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词条 Helsinki tram network
释义

  1. Lines

     Additional lines 

  2. Technology and infrastructure

     Depots 

  3. Rolling stock

  4. History

  5. Planned extension of the network

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. Bibliography

  9. External links

{{Infobox Public transit
| box_width = 230px
| name = Helsinki tram
| image = Variotram Helsinki 2008-11-24.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Variotram at Senaatintori
| image2 = MLNRV Hakaniemi 2010-05-03.JPG
| imagesize2 =
| caption2 = Valmet MLNRV in Hakaniemi
| image3 = Artic (tram) in Helsinki.jpg
| imagesize3 =
| caption3 = Transtech Artic
| locale = Helsinki, Finland
| transit_type = Tram
| lines = 11[1]
| stations =
| ridership = 200,000 (weekdays)[2]
| began_operation = 1891
| ended_operation =
| owner =
| operator = HKL
| marks =
| vehicles = 132
| system_length = Route length: {{convert|96|km|mi|abbr=on}}[3]
Line length: {{convert|91.2|km|mi|abbr=on}} (2010[4]
Track length: {{convert|38|km|mi|1|abbr=on}}[5] or {{convert|71|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| track_gauge = {{Track gauge|1000mm|lk=on}}
| minimum_radius_of_curvature = {{convert|15|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}
| average_speed =
| top_speed =
| el = 600 V DC
overhead lines[6]
| map =
| map_state = hide
}}

The Helsinki tram network forms part of the Helsinki public transport system organised by Helsinki Regional Transport Authority and operated by Helsinki City Transport (Finnish: Helsingin kaupungin liikenne, Swedish: Helsingfors stads trafikverk) in the Finnish capital city of Helsinki. The trams are the main means of transport in the city centre. 56.7 million trips were made in 2013.[7] The Helsinki system is one of the oldest electrified tram networks in the world.

{{TOClimit|3}}

Lines

In 2017, approximately {{convert|39|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} of double track was in operation with 11 routes.

2018|01|14|lc=on}}
Designation From Via ToService hours{{Ref label|schedule|A|A Depot
  1 Eira Töölö, SörnäinenKäpylä 05:00–21:00Koskela
723|B|BOlympia Terminal Lasipalatsi, TöölöWest-Pasila06:00–01:30Koskela
723|B|B Eira, Kallio Meilahti 05:00-01:30 Koskela
4 Katajanokka Mannerheimintie Munkkiniemi 05:00–01:30 Töölö
5|C|C Katajanokka ferry terminal Aleksanterinkatu Central Railway Station16:00-17:30
18:30-20:00{{Ref label>Sunday5|D|D}}
20:00-21:30{{Ref label|Notsunday5|E|E}}		 Töölö / Koskela
6 Hietalahti HakaniemiArabia 06:00–21:30 Koskela
6TWest HarbourHietalahti, Hakaniemi 12:00–24:00 Koskela
723|B|B Kruununhaka, SörnäinenWest-Pasila05:30–00:30Koskela
8Jätkäsaari Töölö, Sörnäinen Arabia 05:30–23:30 Koskela
9 Kallio Pasila railway station 06:00–01:30 Koskela
10 Kirurgi Mannerheimintie Pikku Huopalahti 05:30–23:30 Töölö

Additional lines

In addition to the 11 regular lines two special ones exist: the museum line operated by Helsinki City Transport in collaboration with Oy Stadin Ratikat Ab[8] and the Spårakoff pub tram, both of which run during the summer months. These lines do not appear in the route map included with this article.

2012|alt=as of summer 2012}}
DesignationFromViaToService hours{{Ref label|schedule|A|ADepot
Museum1|F|F Market Square Kruunuhaka, Rautatientori Market SquareMuseum2|H|H}}
Spårakoff|G|G Rautatientori Kallio, Töölö, Market Square RautatientoriPUB|I|I}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
  • {{note label|schedule|A|A}} Approximate week day figures in 24-hour clock. Accurate times at [https://web.archive.org/web/20150227152444/http://aikataulut.reittiopas.fi/linjat/en/tram.html HSL site].
  • {{note label|723|B|B}} Trams on lines 7, 2 and 3 do not turn around at their shared terminuses (West-Pasila between 7 and 2, and Olympia terminal between 2 and 3), but change their line signs.
  • {{note label|5|C|C}} Ferry arrival and departure times only.
  • {{note label|Sunday5|D|D}} Sundays only.
  • {{note label|Notsunday5|E|E}} Weekdays and Saturdays only.
  • {{note label|Museum1|F|F}} Non-numbered museum line.
  • {{note label|Spårakoff|G|G}} Counter-clockwise circular.
  • {{note label|Museum2|H|H}} Summer weekends only.
  • {{note label|PUB|I|I}} Summers only.
{{div col end}}

