“Berwyn range”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Berwyn range

释义

Description
History
Supposed UFO crash
Ecology
Etymology
Peaks
References

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2012}}{{Location map|United Kingdom|label=|marksize=6|mark=Blue_pog.svg|lat_dir=N|lat_deg=52| lat_min=55|lat_sec=23|lon_dir=W|lon_deg=03|lon_min=26|lon_sec=17|position=right|width=170|float=right|caption=Location of Berwyn Mountains, Wales.}}

The Berwyn range (Welsh: Y Berwyn or Mynydd y Berwyn) is an isolated and sparsely populated area of moorland in the northeast of Wales, roughly bounded by Llangollen in the northeast, Corwen in the northwest, Bala in the southwest, and Oswestry in the southeast.

Description

The area is wild and largely vegetated by heather about one metre thick, with some acidic grassland and bracken. It is not very popular for hill-walking or scrambling since the peaks are lower than those in nearby Snowdonia. However, the topmost peaks are rugged and have a distinctive character well worth exploring. Nearby towns include Llangollen and Corwen, which are popular tourist destinations.

The main summits are Cadair Berwyn at {{convert|832|m|ft|0}} above sea level, Moel Sych at {{convert|827|m|ft|0}} and Cadair Bronwen at {{convert|784|m|ft|0}} above sea level.

The Berwyn range is crossed to the south-west by the B4391 Milltir Cerrig mountain pass at an altitude of {{convert|486|m|ft|0}}.

Cadair Berwyn is the highest point in the Berwyn range, and the highest significant summit in Wales outside the National Parks. Cadair Bronwyn and Cyrniau Nod to the west are the two Marilyns that form the Berwyn range.

The mountain lies on main ridge of the Berwyn range which runs north–south. The eastern side of the ridge is characterised by steep drops and crags including Craig Berwyn north of the summit and Craig y Llyn to the south. Craig y Llyn forms the headwall of a cwm, and it is to this that the word cadair (chair in Welsh) presumably refers. Further north along the ridge is Cadair Bronwen, whilst to south the ridge continues to Moel Sych (Welsh pronunciation: [ˈmɔil ˈsɨːx], meaning 'dry hill').

It is often reported that Moel Sych, {{convert|1|km|mi|1}} along the ridge, is of equal height, but Cadair Berwyn's spot height on the Ordnance Survey maps, where the trig point stands, is not the true summit. Cadair Berwyn's summit, {{convert|200|m|yd|0}} south of the trig point, is three metres taller than Moel Sych. This summit is listed as Cadair Berwyn New Top on the Nuttall list.

Several other summits in the area are listed as Hewitts or Nuttalls, including Foel Wen ([ˈvɔil ˈwɛn], Welsh for white hill) and Mynydd Tarw ([ˈmɐnɨð ˈtæɾu], bull mountain).

The summit lies on the border between Powys and Denbighshire, and is the highest point in Denbighshire. The northern end of Craig Berwyn is the highest point in Wrexham county borough.

History

There is a standing stone in the area, located near the summit between Cadair Berwyn and Tomle. This was re-erected in June 2008 by High Sports. The standing stone can be found at SJ080337[2].

The Berwyn range also played its part in causing King Henry II of England to turn back during his invasion of Gwynedd in 1165. Rather than taking the usual route along the northern coastal plain, his army invaded from Oswestry and took a route over the Berwyns. The English invasion faced an alliance of Welsh princes led by King Owain Gwynedd, but there was little fighting – endless days of heavy rain forced the English to retreat.

