| 词条 | Harvard Medical School |
| 释义 |
| name = Harvard Medical School | image = Harvard Medical School shield.svg | image_size = 150px | image_alt = | caption = Coat of arms of Harvard Medical School | | motto_eng = | established = {{start date|1782|9|19}} | closed = | type = Medical school | parent = Harvard University | affiliation = [https://hms.harvard.edu/about-hms/hms-affiliates See list for affiliations] | city = Boston | state = Massachusetts | country = United States | coor = {{coord|42.335743|N|71.105138|W|type:edu|display=title}} | dean = George Q. Daley | director = | head_label = | head = | faculty = 12,426 | students = | undergrad = | postgrad = | doctoral =Totals:
| alumni = 9,813 | symbol = | website = {{URL|http://hms.harvard.edu/}} | logo = | footnotes = | embedded = }} Harvard Medical School (HMS) is the graduate medical school of Harvard University. It is located in the Longwood Medical Area of the Mission Hill neighborhood in Boston, Massachusetts. Founded in 1782, HMS is one of the oldest medical schools in the United States[1] and is consistently ranked 1st among research-oriented medical schools by U.S. News and World Report.[1] Unlike most other leading medical schools, HMS does not operate in conjunction with a single hospital but is directly affiliated with several teaching hospitals in the Boston area.[2] The HMS faculty comprises of approximately 2,900 full- and part-time voting faculty members consisting of assistant, associate, and full professors, and over 5,000 full- and part-time, non-voting instructors. The majority of the faculty receive their appointments through an affiliated teaching hospital. HistoryHarvard Medical School was founded on September 19, 1782 after President Joseph Willard presented a report with plans for a medical school to the fellows and the president of Harvard College. It is the third-oldest medical school in the United States, founded after the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. The founding faculty members of Harvard Medical School were John Warren, Benjamin Waterhouse, and [https://hms.harvard.edu/about-hms/history-hms Aaron Dexter].[1] Lectures were first held in the basement of Harvard Hall and then later in Holden Chapel. Students paid no tuition, but purchased tickets to five or six daily lectures.[1][3] The first two students graduated in 1788.[4] In the following century, the medical school moved locations several times due to changing clinical relationships; a function of the fact that Harvard Medical School does not directly operate or own a teaching hospital.[5] In 1810 the school moved to Boston at what is now downtown Washington Street. In 1816 the school was moved to Mason Street and was called the Massachusetts Medical College of Harvard University in recognition of a gift from the Great and General Court of Massachusetts. In 1847, the school was moved to Mason Street to be closer to Massachusetts General Hospital. In 1883 the school was relocated to Copley Square.[6] Prior to this move, Charles William Eliot became Harvard's president in 1869 and found the medical school in the worst condition of any part of the university. He instituted drastic reforms that included raised admissions standards, formal degree program, and defined it as a professional school within Harvard University that laid the groundwork for its transformation into one of the leading medical schools in the world.[3] In 1906, the medical school moved to its current location in the Longwood Medical Area. The Longwood campus's five original marble-faced buildings of the quadrangle are used for laboratories, amphitheaters, and research space.[7][8] InnovationsHarvard Medical School faculty have been associated with a number of important medical and public-health innovations:{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}} {{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
}} Broadening admissionsWomen| direction = vertical | width = 235 | image1 = Massachusetts Medical College ca1824 MasonSt Boston.png | alt1 = Massachusetts Medical College at Mason St. (Old building) | caption1 = Massachusetts Medical College at Mason St. (Old building) | image2 = Harvard Medical School HDR.jpg | alt2 = Harvard Medical School quadrangle in Longwood Medical Area. | caption2 = Harvard Medical School quadrangle in Longwood Medical Area. In mid-1847, Professor Walter Channing's proposal that women be admitted to lectures and examinations was rejected by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Nonetheless, Harriot Kezia Hunt was soon after given permission to attend medical lectures, but in 1850 this permission was withdrawn. In 1866 two women with extensive medical education elsewhere applied but were denied admission. In 1867 a single faculty member's vote blocked the admission of Susan Dimock. In 1872 Harvard declined a gift of $10,000 conditioned on medical school admitting women medical students on the same term as men. A similar offer of $50,000, by group of ten women including Marie Elizabeth Zakrzewska, was declined in 1882, a committee of five was appointed to study the matter. After the medical school moved from North Grove Street to Boylston Street in 1883, professor Henry Ingersoll Bowditch's proposal that the North Grove Street premises be used for medical education for women was rejected. In 1943 a dean's committee recommended the admission of women, the proportion of men and women being dependent solely on the qualifications of the applicants.[10] In 1945, the first class of women was admitted; projected benefits included helping male students learn to view women as equals, increasing the number of physicians in lower-paid specialties typically shunned by men, and replacing the weakest third of all-male classes with better-qualified women.[11] By 1972 about one fifth of Harvard medical students were women.