Technology and infrastructure

The tram network is built almost exclusively on the streets of Helsinki, making it a traditional tram system rather than light rail. The track gauge is one metre. The network consists almost entirely of double track rail. In some parts the tracks are separated from other road traffic; elsewhere they share road space with cars and buses.

The trams are powered with electricity conveyed by overhead wires. Trams have their own traffic lights, distinguished from normal lights in that they are based on symbols of single colour: an upward-pointing arrow signifies "go", a horizontal line "prepare to stop" and the letter S "stop". The traffic lights are synchronised to allow tram and bus traffic to flow relatively smoothly. This system is called HeLMi (Helsinki Public Transport Signal Priority and Passenger Information).

[9]{{clear left}}

Depots

As of 2010, there are four tram depots/workshops in Helsinki; HKL-maintained depots in Töölö, Vallila and Koskela, and a Bombardier Transportation-maintained workshop at Pasilan konepaja.

  • The Töölö depot houses trams running on lines 4 and 10, as well as some of those on line 5, approximately one third of the whole rolling stock. The Helsinki tram museum is located next to the Töölö depot. Between 1948 and 1974 the Töölö depot also housed the trolleybuses used on Helsinki's sole trolleybus line.[10]
  • The Vallila depot houses repair-, paint- and rebuilding facilities, and administrative functions.[11]
  • The Koskela depot is the largest tram depot in Helsinki. It houses approximately two thirds of trams in the city, and contains training facilities.[12] The Koskela depot is linked to the main Helsinki tram network by a long section of double track that is not used by passenger-serving trams.[13]
  • The Pasilan konepaja tram workshop was established in mid-2008 by Bombardier transportation as a repair shop for the Helsinki Variotrams,[14] the maintenance of which became Bombardier's responsibility in May 2008.[15] The workshop takes up a part of the former VR Group electric locomotive workshop at Pasilan konepaja. As of August 2008, the workshop does not have a permanent link to the tram network (although tracks run just outside the depot doors); instead, portable tracks are used to run the trams to and from the workshop.[14]

Planning process is under way (as of November 2017) for a new tram depot in Ruskeasuo region next to current bus depot and to reconstruct the Koskela depot. There were plans earlier to excavate an underground tram depot in the base rock below the existing Vallila depot and adjacent city blocks, but this was calculated to be too expensive.

Rolling stock

As of February 2015, HKL has up to 124 tram units that can be used in scheduled passenger service. HKL reported that it used 97 trams to operate peak-time scheduled traffic in the spring of 2013.[7] Additionally, there are six trams in reserve and eight in charter use. The MLNRV I and II series (rebuilt Valmet Nr I and Valmet Nr II units), MLNRV Variotram, and Valmet NrI series comprise the current backbone of the fleet, but HKL is in the process of receiving 40 new Transtech Artic units.

In 2006–12, all Valmet Nr II+ vehicles underwent a major modification process in which a {{convert|6.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}} low-floor midsection was added to the tram. The type designation was changed from Nr II+ to MLNRV to reflect the modifications made, and the longer trams were re-introduced in traffic gradually as the modification works were completed. During the process, HKL decided to also rebuild ten of the older Nr I trams in the same way, which brought the total number of MLNRV trams to 52 upon completion in mid-2014.

The fully low-floor Variotram units, acquired in 1998–2003 from Adtranz (later Bombardier) and built by Transtech Oy in Otanmäki, proved to be unreliable, causing a shortage of operable trams. Starting in 2004, HKL purchased ten DUEWAG series second-hand trams from Mannheim in Germany to cover for the shortage. Eventually arrangements were made with Bombardier to keep a sufficient number of the units in operation. All of the DUEWAG units were either withdrawn or relegated to charter service by the end of 2014.