Supposed UFO crash

At 8.38 pm on 23 January 1974, an earthquake of magnitude 3.5 was felt over a wide area of north Wales and as far as Liverpool. Since earthquakes are uncommon in the UK,{{dubious|date=March 2013}} it was not generally recognized for what it was, and since a number of unusual lights in the sky had been observed the same evening, it was considered possible that an aircraft had crashed, or a meteorite had impacted. Further confusion was caused by lights seen on the Berwyn Mountains, which subsequently turned out to have belonged to poachers.^[1]

Ecology

The area supports substantial populations of upland birds including raptors, such as the hen harrier (Circus cyaneus), merlin (Falco columbarius), and peregrine (Falco peregrinus) (about 14–18 breeding pairs of each species, 1%–2% of the total British population),^[2] and for this reason it is a Special Protection Area classified in accordance with the European Union's Birds Directive. Much of the area is also designated a national nature reserve and a Site of Special Scientific Interest and forms part of the Berwyn and South Clwyd Mountains Special Area of Conservation.^[3] Other wildlife include short-eared owl, raven, buzzard, polecat and golden plover.

Etymology

The scholar T. Gwynn Jones suggested that a possible origin of the term "Berwyn" was "Bryn(iau) Gwyn (ap Nudd)", where the Middle Welsh word "bre" (hill) had mutated to Ber + Gwyn, Gwyn ap Nudd being the mythological King of the Tylwyth Teg (Fair Folk, or fairies).^[4] A more likely etymology is "bar" (summit, crest) + "gwyn" (white)^[5], with the "a" in "bar" showing i-affection as a result of the "y" in "gwyn", therefore changing from "a" to "e"; the word also shows soft mutation of the letter "g" (which is deleted under soft mutation).

