“Harriet Martineau”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Martineau wrote many books and a multitude of essays from a sociological, holistic, religious, domestic, and perhaps most controversially, feminine perspective; she also translated various works by Auguste Comte.^[2] She earned enough to support herself entirely by her writing, a rare feat for a woman in the Victorian era.{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}}

The young Princess Victoria enjoyed reading Martineau's publications. She invited Martineau to her coronation in 1838 — an event which Martineau described, in great and amusing detail, to her many readers.^[3]^[4]

Martineau said of her own approach to writing: "when one studies a society, one must focus on all its aspects, including key political, religious, and social institutions". She believed a thorough societal analysis was necessary to understand women's status under men.{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}}

The novelist Margaret Oliphant said "as a born lecturer and politician [Martineau] was less distinctively affected by her sex than perhaps any other, male or female, of her generation".^[2]

Early life

The sixth of eight children, Harriet Martineau was born in Norwich, England, where her father Thomas was a textile manufacturer. A highly respected Unitarian, he was also deacon of the Octagon Chapel, Norwich from 1797.^[5] Harriet's mother was the daughter of a sugar refiner and grocer.

The Martineau family was of French Huguenot ancestry and professed Unitarian views. Her uncles included the surgeon Philip Meadows Martineau (1752–1829), whom she had enjoyed visiting at his nearby estate, Bracondale Lodge,^[6] and businessman and benefactor Peter Finch Martineau.^[7] Martineau was closest to her brother James, who became a philosopher and clergyman in the tradition of the English Dissenters. According to the writer Diana Postlethwaite, Harriet's relationship with her mother was strained and lacking affection, which contributed to views expressed in her later writing.^[2] Martineau claimed her mother abandoned her to a wet nurse.

Her ideas on domesticity and the "natural faculty for housewifery", as described in her book Household Education (1848),^[2] stemmed from her lack of nurture growing up. Although their relationship was better in adulthood, Harriet saw her mother as the antithesis of the warm and nurturing qualities which she knew to be necessary for girls at an early age. Her mother urged all her children to be well read, but at the same time opposed female pedantics "with a sharp eye for feminine propriety and good manners. Her daughters could never be seen in public with a pen in their hand." Her mother strictly enforced proper feminine behaviour, pushing her daughter to "hold a sewing needle" as well as the (hidden) pen.^[2]

Martineau began losing her senses of taste and smell at a young age, becoming increasingly deaf and having to use an ear trumpet. It was the beginning of many health problems in her life. In 1821 she began to write anonymously for the Monthly Repository, a Unitarian periodical, and in 1823 she published Devotional Exercises and Addresses, Prayers and Hymns.

In 1829, the family's textile business failed.^[8] Martineau, then 27 years old, stepped out of the traditional roles of feminine propriety to earn a living for her family. Along with her needlework, she began selling her articles to the Monthly Repository, earning accolades, including three essay prizes from the Unitarian Association. Her regular work with the Repository helped establish her as a reliable and popular freelance writer.

In Martineau's Autobiography, she reflects on her success as a writer and her father's business failure, which she describes as "one of the best things that ever happened to us". She described how she could then "truly live instead of vegetate".^[9] Her reflection emphasizes her experience with financial responsibility in her life while she writes "[her] fusion of literary and economic narratives".^[14]

Her first commissioned book, Illustrations of Political Economy,^[10] was a fictional tutorial intended to help the general public understand the ideas of Adam Smith. Illustrations was published in February 1832 in an edition of just 1500 copies, since the publisher assumed it would not sell well. Yet it very quickly became highly successful, and would steadily out-sell the work of Charles Dickens. Illustrations was her first work to receive widespread acclaim, and its success served to spread the free-market ideas of Adam Smith and others throughout the British Empire. Martineau then agreed to compose a series of similar monthly stories over a period of two years, the work being hastened by having her brother James also work on the series with her.^[2]

The subsequent works offered fictional tutorials on a range of political economists such as James Mill, Bentham and Ricardo, the latter especially forming her view of rent law. Martineau relied on Malthus to form her view of the tendency of human population to exceed its means of subsistence. However, in stories such as "Weal and Woe in Garvelock", she promoted the idea of population control through what Malthus referred to as "voluntary checks" such as voluntary chastity and delayed marriages.

