词条 | Hamstring | ||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
| Name = Hamstrings | Image = Gray1239.png | Caption = Posterior view of left lower extremity. | Origin = tuberosity of the ischium, linea aspera | Insertion = tibia, fibula | Blood = inferior gluteal artery, profunda femoris artery | Nerve = sciatic nerve (tibial nerve and common fibular nerve)[1][2] | Action = flexion of knee, extension of hip | Antagonist = Rectus femoris muscle }} In human anatomy, a hamstring is one of the three posterior thigh muscles in between the hip and the knee (from medial to lateral: semimembranosus, semitendinosus and biceps femoris).[3] The hamstrings are quite susceptible to injury. In quadrupeds, the hamstring is the single large tendon found behind the knee or comparable area. CriteriaThe common criteria of any hamstring muscles are:
Those muscle which fulfill all of the four criteria are called true hamstrings.
StructureThe three muscles of the posterior thigh (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris long & short head) flex (bend) the knee, while all but the short head of biceps femoris extend (straighten) the hip. The three 'true' hamstrings cross both the hip and the knee joint and are therefore involved in knee flexion and hip extension. The short head of the biceps femoris crosses only one joint (knee) and is therefore not involved in hip extension. With its divergent origin and innervation it is sometimes excluded from the 'hamstring' characterization.[4]
A portion of the adductor magnus is sometimes considered a part of the hamstrings.[4] FunctionThe hamstrings cross and act upon two joints - the hip and the knee, and as such are termed biarticular muscles. Semitendinosus and semimembranosus extend the hip when the trunk is fixed; they also flex the knee and medially (inwardly) rotate the lower leg when the knee is bent. The long head of the biceps femoris extends the hip, as when beginning to walk; both short and long heads flex the knee and laterally (outwardly) rotate the lower leg when the knee is bent. The hamstrings play a crucial role in many daily activities such as walking, running, jumping, and controlling some movement in the trunk. In walking, they are most important as an antagonist to the quadriceps in the deceleration of knee extension. Clinical significanceImagingImaging the hamstring muscles is usually performed with an ultrasound and/or MRI.[5] The biceps femoris is most commonly injured, followed by semitendinosus. Semimembranosus injury is rare. Imaging is useful in differentiating the grade of strain, especially if the muscle is completely torn.[6] In this setting, the level and degree of retraction can be determined, serving as a useful roadmap prior to any surgery. Those with a hamstring strain of greater than 60mm in length have a greater risk of recurrence.[7] Use in surgeryThe distal semitendinosus tendon is one of the tendons that can be used in the surgical procedure ACL reconstruction. In this procedure, a piece of it is used to replace the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The ACL is one of the four major ligaments in the knee. HistoryEtymologyThe word "ham" is derived from the Old English ham or hom meaning the hollow or bend of the knee, from a Germanic base where it meant "crooked". It gained the meaning of the leg of an animal around the 15th century.[8] String refers to tendons, and thus, the hamstrings are the string-like tendons felt on either side of the back of the knee.[9] See also{{Anatomy-terms}}
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gla.ac.uk/ibls/fab/tutorial/anatomy/knee1.html|title=University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Life Sciences|website=www.gla.ac.uk}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rad.washington.edu/academics/academic-sections/msk/muscle-atlas/lower-body/biceps-femoris-short-head |title=Biceps Femoris - Short Head — Musculoskeletal Radiology — UW Radiology |publisher=Rad.washington.edu |date= |accessdate=2012-11-02}} 3. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hamstring-injury/basics/definition/con-20035144 | title=Hamstring injury | publisher=Mayo clinic | date=3 Oct 2015 | accessdate=6 July 2016 | author=Mayo Clinic Staff}} 4. ^1 {{NormanAnatomy|postthigh}} 5. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Koulouris G, Connell D |title=Evaluation of the hamstring muscle complex following acute injury|journal=Skeletal Radiol.|volume=32 |issue=10 |pages=582–9 |year=2003 |pmid=12942206 |doi=10.1007/s00256-003-0674-5}} 6. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Schache AG, Koulouris G, Kofoed W, Morris HG, Pandy MG |title=Rupture of the conjoint tendon at the proximal musculotendinous junction of the biceps femoris long head: a case report.|journal=Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc|volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=797–802 |year=2008 |pmid=18360748 |doi=10.1007/s00167-008-0517-y}} 7. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Koulouris G, Connell DA, Brukner P, Schneider-Kolsky M |title=Magnetic resonance imaging parameters for assessing risk of recurrent hamstring injuries in elite athletes.|journal=Am J Sports Med|volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=1500–6 |year=2007 |pmid=17426283 |doi=10.1177/0363546507301258}} 8. ^Brown, Lesley, ed. (2007). Shorter Oxford English Dictionary II (Sixth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University press. p. 3611. 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=hamstring |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |date= |accessdate=2012-11-02}} External links
4 : Hip extensors|Knee flexors|Muscles of the lower limb|Posterior compartment of thigh |
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