://bulk.resource.org/gpo.gov/bills/105/hc95ih.txt.pdf | archivedate = 8 May 2010 | df = dmy-all }}.
10. ^{{Citation | last = Stein | first = Harry | year = 2004 | page = 171 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=d7WlV23kNoUC | title = Buchenwald Concentration Camp 1937–1945 | publisher = Wallstein | OCLC = 61263627 | ISBN = 3-89244-695-4}}.
11. ^1 {{Citation | last = Marshall | first = Bruce | year = 2000 | pages = 193–94 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=542KQgAACAAJ&dq | title = The White Rabbit | publisher = Cassell | place = London | OCLC = 59575058 | ISBN = 0-304-35697-2}}.
12. ^{{Citation | last = Bard | first = Mitchell | year = 2004 | pages = 259–60 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8XexaFm8PuAC | title = The Complete Idiot's Guide to World War II | publisher = Alpha | OCLC = 43803305 | ISBN = 1-59257-204-9}}.
13. ^Burgess, Colin (1995, p. 133). [https://books.google.com/books?id=jqKyAAAACAAJ&dq Destination Buchenwald]. Published by Kangaroo Press, Kenthurst NSW. {{OCLC|35019954}}. {{ISBN|0-86417-733-X}}; Moser, Joseph and Baron, Gerald (2009, p. 122). [https://books.google.com/books?id=kMk6PgAACAAJ&dq A fighter pilot in Buchenwald]. Published by Edens Veil Media, Bellingham, WA. {{OCLC|311551716}}. {{ISBN|978-0-615-22111-3}}; Kinnis, Arthur and Booker, Stanley (1999, p. 176). [https://books.google.com/books?id=mIh9tgAACAAJ&dq 168 Jump Into Hell]. Published by Victoria B.C. {{OCLC|43390724}}. {{ISBN|0-9684198-0-1}}
14. ^1 2 {{cite news |last=Biskup |first=Harald |date=12 March 2014 |title=US-Piloten im KZ Buchenwald: Letzter Kampf für den Retter |trans-title=US-Airmen in Buchenwald Cconcentration Camp: Last Fight for the Rescuer |url=https://www.ksta.de/politik/-us-piloten-im-kz-buchenwald-letzter-kampf-fuer-den-retter-3291508 |language= |work=Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger |location=Cologne |access-date= 27 June 2018}}
15. ^1 {{Citation | last = Harvie | first = John | year = 1995 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1SdYB2rhzscC | title = Missing in Action | publisher = McGill-Queen's University Press | place = Montreal | OCLC = 34558799 | ISBN = 0-7735-1350-7}}.
16. ^{{Citation | url = http://www.airforce.mil.nz/operations/airforce-news/archive/93/flier-remembered.htm | title = A flier is remembered | publisher = RNZAF | newspaper = News |date=June–July 2008 | issue = 93 | accessdate = 26 September 2010}}.
17. ^1 {{Citation | url = http://www.lostbombers.co.uk/bomber.php?id=11139 | title = Lancaster LM575 | publisher = Lost Bombers During World War II | place = UK | accessdate = 17 October 2010}}.
18. ^1 Halifax LV880 Information. Lost Bombers During World War II. Retrieved 16 October 2010
19. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{Citation | title = ANZAC Prisoners of War | contribution-url = http://www.aifpow.com/part_5__free_men_elsewhere_in_europe/chapter_7__germany_and_austria | contribution = Part 5, Chapter 7: Anzac POW sent to Buchenwald | accessdate = 26 September 2010}}.
20. ^{{Citation | url = http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/dailymercury-au/obituary.aspx?n=keith-cyril-mills&pid=155921945&fhid=12356 | title = Keith Cyril Mills | newspaper = The Daily Mercury | type = obituary | publisher = Legacy | accessdate = 27 February 2012}}.
21. ^1 2 Lancaster ND424 Information. Lost Bombers During World War II. Retrieved 16 October 2010
22. ^{{Citation | contribution-url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/32/a5548232.shtml | contribution = Leslie Faircloth – Evasion from France 1944 | publisher = BBC | title = History: WW2 People's War | accessdate = 29 September 2010}}.
23. ^{{Citation | last = Redpath | first = Laura | url = http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100501/lead/lead1.html | title = Air Jamaica celebrates for the last time | newspaper = The Jamaica Gleaner | accessdate = 29 September 2010}}.
24. ^1 Halifax LK866 Information. Lost Bombers During World War II. Retrieved 17 October 2010
25. ^{{Citation | url = http://66.241.252.164/digital-archive/profile.cfm?collectionid=979&cnf=wwII | title = Harold Bastable | publisher = The Memory Project Digital Archive | accessdate = 27 February 2012}}.
26. ^[https://navy.togetherweserved.com/usn/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=374314 Crawford, John, AOC]. Together We Served. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
27. ^CARTER-EDWARDS, Edward 'Ed' Carter-Edwards Obituary. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