London and the United States

In the early 19th century, most social institutions and norms were strongly shaped by gender, or the perception of what was appropriate for men versus for women. Writing was no exception; non-fiction works about social, economic and political issues were dominated by men, while limited areas, such as romance fiction, and topics dealing with domesticity were considered to be appropriate for women authors.^[11] Despite these gendered expectations in the literary world, Martineau strongly expressed her opinions on a variety of topics.

In 1832 Martineau moved to London. Among her acquaintances were: Henry Hallam, Harriet Taylor, Alexander Maconochie, Henry Hart Milman, Thomas Malthus, Monckton Milnes, Sydney Smith, John Stuart Mill, Edward Bulwer-Lytton, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Sarah Austin, and Charles Lyell, as well as Jane Welsh Carlyle and Thomas Carlyle. She met Florence Nightingale, Charlotte Brontë, George Eliot and Charles Dickens later on in her literary career.

Until 1834 Martineau was occupied with her brother James on the political economy series, as well as a supplemental series of Poor Laws and Paupers Illustrated and Illustrations of Taxation which was intended to directly influence government policy. About the same time, she published four stories expressing support of the Whig Poor Law reforms. These tales (direct, lucid, written without any appearance of effort, and yet practically effective) display the characteristics of their author's style. Tory paternalists reacted by calling her a Malthusian "who deprecates charity and provision for the poor", while Radicals opposed her to the same degree. Whig high society fêted her.^[12]

In May 1834 Charles Darwin, on his expedition to the Galapagos Islands, received a letter from his sisters saying that Martineau was "now a great Lion in London, much patronized by Ld. Brougham who has set her to write stories on the poor Laws" and recommending Poor Laws and Paupers Illustrated in pamphlet-sized parts. They added that their brother Erasmus "knows her & is a very great admirer & every body reads her little books & if you have a dull hour you can, and then throw them overboard, that they may not take up your precious room".^[13]

In 1834, after completing the economic series, Harriet Martineau paid a long visit to the United States during which she visited a great many people, some little known, others as famous as James Madison, the former US president, at his home at Montpelier.^[14]^[15] She also met numerous abolitionists in Boston and studied the emerging schools for the education of girls. Her support of abolitionism, then widely unpopular across the U.S., caused controversy, which her publication, soon after her return, of Society in America (1837) and How to Observe Morals and Manners (1838), only fuelled. The two books are considered significant contributions to the then-emerging field of sociology.{{Citation needed|date=April 2014}}

In Society in America, Martineau angrily criticised the state of women's education. She wrote,

Her article "The Martyr Age of the United States" (1839), in the Westminster Review, introduced English readers to the struggles of the abolitionists in America several years after Britain had abolished slavery.^[17]

In October 1836, soon after returning from the voyage of the Beagle, Charles Darwin went to London to stay with his brother Erasmus. He found him spending his days "driving out Miss Martineau", who had returned from her trip to the United States. Charles wrote to his sister,

Martineau wrote Deerbrook (1838), a three-volume novel published after her American books. She portrayed a failed love affair between a physician and his sister-in-law. It was considered her most successful novel.^[2] She also wrote The Hour and the Man: An Historical Romance (1839), a three-volume novel about the Haitian slave leader Toussaint L'Ouverture, who contributed to the island nation's gaining independence in 1804.

Newcastle and Tynemouth

In 1839, during a visit to Continental Europe, Martineau was diagnosed with a uterine tumour. She several times visited her brother-in-law, Thomas Michael Greenhow, who was a celebrated doctor in Newcastle upon Tyne, to try to alleviate her symptoms. On the last occasion she stayed for six months in the Greenhow family house at 28 Eldon Square. Immobile and confined to a couch, she was cared for by her mother until purchasing a house and hiring a nurse to aid her.

