| 词条 | Hans Lewy |
| 释义 |
| name = Hans Lewy | image = Hans Lewy.jpeg | image_size = | alt = | caption = Hans Lewy in 1975 (photo by George Bergman) | birth_date = {{Birth date|1904|10|20}} | birth_place = Breslau | death_date = {{Death date and age|1988|08|23|1904|10|20}} | death_place = Berkeley, California, United States of America | nationality = United States of America | fields = Mathematical analysis, partial differential equations, several complex variables | workplaces = | alma_mater = University of Göttingen | doctoral_advisor = Richard Courant[1] | doctoral_students = David Kinderlehrer | known_for = Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy condition, Lewy's example | influences = | influenced = numerical analysis, partial differential equations, several complex variables | awards = Wolf prize (1986)[2] | signature = | signature_alt = | footnotes = | spouse = }}Hans Lewy (20 October 1904 – 23 August 1988) was a Jewish German born American mathematician, known for his work on partial differential equations and on the theory of functions of several complex variables.[3] LifeLewy was born in Breslau, Germany (now Wrocław, Poland), on October 20, 1904. He began his studies at the University of Göttingen in 1922, after being advised to avoid the more local University of Breslau because it was too old-fashioned,[4][4] supporting himself during the Weimar hyperinflation by a side job doing railroad track maintenance.[4] At Göttingen, he studied both mathematics and physics; his teachers there included Max Born, Richard Courant, James Franck, David Hilbert, Edmund Landau, Emmy Noether, and Alexander Ostrowski. He earned his doctorate in 1926, at which time he and his friend Kurt Otto Friedrichs both became assistants to Courant and privatdozents at Göttingen.[5][4] At the recommendation of Courant, Lewy was granted a Rockefeller Fellowship, which he used in 1929 to travel to Rome and study algebraic geometry with Tullio Levi-Civita and Federigo Enriques, and then in 1930 to travel to Paris, where he attended the seminar of Jacques Hadamard. After Hitler's election as chancellor in 1933, Lewy was advised by Herbert Busemann to leave Germany again. He was offered a position in Madrid, but declined it, fearing for the future there under Francisco Franco. He revisited Italy and France, but then at the invitation of the Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars and with the assistance of Hadamard found a two-year position in America at Brown University. At the end of that term, in 1935, he moved to the University of California, Berkeley.[5][4] During World War II, Lewy obtained a pilot's license, but then worked at the Aberdeen Proving Ground. He married Helen Crosby in 1947.[4] In 1950, Lewy was fired from Berkeley for refusing to sign a loyalty oath.[4][13][14] He taught at Harvard University and Stanford University in 1952 and 1953[4] before being reinstated by the California Supreme Court case Tolman v. Underhill.[13][6] He retired from Berkeley in 1972, and in 1973 became one of two Ordway Professors of Mathematics at the University of Minnesota. He died on August 23, 1988, in Berkeley.[4][7][8] Awards and honorsLewy was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1964, and was also a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[7] He became a foreign member of the Accademia dei Lincei in 1972.[4] He was awarded a Leroy P. Steele Prize in 1979,[4] and a Wolf Prize in Mathematics in 1986 for his work on partial differential equations.[2] In 1986, the University of Bonn gave him an honorary doctorate.[8] Publications
A selection of his work, edited by David Kinderlehrer and including his most important works, was published as the two volume work {{harv|Kinderlehrer|2002a}} and {{harv|Kinderlehrer|2002b}}
| editor-last = Kinderlehrer | editor-first = David | editor-link = David Kinderlehrer | title = Hans Lewy Selecta. Volume 1 | place = Boston-Basel-Stuttgart | publisher = Birkhäuser Verlag | year = 2002a | series = Contemporary Mathematicians | pages = lxvi+357 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VDutq5E6CbgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=it#v=onepage&q&f=true | doi = | mr = | zbl = 1132.01312 | isbn = 0-8176-3523-8 }}. With biographical essays by Helen Lewy and Constance Reid, and commentaries on Lewy's work by Erhard Heinz, Peter D. Lax, Jean Leray, Richard MacCamy, Louis Nirenberg and François Treves.
