“Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), also known as colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF2), is a monomeric glycoprotein secreted by macrophages, T cells, mast cells, natural killer cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts that functions as a cytokine. The pharmaceutical analogs of naturally occurring GM-CSF are called sargramostim and molgramostim.

Unlike granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, which specifically promotes neutrophil proliferation and maturation, GM-CSF affects more cell types, especially macrophages and eosinophils.^[1]

Function

GM-CSF is a monomeric glycoprotein that functions as a cytokine — it is a white blood cell growth factor.^[2] GM-CSF stimulates stem cells to produce granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) and monocytes. Monocytes exit the circulation and migrate into tissue, whereupon they mature into macrophages and dendritic cells. Thus, it is part of the immune/inflammatory cascade, by which activation of a small number of macrophages can rapidly lead to an increase in their numbers, a process crucial for fighting infection.

GM-CSF also has some effects on mature cells of the immune system. These include, for example, inhibiting neutrophil migration and causing an alteration of the receptors expressed on the cells surface.^[3]

GM-CSF signals via signal transducer and activator of transcription, STAT5.^[4] In macrophages, it has also been shown to signal via STAT3. The cytokine activates macrophages to inhibit fungal survival. It induces deprivation in intracellular free zinc and increases production of reactive oxygen species that culminate in fungal zinc starvation and toxicity.^[5] Thus, GM-CSF facilitates development of the immune system and promotes defense against infections.

GM-CSF also plays a role in embryonic development by functioning as an embryokine produced by reproductive tract.^[6]

Genetics

The human gene has been localized in close proximity to the interleukin 3 gene within a T helper type 2-associated cytokine gene cluster at chromosome region 5q31, which is known to be associated with interstitial deletions in the 5q- syndrome and acute myelogenous leukemia. GM-CSF and IL-3 are separated by an insulator element and thus independently regulated.^[7] Other genes in the cluster include those encoding interleukins 4, 5, and 13.^[8]

Glycosylation

Human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is glycosylated in its mature form.

Medical use

GM-CSF was first cloned in 1985, and soon afterwards three potential drug products were being made using recombinant DNA technology: molgramostim was made in Escherichia coli and is not glycosylated, sargramostim was made in yeast, has a leucine instead of proline at position 23 and is somewhat glyocylated, and regramostim was made in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) and has more glycosylation than sargramostim. The amount of glycosylation affects how the body interacts with the drug and how the drug interacts with the body.^[9]

At that time, Genetics Institute, Inc. was working on molgramostim,^[10] Immunex was working on sargramostim (Leukine),^[11] and Sandoz was working on regramostim.^[12]

Molgramostim was eventually co-developed and co-marketed by Novartis and Schering-Plough under the trade name Leucomax for use in helping white blood cell levels recover following chemotherapy, and in 2002 Novartis sold its rights to Schering-Plough.^[13]^[14]

Sargramostim was approved by the US FDA in 1991 to accelerate white blood cell recovery following autologous bone marrow transplantation under the trade name Leukine, and passed through several hands, ending up with Genzyme^[15] which subsequently was acquired by Sanofi. Leukine is now owned by Partner Therapeutics (PTx).

Research directions

GM-CSF is found in high levels in joints with rheumatoid arthritis and blocking GM-CSF as a biological target may reduce the inflammation or damage. Some drugs (e.g. MOR103) are being developed to block GM-CSF.^[16] In critically ill patients GM-CSF has been trialled as a therapy for the immunosuppression of critical illness, and has shown promise restoring monocyte^[17] and neutrophil^[18] function, although the impact on patient outcomes is currently unclear and awaits larger studies.