She next moved downriver to Tynemouth, where she stayed at Mrs Halliday's boarding-house, 57 Front Street, for nearly five years from 16 March 1840. The establishment is still open as a guest house today, now named the "Martineau Guest House" in her honour.^[22]

Martineau wrote at least three books during her illness, and a historical plaque marks this house. A book of short stories for children, The Playfellow, was published in 1841.^[5] In 1844 she published both Crofton Boys, a children's novel, and Life in the Sickroom: Essays by an Invalid, an autobiographical reflection on invalidism.^[23] She wrote Household Education (1848), the handbook on the "proper" way to raise and educate children. Lastly, she began working on her autobiography. Completed much later, it included some hundred pages on this period. Notable visitors included Richard Cobden and Thomas and Jane Carlyle.

At the same time, Martineau turned the traditional patient/doctor relationship on its head by asserting control over her space even in sickness. The sickroom was her space. Life in the Sickroom explained how to regain control even in illness. Alarmed that a woman was suggesting such a position in the power dynamic, critics suggested that, as she was an invalid, her mind must also be sick and the work was not to be taken seriously. British and Foreign Medical Review dismissed Martineau's piece on the same basis as the critics: an ill person cannot write a healthy work. They thought it was unheard of for a woman to suggest being in a position of control, especially in sickness. Instead, the Review recommended that patients follow "unconditional submission" to the advice of doctors.^[24] They disagreed with the idea that Martineau might hold any sort of "authority to Britain's invalids".^[24]

Expecting to remain an invalid for the rest of her life, Martineau delighted in the new freedom of views using her telescope. Across the Tyne was the sandy beach ″where there are frequent wrecks—too interesting to an invalid... and above the rocks, a spreading heath, where I watch troops of boys flying their kites; lovers and friends taking their breezy walks on Sundays..."^[2] She expressed a lyrical view of Tynemouth:

During her illness, she for a second time declined a pension on the civil list, fearing to compromise her political independence. After publication of her letter on the subject, some of her friends raised a small annuity for her soon after.

In 1844 Martineau underwent a course of mesmerism, returning to health after a few months. There was national interest in mesmerism at this time. Also known as 'animal magnetism', it can be defined as a "loosely grouped set of practices in which one person influenced another through a variety of personal actions, or through the direct influence of one mind on another mind. Mesmerism was designed to make invisible forces augment the mental powers of the mesmeric object."^[24] She eventually published an account of her case in sixteen Letters on Mesmerism, which caused much discussion. Her work led to friction with "the natural prejudices of a surgeon and a surgeon's wife" (i.e., her brother-in-law, Thomas Michael Greenhow and her sister, Elizabeth Greenhow, née Martineau).

Ambleside – views on religion, philosophical atheism, and Darwin

In 1845 she left Tynemouth for Ambleside in the Lake District, where she designed herself and oversaw the construction of the house called The Knoll, Ambleside, where she spent the greater part of her later life.^[25] In 1845 she published three volumes of Forest and Game Law Tales. In 1846, she resided with her elderly mother, Elizabeth, in Birmingham for some time,^[26] following which she then toured Egypt, Palestine and Syria with some friends. On her return she published Eastern Life, Present and Past (1848), in which she reports a breakthrough realization standing on a prominence looking out across the Nile and desert to the tombs of the dead, where "the deceased crossed the living valley and river" to "the caves of the death region" where Osiris the supreme judge "is to give the sign of acceptance or condemnation" (Eastern Life, Present and Past, Complete in One Volume, Philadelphia, 1848, p. 48). Her summary: "the mortuary ideas of the primitive Egyptians, and through them, of the civilized world at large, have been originated by the everlasting conflict of the Nile and the Desert".