HKL is now in the process of acquiring 40 new low-floor Artic trams from Transtech. They have a double-articulated, eight-axle design, are {{convert|27.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}} long and have 74 fixed seats, 14 foldable seats and space for 75 standing passengers.[16] The design has a 100% low floor and conventional, turning bogies designed to run without problems on Helsinki's challenging old-fashioned track network.[17] Two prototype units were delivered in 2013, and each entered passenger service approximately two months after delivery. The first unit of the production series, no. 403, arrived in Helsinki in January 2016 and 18 units in total were delivered in 2016. The order is worth €113 million and it includes an option for a further 90 trams.

To ease the construction of new tram tracks into Jätkäsaari beginning in 2009, HKL considered using bi-directional trams on the new line.[18] However, HKL decided to build the Jätkäsaari extensions with conventional return loops and to use the existing uni-directional rolling stock. Bi-directional rolling stock will be used on the conversion of the orbital trunk bus line 550 into light rail (Raide-Jokeri) and the Kruunusillat bridge connection to Laajasalo.

The following table lists the current rolling stock. Corresponding articles have further details about the cars in use.

Rolling stock {{As of>2015|02|lc=on}}
Tram TypeNo. of unitsCar # Built Acquired ModifiedSeatsStandeesL{{Ref label|Length|J|JW{{Ref label|Width|K|KH{{Ref label|Height|L|LS{{Ref label|srv_type_S|M|MC{{Ref label|srv_type_C|N|NR{{Ref label|srv_type_R|O|O
d MLNRV III Transtech Artic 24 l 401–440 2012– 2013– 88 125 27.6 2.4 3.8 ×
c MLNRV II (Valmet Nr II) 42 f71–112 1983–87 1983–87 1996–2006, 2008–12 49 120 26.5 2.3 3.7 ×
c MLNRV I (Valmet Nr I) 10 f113–122 1973–75 1973–75 1993–2003, 2005, 2012–14 49 120 26.5 2.3 3.7 ×
d MLRV Bombardier Variotram 40 l 201–240 1998–2003 1998–2003 55 80 24.4 2.3 3.7 ×
a NRV (Valmet Nr I) 30 d 31–70 1973–75 1973–75 1993–2003, 2005 39 106 20.1 2.3 3.7 ×
g DUEWAG GT8N 1 k 166 1962, 1964 2007–08 1991–92 55 120 25.7 2.2 3.8 ×
f DUEWAG GT8 1 h 150 1967 2004 1970, 2004 64 140 25.7 2.2 3.8 ×
j HRO A7 1 g 135 1928 1928 1988 21 26 10.2 2.1 3.7 ×
i HRO A4 1 j 157 1930 1930 1987 21 26 10.2 2.1 3.7 ×
l Karia HM IV 1 m 320 1955 1955 1985 29 69 13.5 2.3 3.6 ×
h Valmet RM 1 2n 332, 339{{Ref label>car_339|P|P}} 1955 1955 1987, 2003–04 29 69 13.5 2.3 3.6 ×
m Karia HM V 6c 9–14, 175{{Ref label>car_koff|Q|Q}} 1959 1959 2004–07 31 57 13.5 2.3 3.6 ×
k HRO A9 1b BS 1{{Ref label>replica|R|R}} 1917 2007 2007 28 0 11.5 2.2 ×
Totals 140seats|S|Sstandee|T|T 124 8 6
{{note label|Length|J|J}} Car length in meters
{{note label|Width|K|K}} Car width in meters
{{note label|Height|L|L}} Car height in meters with pantograph
{{note label|srv_type_S|M|M}} Scheduled service
{{note label|srv_type_C|N|N}} Charter service
{{note label|srv_type_R|O|O}} Reserve units
{{note label|car_339|P|P}} Number 339 is owned by Oy Stadin Ratikat Ab.
{{note label|car_koff|Q|Q}} Number 175 is a restaurant tram and is counted as charter.
{{note label|replica|R|R}} A replica of Brändö Spårvägs Ab tram number 1 from 1917.
{{note label|seats|S|S}} 6,346 seats in scheduled service; 245 seats in charter service; 186 seats in reserve.
{{note label|standee|T|T}} 13,552 standees in scheduled service; 405 standees in charter service; 342 standees in reserve.
Reference for the tabular data: Finnish Tramway Society
{{clear}}

