| 词条 | Ailuridae |
| 释义 |
| name = Ailuridae | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Oligocene|Recent}} | image = Ailurus fulgens RoterPanda LesserPanda.jpg | image_caption = Red panda | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Chordata | classis = Mammalia | ordo = Carnivora | subordo = Caniformia | infraordo = Arctoidea | superfamilia = Musteloidea | familia = Ailuridae | familia_authority = Gray, 1843 | subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies and Genera | subdivision =
| range_map = Ailurus_fulgens_distribution.svg | range_map_caption = Extant red panda distribution. }} Ailuridae is a family in the mammal order Carnivora. The family consists of the red panda (the sole living representative) and its extinct relatives. Georges Cuvier first described Ailurus as belonging to the raccoon family in 1825; this classification has been controversial ever since.[1] It was classified in the raccoon family because of morphological similarities of the head, colored ringed tail, and other morphological and ecological characteristics. Somewhat later, it was assigned to the bear family. Molecular phylogenetic studies show that, as an ancient species in the order Carnivora, the red panda is relatively close to the American raccoon and may be either a monotypic family or a subfamily within the procyonid family.[1][2][3] An in-depth mitochondrial DNA population analysis study stated: “According to the fossil record, the Red Panda diverged from its common ancestor with bears about 40 million years ago."[1][4] With this divergence, by comparing the sequence difference between the red panda and the raccoon, the observed mutation rate for the red panda was calculated to be on the order of 109, which is apparently an underestimate compared with the average rate in mammals.[5]{{Page needed|date=February 2018}} This underestimation is probably due to multiple recurrent mutations as the divergence between the red panda and the raccoon is extremely deep. The most recent molecular-systematic DNA research places the red panda into its own independent family, Ailuridae. Ailuridae are, in turn, part of a trichotomy within the broad superfamily Musteloidea[6]{{Full citation needed|date=February 2018}} that also includes the Procyonidae (raccoons) and a group that further subdivides into the Mephitidae (skunks) and Mustelidae (weasels); but it is not a bear (Ursidae).[7] Red pandas have no close living relatives, and their nearest fossil ancestors, Parailurus, lived 3-4 million years ago. There may have been as many as three different species of Parailurus, all larger and more robust in the head and jaw than Ailurus, living in Eurasia and possibly crossing the Bering Strait into the Americas. The red panda may be the sole surviving species - a specialized offshoot surviving the last glacial period in a Chinese mountain refuge.[8] ClassificationIn addition to Ailurus, the family Ailuridae includes seven extinct genera, most of which are assigned to three subfamilies, Amphicinae, Simocyoninae, and Ailurinae.[9]{{Page needed|date=February 2018}}[10][11][12][13]
References1. ^1 2 {{cite journal | author = Mayr, E | year = 1986 | title = Uncertainty in Science: is the Giant panda a bear or a raccoon? | journal = Nature | volume = 323 | pages = 769–771 | doi = 10.1038/323769a0 | pmid = 3774006 | issue = 6091}} 2. ^{{cite journal|authors=Zhang, YP; Ryder, OA|first=|date=|year=1993|title=Mitochondrial DNA sequence evolution in the Arctoidea|url=|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.|volume=90|issue=20|pages=9557–9561|doi=10.1073/pnas.90.20.9557|pmc=47608|pmid=8415740|via=}} 3. ^{{cite journal|authors=Slattery JP; O'Brien, SJ|first=|date=|year=1995|title=Molecular Phylogeny of the Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens)|url=http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/6/413?ijkey=6a6e9c7b8e20da4f426545e78cea5ad3201ec6d1&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha|journal=J. Hered.|volume=86|issue=6|pages=413–422|pmid=8568209|via=}} 4. ^{{cite journal | authors = Su, Bing, Yunxin Fu, Yingxiang Wang, Li Jin and Ranajit Chakraborty | year = 2001 | title = Genetic Diversity and Population History of the Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) as Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variations | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 18 | pages = 1070–1076 | pmid = 11371595 | issue = 6 | doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878}} 5. ^{{cite book|title=Molecular Evolution|last=Li|first=Wen-Hsiung|publisher=Sinauer Associates|year=2007|isbn=978-0-87893-480-5}} 6. ^Flynn et al., 2001 7. ^{{cite journal|last1=Flynn|first1=John J.|last2=Nedbal|first2=Michael A.|last3=Dragoo|first3=Jerry W.|last4=Honeycutt|first4=Rodney L.|date=1 November 2000|title=Whence the Red Panda?|url=http://pandafriends.ru/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Flynn2000.pdf|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=17|issue=2|pages=190–199|doi=10.1006/mpev.2000.0819|issn=1055-7903|via=}} 8. ^{{cite journal | authors = Roberts, MS & Gittleman, JL| year = 1984 | title = Ailurus fulgens | journal = Mammalian Species | volume = 222 | issue = 222 | pages = 1–8 | doi = 10.2307/3503840 | jstor = 3503840 | publisher = American Society of Mammalogists}} 9. ^{{cite book|title=Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level|author=McKenna, MC; Bell SK|first=|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1997|isbn=9780231528535|location=|pages=}} 10. ^{{cite journal|authors=Peigné, S., M. Salesa, M. Antón, and J. Morales|first=|date=|year=2005|title=Ailurid carnivoran mammal Simocyon from the late Miocene of Spain and the systematics of the genus|url=http://agro.icm.edu.pl/agro/element/bwmeta1.element.agro-article-8012e086-056a-483a-821e-01d84489ff00/c/app50-219.pdf|journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica|volume=50|pages=219–238|via=}} 11. ^{{cite journal | authors = Salesa, M., M. Antón, S. Peigné, and J. Morales | year = 2006 | title = Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 103 | pages = 379–382 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0504899102 | pmid = 16387860 | issue = 2 | pmc = 1326154}} 12. ^{{cite journal|authors=Wallace, SC; Wang, X|first=|date=|year=2004|title=Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Xiaoming_Wang6/publication/8258760_Two_new_carnivores_from_an_unusual_late_Tertiary_forest_biota_in_eastern_North_America/links/53ee56290cf23733e80cfd79/Two-new-carnivores-from-an-unusual-late-Tertiary-forest-biota-in-eastern-North-America.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=556–559|doi=10.1038/nature02819|pmid=15457257|via=}} 13. ^{{cite book|title=Carnivoran Evolution: New Views on Phylogeny, Form, and Function|last1=Morlo|first1=Michael|last2=Peigné|first2=Stéphane|publisher=|year=2010|isbn=978-0-521-73586-5|location=|pages=92–140|chapter=Molecular and morphological evidence for Ailuridae and a review of its genera|doi=10.1017/CBO9781139193436.005}} 14. ^{{Cite journal|author=Jon A. Baskin |year=2017 |title=Additional carnivorans from the early Hemingfordian Miller Local Fauna, Florida |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=e1293069 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2017.1293069 }} 15. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Kent Smith |author2=Nicholas Czaplewski |author3=Richard Cifelli |year=2016 |title=Middle Miocene carnivorans from the Monarch Mill Formation, Nevada |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=231–252 |doi=10.4202/app.00111.2014 }} Further reading
4 : Carnivorans|Mammal families|Oligocene first appearances|Taxa named by John Edward Gray |
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