This epiphany changed the course of her life.^[27] Eastern Life expressed her concept that, as humanity passed through one after another of the world's historic religions, the conception of the deity and of divine government became at each step more and more abstract and indefinite. She believed the ultimate goal to be philosophic atheism, but did not explicitly say so in the book. She described ancient tombs, "the black pall of oblivion" set against the paschal "puppet show" in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and noted that Christian beliefs in reward and punishment were based on and similar to heathen superstitions. Describing an ancient Egyptian tomb, she wrote, "How like ours were his life and death!... Compare him with a retired naval officer made country gentleman in our day, and in how much less do they differ than agree!" The book's "infidel tendency" was too much for the publisher John Murray, who rejected it. Martineau's biographer, Florence Fenwick Miller, wrote that "all her best moral and intellectual faculties were exerted, and their action becomes visible, at one page or another" of this work.^[28]

Martineau wrote Household Education in 1848, lamenting the state of women's education. She believed women had a natural inclination to motherhood and believed domestic work went hand in hand with academia for a proper, well-rounded education. She stated, "I go further than most persons... in desiring thorough practice in domestic occupations, from an early age, for young girls".^[2] She proposed that freedom and rationality, rather than command and obedience, are the most effectual instruments of education.

Her interest in schemes of instruction led her to start a series of lectures, addressed at first to the school children of Ambleside, but afterward extended to their parents at the request of the adults. The subjects were sanitary principles and practice, the histories of England and North America, and the scenes of her Eastern travels. At the request of the publisher Charles Knight, in 1849 she wrote The History of the Thirty Years' Peace, 1816–1846, an excellent popular history from the point of view of a "philosophical Radical". Martineau spanned a wide variety of subject matter in her writing and did so with more assertiveness than was expected of women at the time. She has been described as having an "essentially masculine nature".^[2] It was commonly thought that a "progressive" woman, in being progressive, was improperly emulating the qualities of a man.

Martineau's work included a widely used guide book to the Lake District, A Complete Guide to the English Lakes, published in 1855 and in its 4th edition by 1876.^[29]^[30] This served as the definitive guidebook for the area for 25 years, effectively replacing the earlier guide by William Wordsworth, and continued in common usage until the publication of Baddeley's Thorough Guide to the English Lake District in 1880.

Martineau edited a volume of Letters on the Laws of Man's Nature and Development, published in March 1851. Its epistolary form is based on correspondence between her and the self-styled scientist Henry G. Atkinson. She expounded the doctrine of philosophical atheism, which she thought the tendency of human belief . She did not deny a first cause but declared it unknowable. She and Atkinson thought they affirmed man's moral obligation. Atkinson was a zealous exponent of mesmerism. The prominence given to the topics of mesmerism and clairvoyance heightened the general disapproval of the book. Literary London was outraged by its mesmeric evolutionary atheism, and the book caused a lasting division between Martineau, her beloved brother, James who had become a Unitarian cleric, and some of her friends.

From 1852 to 1866, she contributed regularly to the Daily News, writing sometimes six leaders a week. She wrote over 1600 articles for the paper in total.^[5] It also published her Letters from Ireland, written during a visit to that country in the summer of 1852. For many years she was a contributor to the Westminster Review; in 1854 she was among financial supporters who prevented its closing down.

Martineau believed she was psychosomatic; this medical belief of the times related the uterus to emotions and hysteria. She had symptoms of hysteria in her loss of taste and smell. Her partial deafness throughout life may have contributed to her problems. Various people, including the maid, her brother,^[24] and Spencer T. Hall (a notable mesmerist) performed mesmerism on her. Some historians attribute her apparent recovery from symptoms to a shift in the positioning of her tumor so that it no longer obstructed other organs. As the physical improvements were the first signs of healing she had in five years and happened at the same time of her first mesmeric treatment, Martineau confidentially credited mesmerism with her "cure".^[2]

She continued her political activism during the late 1850s and 1860s. She supported the Married Women's Property Bill and in 1856 signed a petition for it organised by Barbara Bodichon. She also pushed for licensed prostitution and laws that addressed the customers rather than the women. She supported women's suffrage and signed Bodichon's petition in its favour in 1866.

