| 词条 | Henry Shrapnel |
| 释义 |
|name = Henry Shrapnel |image =henry-shrapnel.jpg |birth_name = |birth_date = {{birth date|1761|6|3|df=yes}} |birth_place = Bradford on Avon, Wiltshire, England |death_date = {{death date and age|1842|3|13|1761|6|3|df=yes}} |death_place = Southampton |death_cause = |resting_place = |resting_place_coordinates = |residence = |nationality = British }} Lieutenant General Henry Shrapnel (3 June 1761 – 13 March 1842) was a British Army officer whose name has entered the English language as the inventor of the shrapnel shell. Henry Shrapnel was born at Midway Manor in Bradford on Avon, Wiltshire, England, the ninth child of Zachariah Shrapnel and his wife Lydia.[1] In 1784, while a lieutenant in the Royal Artillery, he perfected, with his own resources, an invention of what he called "spherical case" ammunition: a hollow cannonball filled with lead shot that burst in mid-air. He successfully demonstrated this in 1787 at Gibraltar.[2]{{#tag:ref|According to some historians, the French engineer Bernard Forest de Bélidor actually invented the shell, commonly attributed to Shrapnel. In 1760 de Belidor reported on his secret experiments for the French military with round shells which he called globes of compression. The French inspector general of artillery, Jean-Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval, worked on their further development while serving in the Austrian Army during the Seven Years' War.[3][4]|group=n}} He intended the device as an anti-personnel weapon. In 1803, the British Army adopted a similar but elongated explosive shell which immediately acquired the inventor's name.[5] It has lent the term shrapnel to fragmentation from artillery shells and fragmentation in general ever since, long after it was replaced by high explosive rounds. Until the end of World War I, the shells were still manufactured according to his original principles. Shrapnel served in Flanders, where he was wounded in 1793. He was promoted to major on 1 November 1803 after eight years as a captain. After his invention's success in battle at Fort New Amsterdam, Suriname, on 30 April 1804,[6] Shrapnel was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 20 July 1804, less than nine months later. In 1814, the British Government recognized Shrapnel's contribution by awarding him £1200 (UK£ {{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|1200|1814|r=-3}}}} in {{CURRENTYEAR}})[7] a year for life. Bureaucracy however prevented him from receiving the full benefit of this award.[1] He was appointed to the office of Colonel-Commandant, Royal Artillery, on 6 March 1827. He rose to the rank of lieutenant-general on 10 January 1837. Shrapnel lived at Peartree House, near Peartree Green, Southampton from about 1835 until his death.[8][9] References
1. ^1 {{cite web |title=Shrapnel, Henry (1761–1842) |author=John Sweetman |work = Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |year=2004 |accessdate=2015-08-10 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/25/101025473/ |publisher=Oxford University Press}} 2. ^{{cite book| last=Knight| first=R. J. B.| title=Britain against Napoleon:The Organization of Victory, 1793-1815| publisher=Allen Lane an imprint of Penguin Books| location=London, England New York| year=2013| isbn=978-1-84614-177-5| page=47}} 3. ^{{cite journal|last1=Vesilind|first1=P. Aarne|title=Peace Engineering|journal=Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice| volume=132|issue=4|year=2006|pages=283–287|issn=1052-3928|doi=10.1061/(ASCE)1052-3928(2006)132:4(283)}} 4. ^{{cite book|author=Shelby Thomas McCloy|title=French inventions of the eighteenth century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjDQAAAAMAAJ|year=1952|publisher=University of Kentucky Press}} 5. ^{{cite journal|last1=Rich|first1=Norman M.|title=Shrapnel Wounds|journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association|volume=202|issue=3|year=1967|pages=245|issn=0098-7484|doi=10.1001/jama.1967.03130160119038}} 6. ^{{cite book| last=Hogg| first=Oliver| title=Artillery: its origin, heyday and decline| publisher=C. Hurst| location=London| year=1970| isbn=978-0-900966-43-9| page=180}} 7. ^{{Cite journal|author=Long, Tony|date=March 2008|title=March 13, 1842: Henry Shrapnel Dies, But His Name Lives On|journal=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/03/dayintech_0313 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603202930/http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/03/dayintech_0313|archivedate=3 June 2008|deadurl=no}} 8. ^{{cite web |last=Vale |first=Jessica |title=Peartree House|url=http://www.bitterne.net/gentry/peartree.html|work=Lost Houses of Southampton |publisher=www.bitterne.net|accessdate=22 June 2012|year=1980}} 9. ^{{cite web|title=Peartree House |url=http://www.plimsoll.org/resources/SCCLibraries/2964.asp|work=Port Cities: Southampton|publisher=www.plimsoll.org|accessdate=22 June 2012|year=1930}}
7 : 1761 births|1842 deaths|People from Bradford-on-Avon|British Army generals|Royal Artillery officers|British Army personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars|English inventors |
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