History

{{Main article|History of the Helsinki tram system}}

Planned extension of the network

{{Main article|Planned extension of the Helsinki tram network}}

See also

{{Portal|Trains|Finland}}
  • Helsinki Metro
  • Trams in Finland

References

1. ^https://www.hsl.fi/sites/default/files/uploads/ratikka_openstreet_297x420_14082017_0.pdf
2. ^Helsingin kaupungin liikennelaitos
3. ^http://www.tundria.com/trams/FIN/Helsinki-2013.shtml
4. ^http://www.hel.fi/wps/portal/HKL/HKL-Raitioliikenne?urile=hki:path:/HKL/fi/HKL-tietoa/HKL_n+organisaatio/HKL-Raitioliikenne¤t=true{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hel.fi/www/hkl/en/by-tram/tracks-and-depots/ |title=Helsinki City Transport - HKL Tracks and Depots|publisher=Helsinki City Transport |date=16 March 2015 |accessdate=2015-11-06}}
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.raitio.org/ratikat/helsinki/hkl/liikenne/liikenne.htm |title=HKL Tram Traffic |publisher=SRS |accessdate=2010-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219080829/http://www.raitio.org/ratikat/helsinki/hkl/liikenne/liikenne.htm |archive-date=2010-12-19 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
7. ^1 Helsingin kaupungin liikennelaitos
8. ^Stadin Ratikat
9. ^Helsinki Urban Traffic Control Centre
10. ^Finnish Tramway Society
11. ^Finnish Tramway Society
12. ^Finnish Tramway Society
13. ^http://www.kaupunkiliikenne.net
14. ^1 Finnish Tramway Society
15. ^Helsingin Sanomat
16. ^Helsingin kaupungin liikennelaitos
17. ^Transtech Oy
18. ^Antero Alku

Bibliography

Helsinki City Transport{{refbegin}}
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|url=http://www.hel.fi/wps/portal/HKL/HKL-Raitioliikenne?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/HKL/fi/HKL-tietoa/HKL_n+organisaatio/HKL-Raitioliikenne
|title=HKL-Raitioliikenne
|accessdate=2008-08-20
|publisher=
|language=Finnish
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720190215/http://www.hel.fi/wps/portal/HKL/HKL-Raitioliikenne?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2FHKL%2Ffi%2FHKL-tietoa%2FHKL_n+organisaatio%2FHKL-Raitioliikenne
|archivedate=2011-07-20
|ref=notemisc21
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|url = http://www.hel.fi/wps/portal/HKL/Artikkeli?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/HKL/fi/uutiset/helsingin+uudet+raitiovaunut+toimittaa+transtech
|title = Helsingin uudet raitiovaunut toimittaa Transtech
|accessdate = 2010-12-02
|publisher = HKL
|date = 2010-12-02
|language = Finnish
|ref = HKL 2010-12-02
|deadurl = yes
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101213175243/http://www.hel.fi/wps/portal/HKL/Artikkeli?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2FHKL%2Ffi%2Fuutiset%2Fhelsingin+uudet+raitiovaunut+toimittaa+transtech
|archivedate = 2010-12-13
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  • {{cite web

|url=http://www.hel.fi/static/hkl/toimintakertomus/toimintakertomus_2013.pdf
|title= Toimintakertomus vuodelta 2013
|accessdate= 2015-02-23
|publisher= HKL
|date= 2014-03-06
|language= Finnish
|ref=HKL Toimintakertomus 2013}}{{refend}}Finnish Tramway Society{{refbegin}}
  • {{cite web

|url= http://www.raitio.org/ratikat/helsinki/varikot/
|title= Tram depots
|accessdate= 2008-08-29
|pages=Töölö Vallila Koskela
|language= Finnish, English
}}
  • {{cite web

|url = http://www.raitio.org/ratikat/helsinki/varikot/bomba.htm
|title = Tram repair shop: Bombardier Transportation
|accessdate = 2008-08-29
|language = Finnish
|ref = SRS Depot 4
|deadurl = yes
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081002034500/http://www.raitio.org/ratikat/helsinki/varikot/bomba.htm
|archivedate = 2008-10-02
|df =
}}{{refend}}Helsingin Sanomat{{refbegin}}
  • {{cite web

|url=http://www.hs.fi/artikkeli/HS20070517SI2KA01j3g
|title= Vikojen vaivaamat raitiovaunut pysyvät Helsingin liikenteessä
|accessdate= 2008-08-29
|last= Salonen
|first= Juha
|date= 2007-05-17
|language= Finnish
|ref=HS Bombardier}}{{refend}}Miscellaneous{{refbegin}}
  • {{cite web