In the early part of 1855, Martineau was suffering from heart disease. She began to write her autobiography, as she expected her life to end. Completing the book rapidly in three months, she postponed its publication until after her death, and lived another two decades. It was published posthumously in 1877.^[2]

When Darwin's book The Origin of Species was published in 1859, his brother Erasmus sent a copy to his old flame Harriet Martineau. At age 58, she was still reviewing from her home in the Lake District. From her "snow landscape", Martineau sent her thanks, adding that she had previously praised

Economics and social sciences

Harriet Martineau propounds political economic theories in Illustrations of Political Economy. She is seen as a frontrunner who merges fiction and economy in a time period when "fiction claimed authority over emotional knowledge, while economics claimed authority over empirical knowledge".^[31] Moreover, Martineau's text sets the stage for women to enter into economics. For example, Dalley Lana explains that "by bringing the topic of domestic economy to bear on political economy, Martineau places women more centrally within economic theory and practice. In this context, women – as readers of the Illustrations and as characters with the tales – are not only rendered a part of larger-scale economics but also (because of their participation) encourage to learn the principles of political economy."^[32]

As early as 1831, Martineau wrote on the subject "Political Economy" (as the field of economics was then known). Her goal was to popularise and illustrate the principles of laissez faire capitalism, though she made no claim to original theorising.

Martineau's reflections on Society in America, published in 1837, are prime examples of her sociological methods. Her ideas in this field were set out in her 1838 book How to Observe Morals and Manners. She believed that some very general social laws influence the life of any society, including the principle of progress, the emergence of science as the most advanced product of human intellectual endeavour, and the significance of population dynamics and the natural physical environment.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}

Death

Harriet Martineau died of bronchitis^[5] at "The Knoll" on 27 June 1876. She was buried alongside her mother in Key Hill Cemetery, Hockley, Birmingham. The following April, at Bracondale, her cousin's estate, much of Martineau's extensive art collection was sold at auction.^[34]

Memorial

Her name is listed on the east face of the Reformers Memorial in Kensal Green cemetery in London.

Legacy

She left an autobiographical sketch to be published by the Daily News, in which she wrote:^[35]

In 1877 her autobiography was published. It was rare for a woman to publish such a work, let alone one secular in nature. Her book was regarded as dispassionate, "philosophic to the core" in its perceived masculinity, and a work of necessitarianism. She deeply explored childhood experiences and memories, expressing feelings of having been deprived of her mother's affection, as well as strong devotion to her brother James Martineau, a theologian.^[2]

Anthony Giddens and Simon Griffiths argue that Martineau is a neglected founder of sociology and that she remains important today. She taught that study of the society must include all its aspects, including key political, religious and social institutions, and she insisted on the need to include the lives of women. She was the first sociologist to study such issues as marriage, children, religious life, and race relations. Finally, she called on sociologists to do more than just observe, but also work to benefit the society.^[33]

In February 2014, it was reported that London's National Portrait Gallery held several portraits of Harriet, whose great nephew, Francis Martineau Lupton, was the great–great–grandfather of Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, the gallery's patron.^[36] Harriet was close to her niece Frances Lupton, who worked to open up educational opportunities for women.^[37]

Bibliography

Books

Letters

A large number of letters of Harriet Martineau are held in the University of Birmingham's Special Collections.

