“Greens Western Australia”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Greens Western Australia, commonly known as the Greens WA, is the state branch of the Australian Greens in Western Australia. The Greens (WA) was formed following the merger of the Western Australian Green Party with the Green Earth Alliance composed of the Vallentine Peace Group and Alternative Coalition in 1990. The Party became officially affiliated with the Australian Greens in 2003.

There are currently four representatives of the party in the Western Australian Legislative Council: Alison Xamon, Robin Chapple, Tim Clifford and Diane Evers. The party also has two representatives in the Australian Senate: Senator Rachel Siewert, who was elected at the 2004 election, and Jordon Steele-John, who replaced Scott Ludlam in 2017 who resigned.

History

Origins and history of formation

The Greens (WA) grew out of the growing counter-cultural, environmental, anti-nuclear and peace, social and political concerns after the fall of the Whitlam government, particularly articulated by Jim Cairns in the Down to Earth movement that saw community sustainability emerging as an important issue. The Campaign to Save Native Forests and an environmental campaign against the Alcoa refinery at Wagerup first brought together many activists, some of whom were later to be involved in the Greens. The campaign in Tasmania to prevent the damming of the Franklin River, further alerted Australia to environmental issues as never before.

Anti-nuclear and peace concerns led to record numbers attending rallies in the 1980s, led by the umbrella group People for Nuclear Disarmament, (PND). One of those peace activists, Jo Vallentine, was elected in 1984 as Senator for the Nuclear Disarmament Party, (NDP).^[1] She later left the party after its infiltration by an extreme left group and registered the Vallentine Peace Group in Western Australia.

Many of these activists from the peace, anti-nuclear and disarmament movements, as well as from environment, social and political groupings were to become important organisers of future political developments. Some were inspired by the West German Greens (as they then were) as well as the many successful community campaigns in WA and throughout Australia.^[2]

After the victory in saving the Gordon and Franklin Rivers in Tasmania, activists on the east coast established "Committees of Correspondence" to keep in touch and organised a "Getting Together" Conference in Sydney. At this conference there was a call to establish an Australian Greens political party for the first time. In the mid-eighties there were many looking for an alternative to the Labor Party; were not satisfied with the Democrats and were disappointed after the collapse of the NDP.

Delegates who had gone to Sydney returned and became involved in organising a "Getting Together" conference in Western Australia, held at Hollywood High School, Easter 1987. This brought together various conservation and activist groups all proposing various models of alternative political organisation.

One example set up was the WA Ecology Party, (Eco Party). For a while there was a Green Alliance. Another example was the group established by Jan Jermalinski and others in the inner-city suburbs of Victoria Park and Carlisle called the Victoria Park/Carlisle Greens which ran Georgina Motion for Swan federal electorate under the banner of Swan Alternative Electoral Campaign (SAEC). Other local groups calling themselves "green" at the time in 1987 were the Western Suburbs Greens established by The Democrats and the Northern Suburbs Greens.

Later in 1987 and early 1988, these various “green” groups, along with The Democrats (Senator Jean Jenkins Office), various far left parties, peace and community activists pushed the establishment of an Alternative Electoral Coalition to plan a campaign for the 1989 State Election. The AEC was very much of an inner city leftist and social justice character. Later it became the Alternative Coalition. The unifying principles of the AEC were modelled on those of the German Greens; Peace; Social Justice, the Environment and Participatory Democracy.

In the south-west of the state, Louise Duxbury, who was running mate with Jo Vallentine in the 1987 federal election, a peace and environmental activist living in Denmark and Christine Sharpe decided to set up a loose network called Green Development to run a candidate for the State Upper House of South West. This network drew on the support of a network of experienced activists living in the rural South-West.

However the name "greens", registered with the Australian Electoral Commission was controlled by the Sydney Greens. At this time in Western Australia it was not fully understood how important this was, although the name "greens" was being used by various groups.

Eventually some coming from the Eco Party and others got permission from the Sydney Greens to formally set up a party called The Western Australian Green Party. This party decided to run a statewide campaign in the 1989 state election.