See also

References

1. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Root RK, Dale DC | title = Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor: comparisons and potential for use in the treatment of infections in nonneutropenic patients | journal = The Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 179 Suppl 2 | issue = Suppl 2 | pages = S342–52 | date = March 1999 | pmid = 10081506 | doi = 10.1086/513857 }}
2. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Francisco-Cruz A, Aguilar-Santelises M, Ramos-Espinosa O, Mata-Espinosa D, Marquina-Castillo B, Barrios-Payan J, Hernandez-Pando R | title = Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor: not just another haematopoietic growth factor | journal = Medical Oncology | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 774 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24264600 | doi = 10.1007/s12032-013-0774-6 }}
3. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Gasson JC | title = Molecular physiology of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor | journal = Blood | volume = 77 | issue = 6 | pages = 1131–45 | date = March 1991 | pmid = 2001448 | url = http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/77/6/1131 }}
4. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Voehringer D | title = Basophil modulation by cytokine instruction | journal = European Journal of Immunology | volume = 42 | issue = 10 | pages = 2544–50 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23042651 | doi = 10.1002/eji.201142318 }}
5. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Subramanian Vignesh K, Landero Figueroa JA, Porollo A, Caruso JA, Deepe GS | title = Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor induced Zn sequestration enhances macrophage superoxide and limits intracellular pathogen survival | journal = Immunity | volume = 39 | issue = 4 | pages = 697–710 | date = October 2013 | pmid = 24138881 | pmc = 3841917 | doi = 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.09.006 }}
6. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Hansen PJ, Dobbs KB, Denicol AC | title = Programming of the preimplantation embryo by the embryokine colony stimulating factor 2 | journal = Animal Reproduction Science | volume = 149 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 59–66 | date = September 2014 | pmid = 24954585 | doi = 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.05.017 }}
7. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Bowers SR, Mirabella F, Calero-Nieto FJ, Valeaux S, Hadjur S, Baxter EW, Merkenschlager M, Cockerill PN | title = A conserved insulator that recruits CTCF and cohesin exists between the closely related but divergently regulated interleukin-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor genes | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 29 | issue = 7 | pages = 1682–93 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19158269 | pmc = 2655614 | doi = 10.1128/MCB.01411-08 }}
8. ^{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: CSF2 colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage) | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1437 }}
9. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Armitage JO | title = Emerging applications of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor | journal = Blood | volume = 92 | issue = 12 | pages = 4491–508 | date = December 1998 | pmid = 9845514 | url = http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/bloodjournal/92/12/4491.full.pdf?sso-checked=true }}
10. ^{{cite web|title=Molgramostim|url=https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800004167|publisher=AdisInsight|access-date=3 April 2018|language=en}}
11. ^{{cite journal|last1=Staff|title=Back to the Future: Original Liquid Leukine® Coming Soon|journal=Oncology Business Review|date=May 2008|url=https://obroncology.com/documents/OBR_may08_LEUKINE.pdf}}
12. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Hussein AM, Ross M, Vredenburgh J, Meisenberg B, Hars V, Gilbert C, Petros WP, Coniglio D, Kurtzberg J, Rubin P | title = Effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells (regramostim), Escherichia coli (molgramostim) and yeast (sargramostim) on priming peripheral blood progenitor cells for use with autologous bone marrow after high-dose chemotherapy | journal = European Journal of Haematology | volume = 55 | issue = 5 | pages = 348–56 | date = November 1995 | pmid = 7493686 }}
13. ^{{cite web|title=Press release: Novartis Oncology sharpens focus on key growth drivers|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1114448/000091205702040732/a2092547z6-k.htm|publisher=Novartis via SEC Edgar|date=30 October 2002}}
14. ^{{cite web|title=Scientific Conclusions and Grounds for Amendment of the Summary of Product Characteristics Presented by the EMEA|url=http://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/2000/200006273658/anx_3658_en.pdf|publisher=EMA CPMP|date=27 June 2000}}
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/projects/berlex/ |title=Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Plant, Snohomish County, Washington State |author= |website= |publisher=pharmaceutical-technology.com |access-date=12 November 2011}}
16. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Deiß A, Brecht I, Haarmann A, Buttmann M | title = Treating multiple sclerosis with monoclonal antibodies: a 2013 update | journal = Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | pages = 313–35 | date = March 2013 | pmid = 23448220 | doi = 10.1586/ern.13.17 }}
17. ^{{Cite journal|last=Meisel|first=Christian|last2=Schefold|first2=Joerg C.|last3=Pschowski|first3=Rene|last4=Baumann|first4=Tycho|last5=Hetzger|first5=Katrin|last6=Gregor|first6=Jan|last7=Weber-Carstens|first7=Steffen|last8=Hasper|first8=Dietrich|last9=Keh|first9=Didier|date=2009-10-01|title=Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to reverse sepsis-associated immunosuppression: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter trial|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=180|issue=7|pages=640–648|doi=10.1164/rccm.200903-0363OC|issn=1535-4970|pmid=19590022}}
18. ^{{Cite journal|last=Pinder|first=Emma M.|last2=Rostron|first2=Anthony J.|last3=Hellyer|first3=Thomas P.|last4=Ruchaud-Sparagano|first4=Marie-Helene|last5=Scott|first5=Jonathan|last6=Macfarlane|first6=James G.|last7=Wiscombe|first7=Sarah|last8=Widdrington|first8=John D.|last9=Roy|first9=Alistair I.|date=2018-07-31|title=Randomised controlled trial of GM-CSF in critically ill patients with impaired neutrophil phagocytosis|journal=Thorax|pages=thoraxjnl-2017-211323|doi=10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-211323|issn=1468-3296|pmid=30064991}}