词条 | Hawaii Admission Act |
释义 |
| shorttitle = Hawaii Admission Act | othershorttitles = | longtitle = An Act to provide for the admission of the State of Hawaii into the Union. | colloquialacronym = | nickname = Hawaii Statehood | enacted by = 86th | effective date = March 18, 1959 | public law url = http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-73/pdf/STATUTE-73-Pg4.pdf | cite public law = 86-3 | cite statutes at large = {{usstat|73|4}} | acts amended = | acts repealed = | title amended = | sections created = | sections amended = | leghisturl = | introducedin = Senate | introducedbill = {{USBill|86|S.|50}} | introducedby = | introduceddate = | committees = | passedbody1 = Senate | passeddate1 = March 11, 1959 | passedvote1 = 76-15 | passedbody2 = House | passedas2 = | passeddate2 = March 12, 1959 | passedvote2 = 323-89, in lieu of {{USBill|86|H.R.|4221}} | conferencedate = | passedbody3 = | passeddate3 = | passedvote3 = | agreedbody3 = | agreeddate3 = | agreedvote3 = | agreedbody4 = | agreeddate4 = | agreedvote4 = | passedbody4 = | passeddate4 = | passedvote4 = | signedpresident = Dwight D. Eisenhower | signeddate = March 18, 1959 | unsignedpresident = | unsigneddate = | vetoedpresident = | vetoeddate = | overriddenbody1 = | overriddendate1 = | overriddenvote1 = | overriddenbody2 = | overriddendate2 = | overriddenvote2 = | amendments = | SCOTUS cases = }} The Admission Act, formally An Act to Provide for the Admission of the State of Hawaii into the Union ({{USStatute|86|3|73|4|1959|03|18}}) is a statute enacted by the United States Congress and signed into law by President Dwight D. Eisenhower which dissolved the Territory of Hawaii and established the State of Hawaii as the 50th state to be admitted into the Union.[1] Statehood became effective on August 21, 1959.[2] Hawaii remains the most recent state to join the United States. Hawaii statehood and international lawPrior to 1959, Hawaii was a territory of the United States of America. In 1946, the United Nations listed Hawaii as a non-self-governing territory under the administration of the United States (Resolution 55(I) of 1946-12-14). Also listed as non-self-governing territories under the jurisdiction of the United States were Alaska Territory, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Statehood voteOut of a total population of 600,000 in the islands and 155,000 registered voters, 140,000 votes were cast, the highest turnout ever in Hawaii. The vote showed approval rates of at least 93% by voters on all major islands. Of the approximately 140,000 votes cast, fewer than 8,000 rejected the Admission Act of 1959. Opposition to statehoodThe acceptance of statehood for Hawaii was not without its share of controversy. There were Native Hawaiians who protested against statehood. Prior to admission, various bills creating the state were stalled in congressional hearings since the early 1900s. There was a fear of establishing a state that was governed by an ethnic minority, namely the large Asian American population. Some lawmakers worried about the adhesion of Hawaii's residents to the United States, in light of protests and possibly split loyalties. Upon the election of John A. Burns from the Hawaii Democratic Party as delegate of the Territory of Hawaii to Congress, southern leaders charged that Burns' election was evidence of Hawaii as a haven for communism. Burns, in 1959, would reflect on the obstacles against the statehood campaign and place more emphasis on the resistance to statehood in the islands, rather than in Washington itself.
Southern lawmakersBurns was involved in vigorous lobbying of his colleagues persuading them that the race-based objections were unfair and charges that Communist sympathizers controlled Hawaii were false.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} Burns worked especially hard with the southern Democrats, led by Lyndon Johnson, who blocked the various Hawaii statehood bills.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} Upon leaving her seat as delegate from Hawaii, Elizabeth P. Farrington said, "Of course, Lyndon Johnson was no friend of statehood." Farrington added, "There were 22 times when he voted against us. He did everything he could, because he was representing the Southern racial opposition."{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} She claimed Johnson had a fear that Hawaii would send representatives and senators to Congress who would oppose segregation, in spite of Johnson's record as a supporter of civil rights for blacks.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} Johnson ultimately changed his position and voted in favor of statehood for Hawaii. Alice Kamokila CampbellOn the 53rd anniversary of the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom, January 17, 1946, Territorial Senator Alice Kamokila Campbell, one of the few voices that opposed statehood for Hawaii, offered her testimony to the joint congressional committee sent to investigate and report on statehood. Kamokila Campbell testified at Iolani Palace in front of a small crowd of 600 to frequent applause. There she stated.
In 1947 Kamokila Campbell opened the Anti-Statehood Clearing House, where she sent "anti-statehood information, reports and arguments to congress."[5] On March 29, 1949, Kamokila Campbell successfully sued the Hawaii Statehood Commission, to stop them from spending public money to lobby for statehood, invalidating a single section of the Act which created the Hawaii Statehood Commission.[6] Formation of the stateThe State of Hawaii's territory was defined thus in the Act: {{quotation|The State of Hawaii shall consist of all the islands, together with their appurtenant reefs and territorial waters, included in the Territory of Hawaii on the date of enactment of this Act, except the atoll known as Palmyra Island, together with its appurtenant reefs and territorial waters, but said State shall not be deemed to include the Midway Islands, Johnston Island, Sand Island (off-shore from Johnston Island), or Kingman Reef, together with their appurtenant reefs and territorial waters.[7] }} References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=11686 |title=Dwight D. Eisenhower: "Statement by the President Upon Signing the Hawaii Statehood Bill.," March 18, 1959 |author1=Peters, Gerhard |author2=Woolley, John T |publisher = University of California – Santa Barbara |work= The American Presidency Project |accessdate= 3 April 2014}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title48-chapter3-front&num=0&edition=prelim | title=48 USC 3 Hawaii}} 3. ^John A. Burns, "Statehood and Hawaii's People," State Government 32 (Summer 1959): 132 4. ^John S. Whitehead, "The Anti-Statehood Movement and the Legacy of Alice Kamokila Campbell" in The Hawaiian Journal of History, vol. 27 (1993) – Article on one of the few voices opposing statehood for Hawaii in 1959, that of a prominent public and cultural figure, a descendant of Hawaiian royalty and an heir of the James Campbell Estate. 5. ^September 18, 1947, Honolulu Star-Bulletin 6. ^Campbell v. Stainback, et al., 1948 7. ^Hawaii Admission Act, s. 2 External links
10 : Legal history of Hawaii|1959 in Hawaii|1959 in law|United States federal civil rights legislation|United States federal territory and statehood legislation|Pre-statehood history of Hawaii|86th United States Congress|1950s in Hawaii|1959 in Oceania|1959 in the United States |
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