After the 1989 election a single fact became clear, the name “green” was vital electorally. Although the Alternative Coalition campaigned heavily in South Metropolitan Upper House electorate and ran lower house candidates in Fremantle and Cockburn, throwing a lot of resources into this campaign, their percentage vote was matched by The WA Green Party campaigning in most electorates out of a campaign office in North Fremantle with few resources, just relying on the strength of the name “Green”. Hence after the election negotiations began in earnest between these groups for unity. Therein lay the difficulty; the simple fact that the Western Australian Green Party controlled the electoral registration of the name Greens and the others did not.

To satisfy the demands of the Australian Electoral Commission, the Vallentine Peace Group and the Alternative Coalition formed a Green Alliance, later renamed the Green Earth Alliance. The Western Australian Green Party initially declined to join this.

During 1989, things were proceeding very slowly between The Western Australian Green Party and the Green Earth Alliance. The real breakthrough was probably the visit, initiated by Jo Vallentine of Petra Kelly from the West German Greens, who gave a great speech to a large audience at the Octagon Theatre, University of WA and the extra push was on.

A proposal was made to unite all existing groups into a new statewide party called The Greens WA. A democratic grass roots organisational model was drafted, consisting of regional groups based on Federal electorates and reporting to a Representatives Council; which model still exists today. Jo Vallentine would become the first Greens WA senator and all would unite under the West German Greens aims of Peace; Social Justice, the Environment and Participatory Democracy.

Just before the unification ceremony at the University of WA Sunken Gardens on 1 January 1990, the mailing lists of four organisations were combined together which gives a reasonable measure of the support each group brought in. As of 1989 in terms of size, the Vallentine Peace Group was by far the largest network with about 4000 on its network list and this list was heavily drawn upon by Green Development which had about 1000, the Alternative Coalition 400, and the Western Australian Green Party about 100. However these lists included a considerable overlap of activists. However the organisations that actually signed the unification agreement were The Greens Party WA and the Green Earth Alliance composed of the Vallentine Peace Group, the Alternative Coalition and Green Development. Individual members of Green Development signed for themselves.

After The Greens WA was formally launched, it took a while to get the organisation up and running. However, by 1991 it was clear that power had actually devolved down to the Regional Groups level in a genuine grass roots organisation. The party almost immediately participated in the 1990 federal campaign and although achieving modest electoral support managed to cover most of the state booths and secure the re-election to the Senate of Jo Vallentine this time as the first The Greens WA Senator.

Jo Vallentine retired from parliamentary politics in 1992, and her place was taken by Christabel Chamarette, added to with the election of a second Greens Senator in Dee Margetts. The election of Jim Scott to the State Upper House Legislative Council at the state election in 1993 gave the party its first state representative. This representation has grown over successive years with Christine Sharp winning the South-West Legislative Council seat at the 1996 general election and after two terms being succeeded by Paul Llewelyn.

The question of whether to join the newly formed Australian Greens became a heavily disputed issue in 1992 with the proposal to join being lost. Another vote in 1999 was also lost. The Greens WA had worked closely with the Australian Greens, but they were still not formal members. Finally in September 2003, The Greens WA held a ballot of all the membership on the question of formally joining the Australian Greens confederation. There was an 80% vote in favour. On 11 October 2003 at the Australian Greens National Conference, The Greens WA were formally accepted as members of the Australian Greens."

With the collapse of the Australian Democrats, the Greens vote has continued to grow. At the 2009 Fremantle state by-election, Greens candidate Adele Carles received 45 percent of the primary vote to Labor's 38 percent, and 54 percent of the two-candidate vote to Labor's 46 percent, becoming the first Greens candidate to be elected to an Australian state lower house of parliament in a single-member seat.^[3] A later scandal involving former Liberal leader and Treasurer Troy Buswell saw Carles leave the Greens to sit as an independent. Carles lost her seat at the 2013 state election.^[4]

Election results

Legislative Assembly

Legislative Council

Members of Parliament

Federal Parliament

Former federal members

State Parliament

Former state members

Historical logos

References

1. ^http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/a/australia/1984/1984senatewa.txt
2. ^The Greens (WA) - About Us {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222011734/http://wa.greens.org.au/about/ |date=February 22, 2007 }}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://greenpagesnews.org/2009/07/17/historic-green-win-to-lower-house-of-western-australia-state-parliament/|title=Historic Green win to Lower House of Western Australia State Parliament|last=Luntz|first=Stephen|date=17 July 2009|publisher=Green Pages|language=English|accessdate=15 October 2016|location=Washington, DC}}
4. ^http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/a/australia/states/wa/wa20132.txt