See also

Notes

1. ^Hill, Michael R. (2002) [https://books.google.com/books?id=qyzyUpMfh24C&printsec=frontcover Harriet Martineau: Theoretical and Methodological Perspectives]. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-94528-3}}
2. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵{{cite journal|last=Postlethwaite|first=Diana|title=Mothering and Mesmerism in the Life of Harriet Martineau|work= Signs |volume= 14 |issue = 3 |date= Spring 1989|pages =583–609|publisher=University of Chicago Press|jstor=3174403 |doi=10.1086/494525}}
3. ^{{cite book|last=Martineau|first=Harriet|title=Harriet Martineau's Autobiography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3_fRgeg_-UC&pg=PA81 |volume=3 |year=1877|publisher=Cambridge University Press|accessdate=10 February 2013|quote=How delighted the Princess Victoria was with my 'Series' |pages= 79–80}}
4. ^{{cite web|last=Wilson|first=Christopher|title=The Benefits of a feminist in the Family|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/kate-middleton/8374204/The-benefits-of-a-feminist-in-the-family.html|work=The Benefits of a Feminist in the Family |accessdate=10 February 2013}}
5. ^¹²³http://spartacus-educational.com/Wmartineau.htm
6. ^{{cite book|last1=Martineau |first1=Harriet |title=Autobiography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDtjXkIid44C&pg=PA660 |publisher=Broadview Press |date=2007 |page=49 |editor-first=Linda H. |editor-last=Peterson |accessdate=29 September 2013}}
7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Ronalds|first=B.F.|date=February 2018|title=Peter Finch Martineau and his Son|url=|journal=The Martineau Society Newsletter|volume=41|pages=10–19|via=}}
8. ^http://armitt.com/armitt_website/harriet-martineau-armitt-museum-and-library-cumbri/
9. ^Martineau, Harriet. From "Autobiography" The Norton Anthology of English Literature Eighth Edition Volume E: The Victorian Age. Ed. Stephen Greenblatt. New York: Norton, 2006. 1589–92.
10. ^Full text at The Online Library of Liberty
11. ^{{cite book|last=Logan|first=Deborah Anne|title=The Hour and the Woman: Harriet Martineau's Somewhat Remarkable Life|year=2002|publisher=Northern Illinois University Press|location=Dekalb, Illinois|isbn=0-87580-297-4}}
12. ^¹{{cite journal|last=Bell|first=H.I.|title=Letters of Harriet Martineau|journal=The British Museum Quarterley|year=1932|volume=7|issue=1|pages=21–22|jstor=4421387}}
13. ^{{Cite web | title = Letter 224; Darwin, C. S. to Darwin, C. R., 28 Oct [1833] | url = http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-224 | publisher =Darwin Correspondence Project | accessdate = 19 December 2011 }}
14. ^McCoy, Drew R. The Last of the Fathers: James Madison and the Republican Legacy (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1989), p. 252
15. ^[https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=%22The+whole+Bible+is+against+Negro+slavery%2C+but+that+the+clergy+do+not+preach+this%2C+and+the+people+do+not+see+it.%22 The Westminster Review] (1837)
16. ^{{Cite journal |title = Banishing panic: Harriet Martineau and the popularization of political economy.|last = Freedgood|first = Elaine|date = 1995|journal = Victorian Studies |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=33–53|jstor=3829415|doi = |pmid = }}
17. ^[https://archive.org/details/martyrageofunite00martrich Harriet Martineau, "The Martyr Age of the United States"], 1839, Internet Archive. Retrieved 19 May 2012
18. ^{{Cite web | title = Letter 321; Darwin, C. R. to Darwin, C. S., (9 Nov 1836) | url = http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-321 | publisher =Darwin Correspondence Project | accessdate = 18 December 2011 }}
19. ^¹{{harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|p=205}}
20. ^{{Cite web | title = Letter 325; Darwin, C. R. to Darwin, C. S., (7 Dec 1836) | url = http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-325 | publisher = Darwin Correspondence Project | accessdate = 18 December 2011 }}
21. ^{{Cite web | title = Letter 407; Darwin, C. R. to Darwin, S. E., (1 Apr 1838) | url = http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-407 | publisher = Darwin Correspondence Project | accessdate = 18 December 2011 }}
22. ^{{cite web|title=Martineau Guest House|url=http://www.martineau-house.co.uk/|accessdate=9 May 2017}}
23. ^{{Cite book |last= |first=|year=1844 |title=Life in the Sickroom: Essays by an Invalid |publisher=Edward Moxon |place=London|edition= 2 |page= |url=https://archive.org/stream/lifeinsickroome01martgoog#page/n8/mode/2up |accessdate=14 June 2016 |via= Internet Archive}}