[10] African-AmericansIn 1850 two black men, Daniel Laing, Jr. and Isaac H. Snowden, were admitted to the school, but they were later expelled under pressure from faculty, and other students, who objected. In 1968, in response to a petition signed by hundreds of medical students, the faculty established a commission on relations with the black community in Boston; at the time less than one percent of Harvard medical students were black. By 1973 the number of black students admitted had tripled, and by the next year it had quadrupled.[10] Medical curriculumHarvard Medical School has gone through many curricular revisions for its MD program. In recent decades, HMS has maintained a three-phase curriculum with a classroom based pre-clerkship phase, a principal clinical experience (PCE), and a post-PCE phase.[12] The pre-clerkship phase has two curricular tracks. The majority of students enter in the more traditional Pathways track that focuses on active learning and earlier entry into the clinic with courses that include students from the Harvard School of Dental Medicine. Pathways students early gain exposure to the clinic through a longitudinal clinical skills course that lasts the duration of the pre-clerkship phase. A small portion of each class enter in the HST track, which is jointly administered with MIT. The HST track is designed to train physician-scientists with emphasis on basic physiology and quantitative understanding of biological processes through courses that include PhD students from MIT. AdmissionsAdmission to Harvard Medical School's MD program is highly selective. There are 165 total spots for each incoming class, with 135 spots in the Pathways curriculum and 30 spots in the HST program.[13] While both use a single application, each curricular track independently evaluates applicants. For the Class of 2022, roughly 7,000 candidates applied and fewer than 900 were interviewed. Approximately 3.4 percent of applicants were offered positions in the incoming class with a 72% matriculation rate.[14] Affiliate teaching hospitalsHarvard Medical School does not directly own or operate any hospitals and instead relies on affiliate hospitals for clinical education and patient care. While medical students can spend time at any of the affiliate centers, they primarily complete their clinical experiences at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge Health Alliance, or Massachusetts General Hospital.[15] {{columns-list|colwidth=19em|
}} Notable alumni{{multiple issues|{{Cleanup|reason=criteria for list are lacking in Talk and text, degree of description is widely variable and essentially without citation, suggesting something of a dumping ground—see number of academics, appearance of many others where notability is dubious or not clearly established—based on widely varying individual editor criteria |date=March 2015}}{{Cleanup list|section|date=March 2015}}}}{{AlumniStart}}{{Alum |name=Andrea Ackerman |year= |nota= artist |ref= }}{{Alum |name=John R. Adler |year=1980 |nota= academic |ref=[16] }}{{Alum |name=Robert B. Aird |year= |nota= academic |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Tenley Albright |year= |nota= figure skater |ref=}}{{Alum |name=David Altshuler |year= |nota= geneticist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Harold Amos |year= |nota= microbiologist |ref=[17]}}{{Alum |name=William French Anderson |year= |nota= geneticist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Christian B. Anfinsen |year= |nota= biochemist, Nobel laureate |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Paul S. Appelbaum |year=1976 |nota= academic |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Jerry Avorn |year= |nota= academic |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Babak Azizzadeh |year= |nota= Facial surgery specialist and surgeon for Mary Jo Buttafuoco after she was shot by Amy Fisher in 1992. |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Arie S. Belldegrun |year= |nota= director of the UCLA Institute of Urologic Oncology and is Professor and Chief of Urologic Oncology at the David Geffen School of Medicine |ref=[18]}}{{Alum |name=Rebecka Belldegrun |year= |nota= ophthalmologist and businesswoman |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Herbert Benson |year= |nota= cardiologist, author of The Relaxation Response |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Ira Black |year= |nota= neuroscientist and stem cell researcher who served as the first director of the Stem Cell Institute of New Jersey. |ref=[19]}}{{Alum |name=Roscoe Brady |year= |nota= biochemist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Eugene Brody |year=1944 |nota=psychiatrist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Henry Bryant |year= |nota= physician |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Yōichi Takahashi |year= |nota= physician, music composer |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Rafael Campo |year= |nota= poet |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Ethan Canin |year= |nota= author |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Walter Bradford Cannon |year= |nota= physiologist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=William B. Castle |year= |nota= hematologist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=George C. S. Choate |year= |nota= physician |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Gilbert Chu |year= |nota= physician, biochemist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Aram Chobanian |year= |nota= President of Boston University (2003–2005) |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Stanley Cobb |year= |nota= neurologist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Ernest Codman |year= |nota= physician |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Albert Coons |year= |nota= physician, immunologist, Lasker Award winner |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Michael Crichton |year= |nota= author |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Harvey Cushing |year= |nota= neurosurgeon |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Elliott Cutler |year= |nota= surgeon |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Hallowell Davis (1896–1992) |year= |nota= researcher of hearing, contributor to the invention of the electroencephalograph. |ref=[20]}}{{Alum |name=Martin Delany |year= |nota= One of the first African Americans to attend, and the first African-American field officer in the US; expelled after a faculty vote to end the admission of blacks. |ref=[21]}}{{Alum |name=Fe del Mundo |year= |nota= pediatrician, first Filipino and possibly first woman admitted to HMS (1936) |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Allan S. Detsky |year= |nota= physician |ref=}}{{Alum |name=James Madison DeWolf |year= |nota= soldier; physician |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Peter Diamandis |year= |nota= entrepreneur |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Daniel DiLorenzo |year= |nota= entrepreneur; neurosurgeon; inventor |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Thomas Dwight |year= |nota= anatomist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Lawrence Eron |year= |nota= infectious disease physician |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Edward Evarts |year= |nota= neuroscientist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Sidney Farber |year= |nota= pathologist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Paul Farmer |year= |nota= infectious disease physician; global health |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Jonathan Fielding |year= |nota= past president American College of Preventive Medicine; health administrator; academic |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Harvey V. Fineberg |year= |nota= academic administrator |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Elliott S. Fisher |year= 1981 |nota= director of The Dartmouth Institute |ref=}}{{Alum |name=John "Honey Fitz" Fitzgerald |year= |nota= Mayor of Boston (1906–08; 1910–14) |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Thomas Fitzpatrick |year= |nota= dermatologist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Judah Folkman |year= |nota= scientist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Irwin Freedberg |year=1956 |nota= dermatologist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Bill Frist |year= |nota= U.S. Senator (1995–2007) |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Atul Gawande |year= |nota= surgeon, author |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Charles Brenton Huggins |year= |nota= physician; physiologist; Nobel laureate |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Laurie H. Glimcher |year=1976 |nota= President and CEO, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute |ref=}}{{Alum |name=George Lincoln Goodale |year= |nota= botanist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Robert Goldwyn |year= |nota= surgeon, editor-in-chief of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery for 25 years |ref=[22]}}{{Alum |name=Ernest Gruening |year= |nota= Governor of the Alaska Territory (1939–53); U.S. Senator (1959–69) |ref=}}{{Alum |name=I. Kathleen Hagen |year= |nota= Murder suspect |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Dean Hamer |year= |nota= geneticist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Alice Hamilton |year= |nota= first female faculty member at Harvard Medical School. |ref=}}{{Alum |name=J. Hartwell Harrison |year= |nota= surgeon - first kidney transplant, editor-in-chief of Campbell's Urology (4th ed.) |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Michael R. Harrison |year= |nota= pediatrician |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Bernadine Healy |year= |nota= Director of the National Institutes of Health (1991–93); CEO of the American Red Cross (1999–2001) |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Ronald A. Heifetz |year= |nota= academic |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Lawrence Joseph Henderson |year= |nota= biochemist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Edward H. Hill |year=1867 |nota= founder of Central Maine Medical Center |ref=[23]}}{{Alum |name=David Ho |year= |nota= infectious disease physician |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. |year= |nota= physician; poet |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Sachin H. Jain |year=2008 |nota= CEO, CareMore Health System; Obama administration official |ref=}}{{Alum |name=William James |year= |nota= philosopher |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Mildred Fay Jefferson Pro |year= |nota=Life Activist; first African American woman to graduate from Harvard Medical School. |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Clay Johnston |year= |nota=Dean of the Dell Medical School at UT Austin |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Elliott P. Joslin |year= |nota= diabetolologist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Nathan Cooley Keep |year= |nota= physician who founded the Harvard School of Dental Medicine |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Jonny Kim |year= |nota= Navy SEAL, ER physician, Astronaut |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Jim Kim |year= |nota= physician, global health leader, current President of the World Bank |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Melvin Konner |year= |nota= author and biological anthropologist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Peter D. Kramer |year=1976 |nota= psychiatrist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Charles