| 词条 | Grand admiral |
| 释义 |
Grand admiral is a historic naval rank, the highest rank in the several European navies that used it. It is best known for its use in Germany as {{lang|de|Großadmiral}}. A comparable rank in other navies is that of fleet admiral. Grand admirals in individual naviesFranceIn Bourbon Restoration France, the rank was an honorific one equivalent to that of marshal in the French Army. Germany{{Infobox military rank| name = Grand admiral | native_name = Großadmiral | country = {{flag|German Empire}} {{flag|Nazi Germany}} | image = {{nobreak| }} | image_size = 100px | caption = Shoulder board and sleeve | image2 = Kriegsmarine OF10-Grossadmiral 1945.svg | image_size2 = 50px | caption2 = Generaladmiral rank flag | service branch = {{navy|German Empire}} {{navy|Nazi Germany}} | abbreviation = | rank = General officer group | NATO rank = OF-10 | Non-NATO rank = | formation = 1901 | abolished = 1945 | higher rank = None | lower rank = Generaladmiral | equivalents = Generalfeldmarschall }} In the Imperial German Navy, and later in the {{lang|fr|Kriegsmarine}}, the rank {{lang|de|Großadmiral}} was the equivalent of a British admiral of the fleet or a United States fleet admiral; as a five-star rank (OF-10). Like field marshals its holders were authorised to carry a baton.[1] The rank was created in 1901 and discontinued in 1945, after eight men were promoted to it. The next most junior rank was {{lang|de|Generaladmiral}} (admiral-general). Imperial GermanyBefore and during World War I, the following were made grand admirals of the Imperial German Navy ({{lang|de|Kaiserliche Marine}}):
Nazi Germany{{see also|Uniforms and insignia of the Kriegsmarine#Commissioned Officer ranks}}Großadmiral was the most senior rank of the {{lang|de|Kriegsmarine}}, immediately senior to {{lang|de|Generaladmiral}}. There were no more grand admirals until 1939. The following men were made grand admirals during the Nazi regime:
Austria-Hungary{{multiple image| align = right | direction = horizontal | width = | image1 = K.u.K Großadmiral.jpg | caption1 = | width1 = 70 | image2 = Österreich Großadmiral 1915.svg | caption2 = | width2 = 80 | header = Insignia of an Austrian {{lang|de|Großadmiral}} | footer = | footer_background = #000080 }}{{lang|de|Anton Haus|italic=no}}, commander of the Austro-Hungarian navy for part of World War I, was given the title of {{lang|de|Großadmiral}} in 1916. No other active-duty officer (except members of the Imperial family) was ever given this rank.
ItalyThe rank of grand admiral ({{lang-it|grand' ammiraglio}}) was created by {{lang|it|Benito Mussolini|italic=no}} in 1924. It was established primarily to honour {{lang|it|Paolo Thaon di Revel|italic=no}}, who had been head of the Italian {{lang|it|Regia Marina}} during World War I — he was the only person to be awarded the rank. It was equivalent to marshal of Italy in the army and also marshal of the Air Force. ZaireUnder the rule of Mobutu Sese Seko in the Republic of Zaire, Mavua Mudima, the commander of the Zairian navy and the country's defense minister from 1994 to 1997, held the rank of "grand admiral"[3][4] even though the Zairian navy only consisted of some small patrol and river boats.[5] In fictionAmong the several grand admirals appearing in fiction and science fiction, one notable figure is Grand Admiral Thrawn of the Star Wars science fiction franchise.[6] References1. ^BROCKHAUS, The encyclopedia in 24 volumes (1796–2001), Volume 9: 3-7653-3660-2, page 164; definition: «Großadmiral» Großadmiral2. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Latest intelligence - The German Emperor and the King |day_of_week=Saturday |date=28 June 1902 |page_number=5 |issue=36806| }} 3. ^Duke, Lynne (16 December 1997). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1997/12/16/ex-mobutu-aides-arrested/4abe0241-cba0-4846-9895-3069b453ffbc/ Ex-Mobutu aides arrested]. Washington Post. Retrieved 6 March 2018. 4. ^{{cite book| last = Khan| first = Shaharyan| year = 2000| title = The Shallow Graves of Rwanda| publisher = I.B. Tauris| location =| isbn = 978-1860646164|page = 75| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nPoSnlk_Sk8C&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=grand+admiral+mavua+mudima&source=bl&ots=Tv97y6gpQc&sig=RxPlcAm1viDBsbLq6e6YNG0MXWA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwikn-qMkdjZAhXhyVQKHYo9DzEQ6AEIWDAF#v=onepage&q=grand%20admiral%20mavua%20mudima&f=false}} 5. ^{{cite book| last = Prunier| first = Gerard| year = 2008| title = Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe| publisher = Oxford University Press| location =| isbn = 978-0199705832|page = 136| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kp93kUfdhC0C&pg=PA136&lpg=PA136&dq=grand+admiral+mavua+mudima&source=bl&ots=mrTTHYj3EX&sig=5oP9awm7TEbPdnAbEdaqIpYuNVE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjOlLTHkNjZAhUCxFQKHajKAS4Q6AEIVTAE#v=onepage&q=grand%20admiral%20mavua%20mudima&f=false}} 6. ^{{cite news|last1=Trendacosta|first1=Katharine|title=Who Is Grand Admiral Thrawn and Why Is His Appearance in Star Wars Rebels So Exciting?|url=http://io9.gizmodo.com/who-is-grand-admiral-thrawn-and-why-is-his-appearance-i-1783799672|work=io9}} 6 : Naval ranks|Military ranks of Germany|Military ranks of Austria|Military ranks of Italy|Military ranks of France|Fictional military ranks |
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