24. ^¹²³⁴{{cite journal|authorlink1=Alison Winter|last=Winter|first=Alison|title=Harriet Martineau and the Reform of the Invalid in Victorian England|journal=The Historical Journal|date=September 1995|volume=38|issue=3|pages=597–616|jstor=264004|doi=10.1017/s0018246x00019993}}
25. ^From Ambleside she made two interesting contributions to The Zoist: A Journal of Cerebral Physiology & Mesmerism, and Their Applications to Human Welfare, relating to mesmerism: the first, a letter (dated 19 August 1850) describing her mesmeric treatment of one of her cows: "Mesmeric Cure of a Cow", [https://books.google.com/books?id=ueRXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA300 Vol. 8, No. 31 (October 1850), pp. 300–03]; and the second, also a letter (dated 23 October 1850), describing the angry visit of the veterinarian who had previously tried (in vain) to treat her dangerously ill cow (which was now quite well), on his hearing the news of its recovery: "Distressing effects in a Doctor upon the removal of a Disease from a Cow with Mesmerism", [https://books.google.com/books?id=ueRXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA333#v=onepage&q&f=false Vol. 8, No. 32 (January 1851), pp. 333–37].
26. ^{{cite book|last1=H. Peterson|first1=Linda|title=Autobiography – Harriet Martineau|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bdxHAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT778|publisher=Broadview Press 2007|accessdate=14 June 2013|quote=Harriet visited Birmingham to see her mother, Elizabeth, in 1846. At that time, Harriet's brother, Robert, was Mayor of Birmingham.}}
27. ^{{cite book|last=Relph|first=Lyn Paul|title=Our Experience, Ourselves|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqL8AwAAQBAJ&pg=PP211|accessdate=11 June 2017|date=November 2012|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=9781300350941|pages=211–213}}
28. ^Fenwick 1884, p. 109
29. ^¹{{cite book |title=A Complete Guide to the English Lakes |last=Martineau |first=Harriet |url=https://archive.org/stream/completeguidetoe1855mart#page/n7/mode/2up |date=nd |location=Windermere |publisher=John Garnett |via=Archive.org}}
30. ^reviewed in the Westmorland Gazette, Saturday 8 July 1871, p. 3, column 1
31. ^{{Cite book|title = Making a Social Body: British Cultural Formation 1830–1864.|last = Poovey|first = Mary|publisher = Chicago: University of Chicago Press|year = 1995|isbn = |location = |pages = 132–33}}
32. ^¹{{Cite web|url = http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=lana-l-dalley-on-martineaus-illustrations-of-political-economy-1832-34|title = On Martineau's Illustrations of Political Economy, 1832–34|date = |accessdate = 30 November 2015|website = BRANCH: Britain, Representation|publisher = |last = Dalley|first = Lana L.}}
33. ^¹{{cite book|author1=Anthony Giddens|author2=Simon Griffiths|title=Sociology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vbu2gis26C0C&pg=PA20|year=2006|publisher=Polity|page=20}}
34. ^{{cite news |work=The San Francisco News Letter and California Advertiser |date=21 April 1877 |department=What the World Says |title=The Late Miss Harriet Martineau |url=http://www.mocavo.com/S-F-News-Letter-1877-Volume-27/299380/275 |accessdate=4 October 2014}}
35. ^{{cite book|author=Harriet Martineau|editor=Maria Weston Chapman|title=Harriet Martineau's Autobiography:|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPoNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA572|year=1877|page=572}}
36. ^{{cite web|last=Furness|first=Hannah|title=Duchess of Cambridge visits National Portrait Gallery, home to little-known Middleton family paintings.|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/kate-middleton/10631996/Duchess-of-Cambridge-visits-National-Portrait-Gallery-home-of-little-known-Middleton-family-paintings.html|date=11 February 2014 |page= 3|work=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=14 March 2014}}
37. ^{{cite web|last1=Edited by Elisabeth Sanders Arbuckle|first1=Harriet Martineau|title=Harriet Martineau's Letters to Fanny Wedgwood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yR2rAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA154|publisher=Stanford University Press | page= 150 |date= 1 January 1983|accessdate=15 May 2015|quote=(May 1857) My (H. Martineau) niece, Mrs (Frances) Lupton and her husband came for two days}}