Krauthammer |year=1975 |nota= columnist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Daniel Laing, Jr. |year= |nota= One of the first African Americans to attend, and one of the first African American physicians; expelled after a faculty vote to end the admission of blacks, but finished his degree elsewhere. |ref=[21]}}{{Alum |name=Theodore K. Lawless |year= |nota= dermatologist, medical researcher, and philanthropist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Philip J. Landrigan |year= |nota= epidemiologist and pediatrician |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Aristides Leão |year= |nota= biologist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Philip Leder |year= |nota= geneticist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Simon LeVay |year= |nota= neuroscientist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Pam Ling |year= |nota= castmate on San Francisco |ref=[24]}}{{Alum |name=Joseph Lovell |year= |nota= Surgeon General of the U.S. Army (1818–36) |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Karl Menninger |year= |nota= psychiatrist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=John S. Meyer |year= |nota= physician |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Randell Mills |year= |nota= scientist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Vamsi Mootha |year= |nota= systems biologist and geneticist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Siddhartha Mukherjee |year= |nota= physician, author |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Joseph Murray |year= |nota= surgeon |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Joel Mark Noe |year= |nota= plastic surgeon |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Amos Nourse |year= |nota= U.S. Senator (1857) |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Borna Nyaoke-Anoke |year= |nota= AIDS researcher |ref= [25] }}{{Alum |name=David Page |year= |nota= biologist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Hiram Polk |year= |nota= academic |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Geoffrey Potts |year= |nota= academic |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Morton Prince |year= |nota= neurologist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Alexander Rich |year= |nota= biophysicist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Oswald Hope Robertson |year= |nota= medical scientist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Richard Starr Ross |year= |nota= Dean Emeritus of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, Former President of the American Heart Association. |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Wilfredo Santa-Gómez |year= |nota= author |ref=}}{{Alum |name=George E. Shambaugh, Jr. |year= |nota=Otolaryngologist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Alfred Sommer |year= |nota= academic |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Philip Solomon (psychiatrist) |year= |nota= academic |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Paul Spangler |year= |nota= Naval surgeon and record-setting Senior Long distance runner |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Samuel L. Stanley |year= |nota= 5th President of Stony Brook University, academic, physician, biomedical researcher |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Jill Stein |year=1979 |nota= physician; activist; politician |ref=[26]}}{{Alum |name=Felicia Stewart |year= |nota= physician |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Lubert Stryer |year= |nota= academic; coauthor of Biochemistry |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Yellapragada Subbarow |year= |nota= biochemist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=James B. Sumner |year= |nota= chemist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Orvar Swenson |year=1937 |nota= pediatric surgeon; performed first surgery for Hirschsprung's disease |ref=[27]}}{{Alum |name=Helen B. Taussig |year= |nota= cardiologist; helped develop Blalock–Taussig shunt |ref=}}{{Alum |name=John Templeton, Jr. |year= |nota= president of the John Templeton Foundation |ref=}}{{Alum |name=E. Donnall Thomas |year= |nota= physician |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Lewis Thomas |year= |nota= essayist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Abby Howe Turner |year= |nota= academic |ref=}}{{Alum |name=George Eman Vaillant |year= |nota= psychiatrist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Mark Vonnegut |year= |nota= author; pediatrician |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Joseph Warren |year= |nota= soldier |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Andrew Weil |year= |nota= proponent of alternative medicine and integrative medicine |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Paul Dudley White |year= |nota= cardiologist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Robert J. White |year= |nota= neurosurgeon (Performed first monkey head transplant in the 1970s) |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Patrisha Zobel de Ayala |year= |nota= Chairman of World Medical Association, surgeon, anesthesiologist, neurologist, medical researcher |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Charles F. Winslow |year= |nota= early atomic theorist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Leonard Wood |year= |nota= Chief of Staff of the United States Army ; Governor-General of the Philippines |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Louis Tompkins Wright |year= |nota= researcher, practitioner, first black Fellow of the American College of Surgeons, |ref=[28]}}{{Alum |name=David Wu |year= |nota= Member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1999–2011) |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Jeffries Wyman |year= |nota= anatomist |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Alfred Worcester |year= |nota= general practitioner |ref=}}{{Alum |name=Patrick Tyrance |year=1997 |nota= Orthopedic surgeon and former Academic All American linebacker, for the Nebraska Cornhuskers football and picked by the Los Angeles Rams in the 1991 NFL draft |ref=}}[29][30]{{AlumniEnd}} See also{{Portal|Boston|Massachusetts|University}}{{div col|colwidth=20em|small=yes}}