28. ^1 Lancaster LM621 Information. Lost Bombers During World War II. Retrieved 17 October 2010
29. ^1 2 3 4 Lancaster KB727 Information. Lost Bombers During World War II. Retrieved 17 October 2010
30. ^1 2 3 Halifax LW120 Information. Lost Bomber During World War II. Retrieved 16 October 2010
31. ^Halifax LW123 Information. Lost Bombers During World War II. Retrieved 17 October 2010
32. ^1 Halifax LW582 Information. Lost Bombers During World War II. Retrieved 17 October 2010
33. ^Lancaster ME668 Information. Lost Bombers During World War II. Retrieved 16 October 2010
34. ^{{Citation | url = http://www.ipolitics.ca/2011/02/06/canadian-war-hero-arthur-kinnis-spent-life-fighting-for-veterans/ | title = Canadian war hero Arthur Kinnis spent life fighting for veterans | date = 6 February 2011 | newspaper = iPolitics News | accessdate = 2 December 2011}}.
35. ^1 2 3 Halifax LW143 Information. Lost Bombers During World War II. Retrieved 16 October 2010
36. ^Crew of Lancaster KB727. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
37. ^1 Lancaster ME805 Information. Lost Bombers During World War II. Retrieved 17 October 2010
38. ^Lancaster LM480 Information. Lost Bombers during World War II. Retrieved 16 October 2010
39. ^{{Citation | url = http://www.centralflyingschool.org.uk/Obituaries.htm | contribution = TH Blackham | publisher = Central Flying School Association | title = Obituaries | accessdate = 26 September 2010}}.
40. ^1 2 Halifax MZ630 Information. Lost Bombers During World War II. Retrieved 17 October 2010
41. ^1 Halifax LV790 Information. Lost Bombers During World War II. Retrieved 16 October 2010
42. ^Lancaster ND533 Information. Lost Bombers During World War II. Retrieved 16 October 2010
43. ^Blundell, Nigel (7 November 2011). {{sic|Sacrafice|expected=Sacrifice|nolink=y}} of Britain's Bomber Boys. The Daily Express. Retrieved 10 November 2011
44. ^Blundell, Nigel (11 November 2011). [https://www.express.co.uk/expressyourself/282244/Sacrafice-of-Britain-s-bomber-boys Sacrafice [sic] of Britain's bomber boys]. The Express. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
45. ^{{Citation | url = http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/fsegreyer/EscapersAndEvaders/robb/ownstory.htm | first = Ian | last = Robb | title = Own Story | date = 16 May 2009 | publisher = QMUL | accessdate = 3 December 2011}}.
46. ^Lancaster ND921 Information (2009). Lost Bombers During World War II. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
47. ^{{Citation | url = http://home.planet.nl/~fergmare/F-bode/2008-12.pdf | language = nl | title = Splinter Adolphe Spierenburg | pages = 5–8 | format = PDF | publisher = Planet | place = NL | accessdate = 25 September 2010}}.
48. ^{{Citation | url = http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jun/30/local/la-me-holocaust-20100630 | title = Bill to compel rail firms to admit Holocaust role advances | newspaper = The Los Angeles Times | accessdate = 5 June 2011}}.
49. ^{{Citation | url = http://www.tributes.com/show/Elmer-C.-Freeman-94218068 | title = Elmer C. Freeman | publisher = Tributes | type = obituary | accessdate = 6 January 2013}}.
50. ^Oppmann, Patrick (2009). World War II vet honored 60-plus years later for bombing mission CNN International. 30 January 2009. Retrieved 16 October 2010
51. ^Michael R. Petrich Obituary. Legacy.com. Retrieved 19 January 2015
52. ^Congressional Record Volume 143, Number 119. Retrieved 19 January 2015.

Bibliography

  • {{Citation | last = Burgess | first = Colin | year = 1995 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jqKyAAAACAAJ&dq | title = Destination Buchenwald | publisher = Kangaroo Press | place = Kenthurst, NSW | OCLC = 35019954 | ISBN = 0-86417-733-X}}.
  • {{Citation | last1 = Kinnis | first1 = Arthur | last2 = Booker | first2 = Stanley | year = 1999 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-rvKAAAACAAJ&dq | title = 168 Jump Into Hell | place = Victoria, BC | OCLC = 43390724 | ISBN = 0-9684198-0-1}}.
  • {{Citation | last1 = Moser | first1 = Joseph | last2 = Baron | first2 = Gerald | year = 2009 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kMk6PgAACAAJ&dq | title = A fighter pilot in Buchenwald | publisher = Edens Veil | place = Bellingham, WA | OCLC = 311551716 | ISBN = 978-0-615-22111-3}}.
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Klb Club}}

3 : Buchenwald concentration camp survivors|World War II prisoners of war held by Germany|Prisoners of war
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