| editor-last = Kinderlehrer | editor-first = David | editor-link = David Kinderlehrer | title = Hans Lewy Selecta. Volume 2 | place = Boston-Basel-Stuttgart | publisher = Birkhäuser Verlag | year = 2002b | series = Contemporary Mathematicians | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mX8hTcETCc4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=true | pages = xviii, 446 | doi = | mr = | zbl = 1147.01335 | isbn = 0-8176-3524-6}}. The following works are included in his "Selecta" in their original language or translated form.
| last = Courant | first = R. | author-link = Richard Courant | last2 = Friedrichs | first2 = K. | author2-link = Kurt Otto Friedrichs | last3 = Lewy | first3 = H. | author3-link = | title = Über die partiellen Differenzengleichungen der mathematischen Physik | journal = Mathematische Annalen | volume = 100 | issue = 1 | pages = 32–74 | date = | year = 1928 | month = | language = German | url = http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?GDZPPN002272636 | doi = 10.1007/BF01448839 | jfm = 54.0486.01 | mr = 1512478 | last = Courant | first = R. | author-link = Richard Courant | last2 = Friedrichs | first2 = K. | author2-link = Kurt Otto Friedrichs | last3 = Lewy | first3 = H. | author3-link = | title = On the partial difference equations of mathematical physics | place = New York | publisher = AEC Computing and Applied Mathematics Centre – Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences | series = AEC Research and Development Report | volume = NYO-7689 | origyear = 1928 |date=September 1956 | edition = | pages = V + 76 | url = https://archive.org/details/onpartialdiffere00cour | archiveurl = https://archive.org/stream/onpartialdiffere00cour#page/n0/mode/2up | archivedate = October 23, 2008 | doi = | isbn = }}. The second one is a typographical improvement of the first, published by IBM as: {{Citation | last = Courant | first = R. | author-link = Richard Courant | last2 = Friedrichs | first2 = K. | author2-link = Kurt Otto Friedrichs | last3 = Lewy | first3 = H. | author3-link = | title = On the partial difference equations of mathematical physics | journal = IBM Journal of Research and Development | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | pages = 215–234 | origyear = 1928 |date=March 1967 | url = http://domino.research.ibm.com/tchjr/journalindex.nsf/a3807c5b4823c53f85256561006324be/769774a3c9f3685f85256bfa00683f8a!OpenDocument | mr = 0213764 | zbl = 0145.40402 | doi=10.1147/rd.112.0215 }}. A freely downlodable version of this one can be found here
| last = Lewy | first = Hans | author-link = | title = An example of a smooth linear partial differential equation without solution | journal = Annals of Mathematics | volume = 66 | issue = 1 | year = 1957 | pages = 155–158 | jstor = 1970121 | mr = 0088629 | zbl = 0078.08104 | doi = 10.2307/1970121 }}.
| last = Lewy | first = Hans | author-link = | title = On the boundary behavior of holomorphic mappings (Lezione tenuta il 3 maggio 1976) (Lecture given on May 3, 1976) | place = Rome | publisher = Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei | year = 1977 | series = Contributi del Centro Linceo Interdisciplinare di Scienze Matematiche e Loro Applicazioni | volume = 35 | pages = 8 | url = http://www.lincei.it/pubblicazioni/catalogo/volume.php?rid=33201 | doi = | isbn = | mr = | zbl = }}. See also
References1. ^{{MathGenealogy|id=32892|title=Hans Lewy}} 2. ^1 {{Citation | last = Wolf Foundation | first = | author-link = Wolf Foundation | title = THE 1984/5 WOLF FOUNDATION PRIZE IN MATHEMATICS | language = Hebrew | year = 2003 | url = http://www.wolffund.org.il/index.php?dir=site&page=winners&name=&prize=&year=1984&field=3004 | accessdate = September 14, 2013}}. 3. ^{{cite book|editor1=Chern, Shiing-Shen|editorlink1=Shiing-Shen Chern|editor2=Hirzebruch, Friedrich|editorlink2=Friedrich Hirzebruch|chapter="Hans Lewy" prepared by S. Hildebrandt|title=Wolf Prize|volume=vol. 2|year=2001|pages=264–310|publisher=World Scientific|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHFtMc9NTkYC&pg=PA264}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{Citation | first = David | last = Kinderlehrer | author-link = David Kinderlehrer | editor-last = Kinderlehrer | editor-first = David | editor-link = David Kinderlehrer | contribution = Hans Lewy. A brief biographical sketch | contribution-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mX8hTcETCc4C&pg=PR15 | title = Hans Lewy Selecta. Volume 2 | place = Boston-Basel-Stuttgart | publisher = Birkhäuser Verlag | year = 2002 | series = Contemporary Mathematicians | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mX8hTcETCc4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=true | isbn = 0-8176-3524-6}}. 