References1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/harvard-university-04047|title=US News Harvard University|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 2. ^https://hms.harvard.edu/about-hms/hms-affiliates 3. ^1 {{Cite book|url=|title=The Development of Harvard University since the inauguration of President Eliot, 1869-1929|last=Morison|first=Samuel Eliot|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1930|isbn=|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|pages=555–594 & Preface}} 4. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=https://hms.harvard.edu/about-hms/history-hms|title=The History of HMS|website=hms.harvard.edu}} 5. ^https://medstudenthandbook.hms.harvard.edu/history-harvard-medicine 6. ^https://hms.harvard.edu/about-hms/history-hms 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://hms.harvard.edu/public/history/history.html|title=Harvard Medical School — History|accessdate=February 25, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505174638/http://hms.harvard.edu/public/history/history.html|archive-date=May 5, 2007|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.countway.harvard.edu/archives/historyNotes.shtml|title=Countway Medical Library — Records Management — Historical Notes|accessdate=February 25, 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060901175511/http://www.countway.harvard.edu/archives/historyNotes.shtml |archivedate = September 1, 2006}} 9. ^{{Cite news|url=https://medstudenthandbook.hms.harvard.edu/history-harvard-medicine|title=History of Harvard Medicine|access-date=August 4, 2017|language=en}} 10. ^1 2 {{Cite book|title=Medicine at Harvard : the first three hundred years|last=Beecher|first=Henry Knowles|publisher=University Press of New England|year=1977|isbn=|location=Hanover, N.H.|pages=460–481}} 11. ^{{cite report|url=http://repository.countway.harvard.edu/xmlui/handle/10473/1782|title=First class of women admitted to Harvard Medical School, 1945|publisher=Countway Repository, Harvard University Library|accessdate=May 2, 2016}} 12. ^https://meded.hms.harvard.edu/md-program 13. ^https://meded.hms.harvard.edu/admissions-at-a-glance 14. ^https://hms.harvard.edu/news/white-coat-welcome 15. ^https://meded.hms.harvard.edu/pathways 16. ^{{Cite web| title = John R. Adler, MD {{!}} Stanford Medicine| author =| work = med.stanford.edu| date =| accessdate = March 26, 2015| url = https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/john-adler| language = | quote =}} 17. ^{{cite web | url=http://articles.latimes.com/2003/mar/08/local/me-passings8.2 | title=Dr. Harold Amos, 84; Mentor to Aspiring Minority Physicians | accessdate=April 11, 2018 | date=March 8, 2003 | work=Los Angeles Times}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://people.healthsciences.ucla.edu/institution/personnel?personnel_id=8731 |title=Arie Belldegrun M.D. | David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA |publisher=People.healthsciences.ucla.edu |date= |accessdate=June 27, 2013}} 19. ^Pearce, Jeremy. [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/12/nyregion/12black.html "Dr. Ira B. Black, 64, Leader in New Jersey Stem Cell Effort, Dies"], The New York Times, January 12, 2006. Retrieved August 13, 2009. 20. ^Saxon, Wolfgang. [https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/10/us/hallowell-davis-96-an-explorer-who-charted-the-inner-ear-dies.html "Hallowell Davis, 96, an Explorer Who Charted the Inner Ear, Dies"], New York Times, September 10, 1992. Accessed July 19, 2010. 21. ^1 {{citation |last=Menand |first=Louis |authorlink=Louis Menand |title=A Story of Ideas in America |location=New York |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=0-374-52849-7 |year=2001 |pages=7–9}} 22. ^Murray, Joseph E. M.D., Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, October 2004, Volume 114, accessed March 20, 2011. 23. ^Howard Atwood Kelly, Walter Lincoln Burrage, American Medical Biographies (1920) pg. 527 https://books.google.com/books?id=SIRIAQAAMAAJ 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/dyn/realworld-season3/cast_member/cast_member.jhtml?personalityId=1016|title=MTV Original TV Shows, Reality TV Shows - MTV|publisher=|accessdate=February 16, 2017}} 25. ^{{cite web| url=http://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf |format=PDF |title=Top 40 Women Under 40 in Kenya | date=2017 | accessdate=November 22, 2017 | publisher=Nation Media Group |author=Business Daily Africa | location=Nairobi}} 26. ^{{cite web|url=http://archive.boston.com/news/special/politics/2010/governor/jill_stein/|title=Jill Stein (G-R) Candidate for Governor|accessdate=May 31, 2016}} 27. ^{{cite journal|title=A tribute to Orvar Swenson on his 100th birthday|journal=Journal of Pediatric Surgery|first1= Jay L. |last1=Grosfeld|first2=H. Beimann |last2=Othersen|doi=10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.01.004|volume=44|issue=2|page=475}} 28. ^Medicine: Negro Fellow Time, October 29, 1934 29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.huskers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=1088735|title=Pat Tyrance|publisher=}} 30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.huskers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=3735233|title=Tyrance Earns Spot in Academic All-America Hall|publisher=}} External links
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