|url= http://www.kaupunkiliikenne.net/Helsinki/kanlaaj.html
|title= Helsingin kantakaupungin raitioteiden laajennukset
|accessdate= 2008-09-25
|last= Alku
|first= Antero
|date= 2008-08-13
|work= www.kaupunkiliikenne.net
|language= Finnish
|ref=notemisc18}}
  • {{cite web

|url= http://www.kaupunkiliikenne.net/Helsinki/hehistoria.html
|title= Helsingin raideliikenteen historiaa
|accessdate= 2008-08-07
|last= Alku
|first= Antero
|date= 2008-07-31
|work= www.kaupunkiliikenne.net
|language= Finnish
|ref=notemisc7}}
  • {{cite web

|url=http://haltia.blogspot.com/2008/10/kokouskuulumiset-joukkoliikennelautakun_14.html
|title=Kokouskuulumiset: joukkoliikennelautakunta 14.10.2008
|accessdate= 2008-10-14
|last= Haltia-Holmberg
|first= Mirva
|date= 2008-10-14
|work= Haltian vaaliyö
|language= Finnish
|ref=Haltia-Holmberg 2008-10-14}}
  • {{cite web

|url = http://www.hel2.fi/liikenteenohjaus/eng/pt_telematics.asp
|title = Helsinki Public Transport Signal Priority and Passenger Information (HeLMi)
|accessdate = 2008-08-15
|publisher = Helsinki Urban Traffic Control Centre
|work = Public Transport Telematics
|ref = notemisc1
|deadurl = yes
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080611015701/http://www.hel2.fi/liikenteenohjaus/eng/pt_telematics.asp
|archivedate = 2008-06-11
|df =
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|url = http://www.vartti.fi/artikkeli/abbd62a2-c76b-492b-9f94-58f63c2aaa5d
|title = Maanalaista varikkoa suunnitellaan Vallilaan
|accessdate = 2008-10-09
|last = Jompero
|first = Sanna
|date = 2008-10-09
|publisher = Vartti.fi
|language = Finnish
|ref = Vartti 2008-10-09
|deadurl = yes
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081010153524/http://www.vartti.fi/artikkeli/abbd62a2-c76b-492b-9f94-58f63c2aaa5d
|archivedate = 2008-10-10
|df =
}}
  • {{cite web

|url=http://www.stadinratikat.fi/museoliikenne.html
|title=Museoliikennettä ratikoilla!
|accessdate=2009-03-15
|publisher=Oy Stadin Ratikat Ab
|language=Finnish
|ref=Stadin Ratikat}}
  • {{cite web

|url=http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/liitteet/oas/838.pdf
|title=Vallilan maanalaisen raitiovaunuvarikon asemakaavan muutos: osallistumis- ja arviointisuunnitelma
|accessdate= 2008-10-02
|date=2008-09-26
|format= PDF
|publisher= Kaupunkisuunnitteluvirasto
|language= Finnish
|ref=Kaupunkisuunnitteluvirasto 1}}
  • {{cite web

|url=http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/liitteet/2008_kaavakuvat/vallila_maanal_raitiovaunuvarikko_rajaus.pdf
|title=Sijaintikartta: Vallilan maanalainen raitiovaunuvarikko
|accessdate= 2008-10-02
|date=2008-09-29
|format= PDF
|publisher= Kaupunkisuunnitteluvirasto
|language= Finnish
|ref=Kaupunkisuunnitteluvirasto 2}}
  • {{cite web

|url=http://www.transtech.fi/index.php?221
|title= Matalalattiainen raitiovaunu
|accessdate= 2010-12-02
|publisher= Transtech Oy
|language= Finnish
|ref=Transtech low-floor tram}}{{refend}}

External links

{{commons category|Trams in Helsinki}}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20150210020315/http://www.hel.fi/hki/hkl/en/etusivu Helsinki City Transport official website]
  • [https://www.hsl.fi/sites/default/files/uploads/raitiolinjat_ja_keskustan_bussilinjoja.pdf Tram line route map] (Official map {{As of|2015|5|21|alt=as of 2015}})
  • Raide-Jokeri (Official website)
{{Public transport in Helsinki}}{{Tram systems in Finland}}{{coord missing|Finland}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Helsinki Tram}}

6 : Transport in Helsinki|Tram transport in Finland|Proposed railway lines in Finland|Metre gauge railways in Finland|600 V DC railway electrification|Town tramway systems by city
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