| 词条 | H. A. L. Fisher |
| 释义 |
| name = Herbert Fisher | honorific-prefix = The Right Honourable | honorific-suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|OM|FRS|FBA}} | image = Herbert Fisher.jpg | caption = |parliament = |predecessor = Charles Stuart-Wortley |successor = Frederick Sykes |majority = | party = Liberal | monarch1 = George V | order1 = President of the Board of Education | predecessor1 = The Marquess of Crewe | primeminister1 = David Lloyd George | successor1 = E. F. L. Wood | birth name = Herbert Albert Laurens Fisher | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1865|03|21}} | birth_place = London | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1940|04|18|1865|03|21}} | death_place = | nationality = British | spouse = Lettice Fisher (1875–1956) | alma_mater = New College, Oxford | imagesize = 200px | term_start1 = 10 December 1916 | term_end1 = 19 October 1922 |constituency_MP = Sheffield Hallam |term_start = 23 December 1916 |term_end = 15 November 1922 | relatives = Herbert William Fisher (father) Florence Henrietta Fisher (sister) Arthur Alexander Fisher (brother) Emmeline Mary Fisher (sister) Adeline Maria Fisher (sister) Edmund Fisher (brother) Hervey George Stanhope Fisher (brother) William Wordsworth Fisher (brother) Charles Dennis Fisher (brother) Cordelia Fisher (sister) Edwin Fisher (brother) Mary Bennett (daughter) }} Herbert Albert Laurens Fisher {{postnominals|country=GBR|OM|PC|FRS|FBA}}[1][2] (21 March 1865 – 18 April 1940) was an English historian, educator, and Liberal politician. He served as President of the Board of Education in David Lloyd George's 1916 to 1922 coalition government. Background and educationFisher was born in London,[3] the eldest son of Herbert William Fisher (1826–1903), author of Considerations on the Origin of the American War and his wife Mary Louisa Jackson (1841–1916). His sister Adeline Maria Fisher was the first wife of the composer Ralph Vaughan Williams, another sister Florence Henrietta Fisher married both Frederic William Maitland and Francis Darwin. Fisher was a first cousin of Virginia Woolf and her sister Vanessa Bell (the children of his mother's sister Julia). He was educated at Winchester and New College, Oxford, where he graduated with a first class degree in 1888 and was awarded a fellowship.[3] CareerFisher was a tutor in modern history at the University of Oxford. His publications include Bonapartism (1908), The Republican Tradition in Europe (1911) and Napoleon (1913).[3] In September 1912, he was appointed (with Lord Islington, Lord Ronaldshay, Justice Abdur Rahim, and others) as a member of the Royal Commission on the Public Services in India of 1912–1915.[4] Between 1913 and 1917 he was Vice-Chancellor of the University of Sheffield.[5] In December 1916 Fisher was elected Member of Parliament for Sheffield Hallam[3][6] and joined the government of David Lloyd George as President of the Board of Education.[7] He was sworn of the Privy Council the same month.[8] In this post he was instrumental in the formulation of the Education Act 1918, which made school attendance compulsory for children up to the age of 14.[3] Fisher was also responsible for the Superannuation Act of 1918, which provided pension provision for all teachers.[9] In 1918 he became MP for the Combined English Universities.[10] Fisher resigned his seat in parliament through appointment as Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds on 15 February 1926, retiring from politics to take up the post of warden of New College, Oxford, which he held until his death.[15] There he published a three-volume History of Europe ({{ISBN|0-00-636506-X}}) in 1935.[3] He served on the British Academy, the British Museum, the Rhodes Trustees, the National Trust, the Governing Body of Winchester, the London Library and the BBC.[15] He was awarded the 1927 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for his biography James Bryce, Viscount Bryce of Dechmont, O.M.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} and received the Order of Merit in 1937.[11] In 1939 he was appointed first Chairman of the Appellate Tribunal for Conscientious Objectors in England and Wales.[12] Fisher died in St Thomas's Hospital, London, on 18 April 1940 after having been knocked down by a lorry and seriously injured the previous week,[13] while on his way to sit on a Conscientious Objectors' Tribunal during the blackout.[14] Some of his possessions, including his library and some of his clothing, remained at New College. In 1943, Operation Mincemeat, a British Intelligence operation to deceive enemy forces, undertook the invention of a false Royal Marines officer, whose body was to be dropped at sea in the hope the false intelligence it carried would be believed. As the fictitious Major Martin was to be a man of some means, he required quality underwear, but with rationing this was difficult to obtain, and the intelligence officers were unwilling to donate their own. Fisher's was obtained, and the corpse used in the deception, dressed in Fisher's quality woollen underpants, succeeded in misleading German Intelligence.[15][16] FamilyFisher married the economist and historian Lettice Ilbert (1875–1956) in 1899. Their only child was the British academic Mary Bennett. See also