5. ^1 2 {{citation|contribution=Hans Lewy|title=More Mathematical People|editor1-first=Donald J.|editor1-last=Albers|editor2-first=Gerald L.|editor2-last=Alexanderson|editor2-link=Gerald L. Alexanderson|editor3-first=Constance|editor3-last=Reid|editor3-link=Constance Reid|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|year=1990|pages=180–194}}. 6. ^1 {{citation|contribution=Politics Impinges upon Mathematics|author=Sherri Chasin Calvo|pages=242–244|title=Science and Its Times: Understanding the Social Significance of Scientific Discovery. Vol. VII: 1950 to present|editor=Neil Schlager|publisher=Gale Group|year=2000|isbn=978-0-7876-3939-6|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3408504264.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329111837/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3408504264.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2015-03-29|subscription=yes}}. 7. ^1 2 3 {{Citation | title = Dr. Hans Lewy, 83, Mathematics Professor | newspaper = The New York Times | date = September 2, 1988 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/02/obituaries/dr-hans-lewy-83-mathematics-profesor.html}} 8. ^1 {{Citation | last = Protter | first = M. | author-link = Murray Protter | first2 = Kelley | last2 = J. L. | author2-link = John_L._Kelley | last3 = Kato | first3 = T. | author3-link = Tosio Kato | last4 = Lehmer | first4 = D. H. | author4-link = Derrick Henry Lehmer | editor-last = Krogh | editor-first = David | editor-link = | contribution = Hans Lewy, Mathematics: Berkeley. 1904-1988 Professor Emeritus | contribution-url = http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb967nb5k3&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00032&toc.depth=1&toc.id= | title = 1988, University of California: In Memoriam | year = 1988 | pages = 85–87 | place = Berkeley, CA | publisher = University of California, Berkeley | url = http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb967nb5k3&brand=calisphere&chunk.id=meta }}. 9. ^{{cite journal|author=Reid, W. T.|title=Review: Aspects of the Calculus of Variations, notes by J. W. Green from lectures by Hans Lewy|journal=Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.|year=1940|volume=46|issue=7|pages=595–596|url=http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.bams/1183502779|doi=10.1090/s0002-9904-1940-07238-6}} External links
| last = The Bancroft Library | first = | author-link = The Bancroft Library | title = Guide to the Hans Lewy Papers | volume = Collection number BANC MSS 91/147 cz | date = | year = 2009 | url = http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt8f59q33c/ | accessdate = July 9, 2011 }}.
| last = Dynkin | first = Eugene B. | author-link = Eugene B. Dynkin | title = Hans Lewy Interview October 7, 1981 | series = Eugene B. Dynkin Collection of Mathematics Interviews | date = October 7, 1981 | hdl = 1813/17262}}. An audio interview, available at eCommons@Cornell from the [Eugene B. Dynkin Collection of Mathematics Interviews Eugene B. Dynkin Collection of Mathematics Interviews ].
| last = | first = | author-link = | contribution = Lewy ‹léevi›, Hans | title = Enciclopedia Treccani | language = Italian | date = | year = 2008 | contribution-url = http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/hans-lewy/ | accessdate = July 26, 2011}}. The biographical entry about Hans Lewy at the Enciclopedia Treccani.
16 : 1904 births|1988 deaths|20th-century American mathematicians|20th-century German mathematicians|German Jews|Complex analysts|Mathematical analysts|Rockefeller Fellows|Wolf Prize in Mathematics laureates|Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences|University of Göttingen alumni|University of Göttingen faculty|Brown University faculty|University of California, Berkeley faculty|University of Minnesota faculty |
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