| 词条 | Henschel Hs 132 | |||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Henschel's Hs 132 was a World War II dive bomber and interceptor aircraft of the German Luftwaffe that never saw service. The unorthodox design featured a top-mounted BMW 003 jet engine (identical in terms of make and position to the powerplant used by the Heinkel He 162) and the pilot in a prone position. The Soviet Army occupied the factory just as the Hs 132 V1 was nearing flight testing, the V2 and V3 being 80% and 75% completed. Design and developmentThere had been interest in the idea of a prone pilot for combat aircraft to reduce the effect of g-forces during maneuvering. Several aircraft had already experimented with this layout for various reasons, the Horten IIIf had a prone pilot, but this was primarily to reduce drag in this high-performance glider,[1] while the DFS 228 reconnaissance glider also used a prone pilot to make it easier to seal its pressurized cabin. It was not until the Berlin B9 was built specifically to test this arrangement for improved g-load that any serious effort toward development could be carried out. Starting in early 1943, the Berlin B9 twin-piston engined experimental aircraft demonstrated that it was indeed possible for a pilot to fly the aircraft lying down, and that it did improve his ability to handle high loads. The pilot had an extremely restricted field of view upward or to the rear that made it suitable only for certain roles, including bombers or fighters or interceptors with a major speed advantage over their opposition.[2] Based on this research, several late-war German designs followed the B9's lead and used a prone pilot. Better g-load performance was not the only reason, however, as this layout also reduced the frontal area of the aircraft. This was a serious concern for interceptors attacking the USAAF's B-17 Flying Fortress, as calculations showed that the chance of being hit by its defensive guns was largely a function of frontal area. The genesis for the Hs 132 was an 18 February 1943 specification published by the German Air Ministry (RLM) calling for a single-seat shipping attack aircraft to counter an expected invasion of Europe. A piston-engined aircraft was called for at the time, but the performance requirements led to a switch to jet power.[2] Henschel submitted their design for RLM approval in April/May 1944, by which point they had already started wind tunnel testing the basic layout. The aircraft that emerged had a roughly cigar-shaped fuselage with short-span mid-set wings and a horizontal stabilizer with considerable dihedral ending in twin rounded-front vertical stabilizers. The BMW 003 engine was mounted on the back of the aircraft above the wing, likely to make servicing easier due to the low ground height of the aircraft that put the engine roughly shoulder-height. The sharply dihedraled 'butterfly'-like twin rudder arrangement kept the tail surfaces clear of the jet efflux. The cockpit was completely faired into the fuselage contour, with a rounded clear nose-cone on the front of the aircraft. Behind this was the actual "window," a large armored-glass plate located some distance behind the extreme nose; the glazing extended almost to the wing root.[3] The design in terms of engine mounting and tailplane bore a very strong resemblance to the contemporary Volksjäger ("people's fighter") design competition winner, the Heinkel He 162 Spatz (sparrow). The basic A model carried one {{convert|500|kg|abbr=on}} bomb; it had no other armament. It was to begin its attack in a shallow dive outside the ships' range of fire, and after reaching a speed of {{convert|910|km/h|mph kn|abbr=on}}, the pilot would "toss" the bomb at the target using a simple computerized sight, and then climb back out of range. The aircraft was designed to withstand 12 g during pullout. The computerized bombsight was not delivered in time to be fitted to the aircraft. Several other versions of the basic airframe were proposed as well. The Hs 132B used the Junkers Jumo 004 engine in place of the BMW 003, and added two {{convert|20|mm|in|abbr=on}} MG 151/20 cannons. The HS 132C was a more extensively modified version intended for bomber interception, featuring the larger Heinkel HeS 011 engine, two {{convert|20|mm|in|abbr=on}} 151/20s and two {{convert|30|mm|in|abbr=on}} MK 103 or MK 108 cannons. The HeS 011, intended to power a wide variety of new and existing Luftwaffe aircraft (an example of the latter being the proposed D and P series of the Arado Ar 234 jet bomber), was still in the pre-production phase when the war ended. It was hoped that by the time the HS 132B became available, the Panzerblitz anti-tank missile would be in production and available for use. The Hs 132D included a new wing of increased span. A contract for six prototypes was approved in May 1944, and construction was begun in March 1945. Hs 132V1 was scheduled to have its first flight in June 1945, but the completed wings and fuselage were never mated, and Soviet forces captured the intact fuselage in May 1945 while the wings were never moved from their factory in France. Variants
BMW 003 turbojet engine, 1 × 500 kg (1,100 lb) bomb
Jumo 004 turbojet engine, 1 × 500 kg (1,102 lb) bomb, 2 × 20 mm MG 151 cannon, and/or six or eight Panzerblitz anti-tank rockets
He S 011 turbojet engine, 1 × 500 kg (1,100 lb) bomb, 2 × 20 mm MG 151 cannon and 2 × 30 mm (1.2 in) MK 103 cannon
Increased wingspan variant Specifications (Hs 132A){{aircraft specifications|plane or copter?=plane |jet or prop?=jet |ref= |crew=1 |capacity= |payload main= |payload alt= |length main=8.90 m |length alt=29 ft 2½ in |span main=7.20 m |span alt=23 ft 7½ in |height main=3.00 m |height alt=9 ft 10 in |area main=14.80 m² |area alt=159.30 ft² |airfoil= |empty weight main= |empty weight alt= |loaded weight main=3,400 kg |loaded weight alt=7,496 lb |useful load main= |useful load alt= |max takeoff weight main= |max takeoff weight alt= |more general= |engine (jet)=BMW 003A |type of jet=turbojet |number of jets=1 |thrust main=7.8 kN |thrust alt=1,760 lb at 9,500 rpm |thrust original= |afterburning thrust main= |afterburning thrust alt= |max speed main=(780 km/h at 6,000 m (700 km/h with bomb)) |max speed alt=485 mph at 19,685 ft (435 mph with bomb) |cruise speed main= |cruise speed alt= |stall speed main= |stall speed alt= |never exceed speed main= |never exceed speed alt= |range main=(with bomb) 1,120 km |range alt=696 miles |ceiling main=(with bomb) 10,000 m |ceiling alt=32,810 ft |climb rate main= |climb rate alt= |loading main= |loading alt= |thrust/weight= |power/mass main= |power/mass alt= |more performance= |armament=
|avionics= }} See also{{aircontent||related= |similar aircraft=
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|see also= }} References
1. ^Horten H IIL, H IIIf, H IIIh, H VI V2 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111012123/http://www.nasm.si.edu/research/aero/aircraft/horten.htm |date=2008-01-11 }} 2. ^1 Berlin B9 Experimental Aircraft 3. ^Christopher, John. The Race for Hitler's X-Planes (The Mill, Gloucestershire: History Press, 2013), p.147.
External links{{commons category|Henschel Hs 132}}
6 : German bomber aircraft 1940–1949|Henschel aircraft|Prone pilot aircraft|World War II jet aircraft of Germany|World War II dive bombers|Single-engined jet aircraft |
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