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References1. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Murray | first1 = G. | title = Herbert Albert Laurens Fisher. 1865-1940 | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1941.0019 | journal = Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society | volume = 3 | issue = 10 | pages = 518–526 | year = 1941 | pmid = | pmc = }} 2. ^H.A.L. Fisher: A History of Europe, Volume II: From the Beginning of the Eighteenth Century to 1935, Glasgow: Fontana/Collins, 1984, p. i. 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 [https://web.archive.org/web/19991117135203/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/EDfisher.htm Herbert Fisher] 4. ^{{London Gazette |issue=28642 |date=6 September 1912 |page=6631 }} 5. ^Helen Mathers: Steel City Scholars: The Centenary History of the University of Sheffield, London: James & James, 2005 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Hcommons1.htm |title=THE HOUSE OF COMMONS CONSTITUENCIES BEGINNING WITH "H" |website=Leighrayment.com |accessdate=13 March 2017}} 7. ^{{London Gazette |issue=29865 |date=15 December 1916 |page=12227 }} 8. ^{{London Gazette |issue=29875 |date=22 December 1916 |page=12471 }} 9. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4nUr0rIZn3wC&pg=PA81&dq=UK+Fisher+Superannuation+Act+1918&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bNVnU5v8JoT_PMHKgKgJ&ved=0CFIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=UK%20Fisher%20Superannuation%20Act%201918&f=false |title=Outdoor Learning: Past And Present: Past and Present |author=Joyce, Rosaleen |page=81 |website=Books.google.co.uk |date= |accessdate=13 March 2017}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Ccommons5.htm |title=THE HOUSE OF COMMONS CONSTITUENCIES BEGINNING WITH "C" |website=Leighrayment.com |accessdate=13 March 2017}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.leighrayment.com/orders/orderofmerit.htm |website=Leighrayment.com|accessdate=13 March 2017|title= Order of Merit}} 12. ^Rachel Barker: Conscience, Government and War, Routledge, 1982 13. ^1 2 "Obituaries." Times [London, England] 19 April 1940: 9. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 29 May 2012 14. ^{{cite book|author1=Randolph Spencer Churchill|author2=Martin Gilbert|title=Winston S. Churchill: 1922–1939, the prophet of youth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUc-AQAAIAAJ|accessdate=1 June 2012|year=1983|publisher=Houghton Mifflin}} 15. ^{{cite news|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/book_extracts/article6986802.ece | title=Operation Mincemeat: full story of how corpse tricked the Nazis |newspaper=The Times |date=14 January 2010 |first=Ben |last=Macintyre}} 16. ^Operation Mincemeat, BBC Four, 22 February 2011 17. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20140716020538/http://bookbay.org/?p=128415 ] Further reading
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| title = Member of Parliament for Combined English Universities | with = Sir Martin Conway | years = 1918–1926 }}{{s-aft | after = Sir Martin Conway Sir Alfred Hopkinson }}{{s-off}}{{succession box | title = President of the Board of Education | years = 1916–1922 | before = The Marquess of Crewe | after = Hon. E. F. L. Wood}}{{s-aca}}{{succession box|title=Vice-Chancellor of the University of Sheffield|years=1913–1917|before=Charles Eliot|after=William Ripper}}{{s-end}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Fisher, Herbert Albert}} 23 : British Secretaries of State|British Secretaries of State for Education|Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies|Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom|British historians|People educated at Winchester College|Alumni of New College, Oxford|Members of the Order of Merit|Academics of the University of Sheffield|Wardens of New College, Oxford|Fellows of the Royal Society (Statute 12)|1865 births|1940 deaths|People from London|Politics of Sheffield|UK MPs 1918–22|UK MPs 1922–23|UK MPs 1923–24|UK MPs 1924–29|Presidents of the British Academy|James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients|Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the Combined English Universities|Fellows of the British Academy |
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