Peaks


Between Bala, Gwynedd and Welshpool
Name of Peak	OS coordinates	Geographical coordinates
Allt y Gader	SJ149176}}	52.749°N, 3.262°W
Allt y Main	SJ162151}}	52.727°N, 3.242°W
Bryn Du	SJ145360}}	52.914°N, 3.272°W
Bryn Gwyn	SJ042295}}	52.854°N, 3.424°W
Bryn-llus	SJ085408}}	52.956°N, 3.363°W
Cadair Berwyn	SJ071323}}	52.880°N, 3.381°W
Cadair Berwyn (N top)	SJ072327}}	52.883°N, 3.380°W
Cadair Bronwen	SJ077346}}	52.900°N, 3.373°W
Cadair Bronwen (NE top)	SJ087352}}	52.906°N, 3.358°W
Carnedd Das Eithin	SJ051238}}	52.803°N, 3.409°W
Cefn Coch	SH923266}}	52.826°N, 3.599°W
Cefn Gwyntog	SH976265}}	52.826°N, 3.521°W
Cefn Gwyntog (N top)	SH975274}}	52.834°N, 3.522°W
Cerrig Coediog	SJ113386}}	52.937°N, 3.321°W
Craig Berwyn	SJ077335}}	52.891°N, 3.373°W
Craig Rhiwarth	SJ054271}}	52.833°N, 3.405°W
Croes y Forwyn	SJ029210}}	52.777°N, 3.440°W
Cyrniau	SJ062251}}	52.815°N, 3.393°W
Cyrniau Nod	SH988279}}	52.839°N, 3.503°W
Cyrniau y Llyn	SJ000244}}	52.807°N, 3.484°W
Ffordd Gefn (Bryn Gwyn)	SJ033240}}	52.804°N, 3.435°W
Foel Cwm Siân Llwyd	SH995313}}	52.869°N, 3.494°W
Foel Dugoed	SH893131}}	52.704°N, 3.639°W
Foel Figenau	SH916284}}	52.842°N, 3.610°W
Foel Goch (Berwyn)	SH943290}}	52.848°N, 3.570°W
Foel Tyn-y-fron	SH918257}}	52.817°N, 3.606°W
Foel Wen	SJ099333}}	52.889°N, 3.340°W
Foel Wen (S peak)	SJ102330}}	52.886°N, 3.336°W
Foel y Geifr	SH937275}}	52.834°N, 3.579°W
Gallt y Goedhwch	SJ137159}}	52.733°N, 3.279°W
Glan Hafon	SJ080272}}	52.834°N, 3.367°W
Godor	SJ094307}}	52.866°N, 3.347°W
Godor (N top)	SJ089311}}	52.869°N, 3.354°W
Gyrn Moelfre	SJ184293}}	52.854°N, 3.213°W
Jericho Hill	SJ162202}}	52.772°N, 3.243°W
Llanymynech Hill	SJ263221}}	52.791°N, 3.094°W
Lledwyn Mawr	SH905287}}	52.844°N, 3.627°W
Moel Bentyrch	SJ055095}}	52.674°N, 3.399°W
Moel Cae-howel	SH978330}}	52.884°N, 3.520°W
Moel Fferna	SJ116397}}	52.947°N, 3.317°W
Moel Hen-fache	SJ109281}}	52.843°N, 3.324°W
Moel Poethion	SJ082306}}	52.865°N, 3.365°W
Moel Sych	SJ066318}}	52.875°N, 3.389°W
Moel y Fronllwyd	SJ121176}}	52.748°N, 3.303°W
Moel y Gwelltyn	SJ170277}}	52.840°N, 3.233°W
Moel yr Ewig	SJ080317}}	52.874°N, 3.368°W
Moel yr Henfaes	SJ077385}}	52.935°N, 3.374°W
Moel yr Henfaes (Pen Bwlch Llandrillo peak)	SJ089369}}	52.921°N, 3.356°W
Moel yr Henfaes (W peak)	SJ099374}}	52.926°N, 3.341°W
Mynydd Feifod	SJ169400}}	52.950°N, 3.238°W
Mynydd Mawr	SJ132286}}	52.847°N, 3.290°W
Mynydd Mynyllod	SJ002395}}	52.943°N, 3.486°W
Mynydd Tarw	SJ112324}}	52.881°N, 3.321°W
Mynydd y Bryn	SJ217268}}	52.833°N, 3.163°W
Mynydd y Glyn	SJ153222}}	52.790°N, 3.257°W
Mynydd-y-briw	SJ174260}}	52.825°N, 3.227°W
Pen y Berth	SJ081127}}	52.704°N, 3.361°W
Pen y Boncyn Trefeilw	SH962283}}	52.842°N, 3.542°W
Pen y Cerrig Duon	SH953281}}	52.840°N, 3.555°W
Pen-y-coed	SJ226414}}	52.964°N, 3.153°W
Post Gwyn	SJ048293}}	52.852°N, 3.415°W
Rhialgwm	SJ055211}}	52.779°N, 3.402°W
Rhiwaedog-uwch-afon	SH938313}}	52.868°N, 3.579°W
Rhos	SJ125323}}	52.881°N, 3.301°W
Rhwng y Ddwynant	SH978248}}	52.811°N, 3.517°W
Stac Rhos	SH969279}}	52.838°N, 3.532°W
Tir Rhiwiog	SH929162}}	52.732°N, 3.587°W
Tomle	SJ085335}}	52.891°N, 3.361°W
Trum y Gwrgedd	SH941284}}	52.842°N, 3.573°W
Y Golfa	SJ182070}}	52.654°N, 3.210°W
Y Groes Fagl	SH988290}}	52.848°N, 3.504°W
Yr Allt	SJ242102}}	52.684°N, 3.122°W

References

1. ^{{cite web |author=Roberts, Andy |title=The Berwyn Mountain UFO Crash – A British Roswell? |url=http://www.uk-ufo.org/condign/berwart.htm |work=Flying Saucery Presents ... The Real UFO Project |year=2001 |accessdate=12 October 2009}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-2057-theme=default |title=Berwyn |publisher=Joint Nature Conservation Committee |accessdate=29 June 2011}}
3. ^{{cite web |author= Countryside Council for Wales |title= Berwyn |url= http://www.ccw.gov.uk/landscape--wildlife/protecting-our-landscape/special-landscapes--sites/protected-landscapes-and-sites/sssis/sssi-sites/berwyn.aspx |accessdate= 16 March 2014 }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
4. ^T. Gwynn Jones, Welsh Folklore and Folk-Custom (1930; new edition 1979). Several other place names in the area also include the element 'Gwyn'.
5. ^D. Geraint Lewis, Y Llyfr Enwau – Enwau'r Wlad: A check-list of Welsh Place Names (2007).

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